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The expanding epidemic of HIV-1 in the Russian Federation
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had been increasing at some 10% per year from 2011-2016 [2].Among Russian men aged 30-39 years of age, a group that has the highest male infection burden, some 2.8% were living with HIV infection in 2016 [2].AIDS deaths, too, are rising and now negatively impact life expectancy [3].From January to June 2017, some 14,631 AIDS deaths were recorded, a 13.5% increase over the previous 6-month period [3].HIV/AIDS has risen to feature in the top 10 causes of premature death in the RF-a 35% increase from 2005 [4].These realities should concern all who seek global control of the HIV pandemic.Despite the severity of this epidemic, including its scale, scope, and trajectory, remarkably little attention has been paid to the associated public health crisis in the international scientific literature.This may in part be due to the limited availability of data on HIV-1 in the RF that are presented and published outside Russia, and to the few international collaborations on HIV in the RF under the current administration.Therefore, we reviewed publicly available data in the Russian language on HIV-1 in the RF through mid-2017 and analyzed Russian federal and oblast (province)-level HIV policies and programs to assess the current burden of HIV-1 prevalence and incidence, the state of prevention programs as they relate to the epidemiology of HIV in the country, and policy impacts of current Russian laws, policies, and practices on the future trajectory of the epidemic.Cumulative Russian federal data through mid-2017 are available on Russian language websites from several oblasts, a Federal AIDS Center report, and from Rosstat, the Russian Federal Statistics Bureau [2,[5][6][7].Russian federal data are reported as cumulative diagnoses and as new diagnoses per 100,000 population.We used these data to generate burden maps of reported prevalence and of new diagnoses, by oblast, across the RF (Fig 1 and Fig 2).Neither measure can be said to yield true HIV prevalence or incidence infection estimates, since they do not account for deaths (in the case of cumulative infections) or estimate the rate of new infections,
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![Fig 1 Cumulative HIV diagnoses in the Russian Federation in 2016 [2,6]. Labels: 1—Republic of Adygea, 2—Altai Krai, 3—Amur Oblast, 4—Arkhangelsk Oblast, 5—Astrakhan Oblast, 6—Republic of Bashkortostan, 7—Belgorod Oblast, 8—Bryansk Oblast, 9—Republic of Buryatia, 10—Republic of Chechnya, 11—Chelyabinsk Oblast, 12—Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, 13—Chuvash Republic, 14—City of St. Petersburg, 15—Republic of Dagestan, 16—Altai Republic, 17—Republic of Ingushetia, 18—Irkutsk Oblast, 19—Ivanovo Oblast, 20—Kabardino-Balkar Republic, 21—Kaliningrad Oblast, 22—Republic of Kalmykia, 23—Kaluga Oblast, 24—Kamchatka Krai, 25—Karachay-Cherkess Republic, 26—Republic of Karelia, 27—Kemerovo Oblast, 28—Khabarovsk Krai, 29—Republic of Khakassia, 30—Khanty-Mansiy Autonomous Okrug, 31—Kirov Oblast, 32—Komi Republic, 33—Kostroma Oblast, 34—Krasnodar Krai, 35—Krasnoyarsk Krai, 36—Kurgan Oblast, 37—Kursk Oblast, 38—Leningrad Oblast, 39—Lipetsk Oblast, 40—Magadan Oblast, 41—Mariy-El Republic, 42—Republic of Mordovia, 43—City of Moscow, 44—Moscow Oblast, 45—Murmansk Oblast, 46—Nenets Autonomous Okrug, 47—Nizhegorod Oblast, 48—Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, 49—Novgorod Oblast, 50—Novosibirsk Oblast, 51—Omsk Oblast, 52—Orlov Oblast, 53—Orenburg Oblast, 54—Penza Oblast, 55—Perm Krai, 56—Primorsky Krai, 57—Pskov Oblast, 58—Rostov Oblast, 59—Ryazan Oblast, 60—Sakhalin Oblast, 61—Sakha Republic, 62—Samara Oblast, 63—Saratov Oblast, 64—Smolensk Oblast, 65—Stavropol Krai, 66—Sverdlovsk Oblast, 67—Tambov Oblast, 68—Republic of Tatarstan, 69—Tomsk Oblast, 70—Tula Oblast, 71—Tyva Republic, 72—Tver Oblast, 73—Tyumen Oblast, 74—Republic of Udmurtia, 75—Ulyanovsk Oblast, 76—Vladimir Oblast, 77—Volgograd Oblast, 78—Vologda Oblast, 79—Voronezh Oblast, 80—Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, 81—Yaroslavl Oblast, 82—Jewish Autonomous Oblast, 83—Zabaykalsky Krai.](/paper-figures/3b7caedf61aa44ddb59cf257d1814176/the-expanding-epidemic-of-hiv-1-in-the-russian-federation-figure-1.jpg)
![Fig 2 Annual new HIV diagnoses reported in 2016 per 100,000 population [2,6]. Labels: 1—Republic of Adygea, 2—Altai Krai, 3—Amur Oblast, 4—Arkhangelsk Oblast, 5—Astrakhan Oblast, 6—Republic of Bashkortostan, 7—Belgorod Oblast, 8—Bryansk Oblast, 9—Republic of Buryatia, 10—Republic of Chechnya, 11—Chelyabinsk Oblast, 12—Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, 13—Chuvash Republic, 14—City of St. Petersburg, 15—Republic of Dagestan, 16—Altai Republic, 17—Republic of Ingushetia, 18—Irkutsk Oblast, 19—Ivanovo Oblast, 20—Kabardino-Balkar Republic, 21—Kaliningrad Oblast, 22—Republic of Kalmykia, 23—Kaluga Oblast, 24—Kamchatka Krai, 25—Karachay-Cherkess Republic, 26—Republic of Karelia, 27—Kemerovo Oblast, 28—Khabarovsk Krai, 29—Republic of Khakassia, 30—Khanty-Mansiy Autonomous Okrug, 31—Kirov Oblast, 32—Komi Republic, 33—Kostroma Oblast, 34—Krasnodar Krai, 35—Krasnoyarsk Krai, 36—Kurgan Oblast, 37—Kursk Oblast, 38—Leningrad Oblast, 39—Lipetsk Oblast, 40—Magadan Oblast, 41—Mariy-El Republic, 42—Republic of Mordovia, 43—City of Moscow, 44—Moscow Oblast, 45—Murmansk Oblast, 46—Nenets Autonomous Okrug, 47—Nizhegorod Oblast, 48—Republic of North Ossetia-Alania, 49—Novgorod Oblast, 50—Novosibirsk Oblast, 51—Omsk Oblast, 52—Orlov Oblast, 53—Orenburg Oblast, 54—Penza Oblast, 55—Perm Krai, 56—Primorsky Krai, 57—Pskov Oblast, 58—Rostov Oblast, 59—Ryazan Oblast, 60—Sakhalin Oblast, 61—Sakha Republic, 62—Samara Oblast, 63—Saratov Oblast, 64—Smolensk Oblast, 65—Stavropol Krai, 66—Sverdlovsk Oblast, 67—Tambov Oblast, 68—Republic of Tatarstan, 69—Tomsk Oblast, 70—Tula Oblast, 71—Tyva Republic, 72—Tver Oblast, 73—Tyumen Oblast, 74—Republic of Udmurtia, 75—Ulyanovsk Oblast, 76—Vladimir Oblast, 77—Volgograd Oblast, 78—Vologda Oblast, 79—Voronezh Oblast, 80—Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, 81—Yaroslavl Oblast, 82—Jewish Autonomous Oblast, 83—Zabaykalsky Krai.](/paper-figures/ff171901bc99417bacf9c50787bc8f72/the-expanding-epidemic-of-hiv-1-in-the-russian-federation-figure-2.jpg)
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“HIV incidence and mortality continue to increase in spite of global progress.13”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Beyrer, C., Wirtz, A. L., O’Hara, G., Léon, N., & Kazatchkine, M.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Haverford College (US)
- Global Health Centre (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Beyrer, Chris
- Venue
- PLoS Medicine
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2017-11-28
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e1002462
- ISSN
- 1549-1277 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-1676
- PMC
- PMC5705067
- OpenAlex
- W2769321721
- Cited by
- 108
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 2
- FWCI
- 15.36
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Johns Hopkins University (P30 AI 094189)
- National Institutes of Health
- Center for AIDS Research, University of Washington (P30AI094189)
- National Institute on Aging
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute
- National Institute of Mental Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- National Cancer Institute
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (P30AI094189)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS Research and Interventions
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › HIV, Drug Use, Sexual Risk
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › HIV, TB, and STIs Epidemiology
- Keywords
- HIV-1 epidemic, HIV prevalence, HIV incidence, AIDS mortality, HIV prevention programs, HIV/AIDS policy, HIV epidemiology, Russia
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Russia, HIV-1, HIV Infections, Epidemics
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