Ciclosporin A Proof of Concept Study in Patients with Active, Progressive HTLV-1 Associated Myelopathy/Tropical Spastic Paraparesis
Open accessAbstract
INTRODUCTION: Patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) become progressively impaired, with chronic pain, immobility and bladder, bowel and sexual dysfunction. Tested antiretroviral therapies have not been effective and most patients are offered a short course of corticosteroids or interferon-α, physiotherapy and symptomatic management. Pathogenesis studies implicate activated T-lymphocytes and cytokines in tissue damage. We therefore tested the hypothesis that inhibition of T-cell activation with ciclosporin A would be safe and clinically beneficial in patients with early and/or clinically progressing HAM/TSP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Open label, proof of concept, pilot study of 48 weeks therapy with the calcineurin antagonist, ciclosporin A (CsA), in seven patients with 'early' (<two years) or 'progressive' (>50% deterioration in timed walk during the preceding three months) HAM/TSP. Primary outcomes were incidence of clinical failure at 48 weeks and time to clinical failure. RESULTS: All patients completed 72 weeks study participation and five showed objective evidence of clinical improvement after 3 months treatment with CsA. Two patients exhibited clinical failure over 6.4 person-years of follow-up to week 48. One patient had a >2 point deterioration in IPEC (Insituto de Pesquisa Clinica Evandro Chagas) disability score at weeks 8 and 12, and then stopped treatment. The other stopped treatment at week 4 because of headache and tremor and deterioration in timed walk, which occurred at week 45. Overall pain, mobility, spasticity and bladder function improved by 48 weeks. Two patients recommenced CsA during follow-up due to relapse. CONCLUSIONS: These data provide initial evidence that treatment with CsA is safe and may partially reverse the clinical deterioration seen in patients with early/progressive HAM/TSP. This trial supports further investigation of this agent's safety and effectiveness in larger, randomised controlled studies in carefully selected patients with disease progression.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A 2012 proof-of-concept study reported that cyclosporin A reversed clinical deterioration in early-phase HAM patients.
“Notably a proof-of-concept study was conducted in 2012, which reported that cyclosporin A reversed clinical deterioration in early-phase HAM patients [247].”
From Current State of Therapeutics for HTLV-1 (2024) · cites this paper as [247]
The Discussion (page not specified) reports improved outcomes in patients with early or progressing HAM/TSP, and the Results report objective improvement during treatment. But the study describes an association in a small open-label trial, not a definitive reversal of deterioration; two of seven patients had clinical failure. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredCyclosporin A has been used as a steroid-sparing therapy and was demonstrated to decrease HTLV-1 PVL and show clinical improvement in HAM patients.
“The calcineurin inhibitor, cyclosporin A, has been used as a steroid-sparing therapy and was demonstrated to decrease HTLV-1 PVL and show clinical improvement in HAM patients.”
From Current State of Therapeutics for HTLV-1 (2024) · cites this paper as [247]
The Results (Secondary outcomes, page unavailable) report reduced HTLV-1 proviral load in blood and CSF, and the Abstract Results report clinical improvement during ciclosporin A treatment. The Discussion calls it a steroid-sparing agent, but describes the improved outcomes as an association in patients with early or progressing HAM/TSP. The claim omits that restricted population and presents preliminary findings more definitively than the paper does. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Poiesz, B. J., Ruscetti, F. W., Gazdar, A. F., Bunn, P. A., Minna, J. D., & Gallo, R. C. (1980) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.77.12.7415 · Cited by 5,043 · see citing works
ANTIBODIES TO HUMAN T-LYMPHOTROPIC VIRUS TYPE-I IN PATIENTS WITH TROPICAL SPASTIC PARAPARESIS
Gessain, A., Vernant, J. C., Maurs, L., Barin, F., Gout, O., Calender, A., & de Thé, G. (1985) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92734-5 · Cited by 2,812 · see citing works
HTLV-I ASSOCIATED MYELOPATHY, A NEW CLINICAL ENTITY
Osame, M., Usuku, K., Izumo, S., Ijichi, N., Amitani, H., Igata, A., Matsumoto, M., & Tara, M. (1986) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(86)91298-5 · Cited by 2,381 · see citing works
Infective dermatitis of Jamaican children: a marker for HTLV-I infection
Blattner, W., LaGrenade, L., Hanchard, B., Fletcher, V., & Cranston, B. (1990) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(90)92896-p · Cited by 453 · see citing works
LICHTMAN, M., Spivak, J. L., Boxer, L. A., Shattil, S. J., & HENDERSON, E. (2000) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012448510-5/50140-0 · Cited by 392 · see citing works
Nakagawa, M., Izumo, S., Ijichi, S., Kubota, H., Arimura, K., Kawabata, M., & Osame, M. (1995) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.3109/13550289509111010 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
de Castro‐Costa, C. M., Araújo, A., Barreto, M. M., Takayanagui, O. M., Puccioni‐Sohler, M., Silva, E. L. M. D., Paula, S. M. B. D., Ishak, R., Ribas, J. G., Rovirosa, L. C., et al. (2006) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/aid.2006.22.931 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Self-citationHuman T-lymphotropic virus type I in Japan
Yamaguchi, K. (1994) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(94)90994-6 · Cited by 211 · see citing works
Izumo, S., Goto, I., Itoyama, Y., Okajima, T., Watanabe, S., Kuroda, Y., Araki, S., Mori, M., Nagataki, M., Matsukura, S., et al. (1996) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.46.4.1016 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Therapeutic trials in 200 patients with HTLV-Iassociated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis
Nakagawa, M., Nakahara, K., Maruyama, Y., Kawabata, M., Higuchi, I., Kubota, H., Izumo, S., Arimura, K., & Osame, M. (1996) · Journal of Neurovirology · doi:10.3109/13550289609146899 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Mochizuki, M., Yamaguchi, K., Takatsuki, K., Watanabe, T., Mori, S., & Tajima, K. (1992) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/0140-6736(92)90699-4 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Taylor, G. P., Hall, S. E., Navarrete, S., Michie, C. A., Davis, R., Witkover, A., Rossor, M. N., Nowak, M. A., Rudge, P., Matutes, E., et al. (1999) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.73.12.10289-10295.1999 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Self-citationTaylor, G. P., Goon, P., Furukawa, Y., Green, H., Barfield, A., Mosley, A., Nose, H., Babiker, A., Rudge, P., Usuku, K., et al. (2006) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/1742-4690-3-63 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Self-citationNatural History of Human T-Lymphotropic Virus 1–Associated Myelopathy
Olindo, S., Cabre, P., Lézin, A., Merle, H., Saint-Vil, M., Signaté, A., Bonnan, M., Chalon, A., Magnani, L., Césaire, R., et al. (2006) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneur.63.11.1560 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Lézin, A., Olindo, S., Olière, S., Varrin‐Doyer, M., Marlin, R., Cabre, P., Smadja, D., & Césaire, R. (2005) · The Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1086/429962 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Lehky, T. J., Levin, M. C., Kubota, R., Bamford, R. N., Flerlage, A. N., Soldan, S. S., Leist, T. P., Xavier, A., White, J. D., Brown, M., et al. (1998) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.410440613 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Interferon‐β1a therapy in human T‐lymphotropic virus type I–associated neurologic disease
Oh, U., Yamano, Y., Mora, C. A., Ohayon, J., Bagnato, F., Butman, J. A., Dambrosia, J., Leist, T. P., McFarland, H., & Jacobson, S. (2005) · Annals of Neurology · doi:10.1002/ana.20429 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Kawano, N., Shimoda, K., Ishikawa, F., Taketomi, A., Yoshizumi, T., Shimoda, S., Yoshida, S., Uozumi, K., Suzuki, S., Maehara, Y., et al. (2006) · Transplantation · doi:10.1097/01.tp.0000235186.30113.c7 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Martin, F., Fedina, A., Youshya, S., & Taylor, G. P. (2010) · Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry · doi:10.1136/jnnp.2009.191239 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationCorticosteroid therapy in TSP/HAM patients: The results from a 10 years open cohort
Croda, M. G., de Oliveira, A. C. P., Vergara, M. P. P., Bonasser, F., Smid, J., Duarte, A. J. D. S., & Casseb, J. (2008) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2008.01.004 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Jenks, P. J., Barrett, W. Y., Raftery, M., Kelsey, S. M., van der Walt, J. D., Kon, S. P., & Breuer, J. (1995) · Clinical Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1093/clinids/21.4.992 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Adult T‐cell leukemia developing during immunosuppressive treatment in a renal transplant recipient
Tsurumi, H., Tani, K., Tsuruta, T., Shirato, R., Matsudaira, T., Tojo, A., Wada, C., Uchida, H., Ozawa, K., & Asano, S. (1992) · American Journal of Hematology · doi:10.1002/ajh.2830410414 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Diagnosis of HAM/TSP based on CSF proviral HTLV-I DNA and HTLV-I antibody index
Puccioni‐Sohler, M., Rios, M., de Carvalho, S. M. F., Rr, G., Oliveira, C., Corrêa, R. B., Novis, S. A. P., Pombo‐de‐Oliveira, M. S., & Bianco, C. (2001) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.57.4.725 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Prognosis of HTLV-I-Positive Renal Transplant Recipients
Nakamura, N., Tamaru, S., Ohshima, K., Tanaka, M., Arakaki, Y., & Miyauchi, T. (2005) · Transplantation Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2005.03.132 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
HTLV-1 infection: role of CTL efficiency
Bangham, C. R. M. (2008) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2008-06-163071 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationProspects for the management of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy.
Martin, F., & Taylor, G. P. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationPlasma proteome analysis in HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis
Kirk, P., Witkover, A., Courtney, A. P., Lewin, A., Wait, R., Stumpf, M. P. H., Richardson, S. T., Taylor, G. P., & Bangham, C. R. M. (2011) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/1742-4690-8-81 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationYara, S., Fujita, J., & Date, H. (2009) · Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.jtcvs.2008.12.050 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Prognosis of HTLV-1 positive renal transplant recipients in Iran.
Naghibi, O., Nazemian, F., Naghibi, M., & Javidi, D. B. A. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Clinical subtype of HAM/TSP based on clinical course and laboratory findings
Yamano, Y., Sato, T., Araya, N., Yagishita, N., Shimizu, Y., Ando, H., Utsunomiya, A., Izumo, S., Jacobson, S., & Suzuki, N. (2011) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/1742-4690-8-s1-a42 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis
Bangham, C. R. M., Araújo, A., Yamano, Y., & Taylor, G. P. (2015) · Nature Reviews Disease Primers · doi:10.1038/nrdp.2015.12 · Cited by 277 · see citing works
Self-citationYamano, Y., & Sato, T. (2012) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2012.00389 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Futsch, N., Mahieux, R., & Dutartre, H. (2017) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v10010001 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Inflammatory manifestations of HTLV-1 and their therapeutic options
Martin, F., Taylor, G. P., & Jacobson, S. (2014) · Expert Review of Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1586/1744666x.2014.966690 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Self-citationYamauchi, J., Araya, N., Yagishita, N., Sato, T., & Yamano, Y. (2020) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2020.107669 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Coler-Reilly, A. L. G., Yagishita, N., Suzuki, H., Sato, T., Araya, N., Inoue, E., Takata, A., & Yamano, Y. (2016) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-016-0451-x · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Pasquier, A., Alais, S., Roux, L., Thoulouze, M., Alvarez, K., Journo, C., Dutartre, H., & Mahieux, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2018.00278 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Human T-Lymphotropic Virus (HTLV): Epidemiology, Genetic, Pathogenesis, and Future Challenges
Branda, F., Romano, C., Pavia, G., Bilotta, V., Locci, C., Azzena, I., Deplano, I., Pascale, N., Perra, M. T., Giovanetti, M., et al. (2025) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v17050664 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Yamauchi, J., Tanabe, K., Sato, T., Nakagawa, M., Matsuura, E., Tsuboi, Y., Tamaki, K., Sakima, H., Ishihara, S., Ohta, Y., et al. (2022) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v14010136 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationMontalvo, M., & Cho, T. A. (2018) · Neurologic Clinics · doi:10.1016/j.ncl.2018.06.001 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Current State of Therapeutics for HTLV-1
Wang, T. T., Hirons, A., Doerflinger, M., Morris, K. V., Ledger, S., Purcell, D. F. J., Kelleher, A. D., & Ahlenstiel, C. L. (2024) · Viruses · doi:10.3390/v16101616 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…Topical or systemic corticosteroids and mydriatics [263] HTLV-1-associated Sjögren’s Syndrome Artificial lubricants such as saliva/tears replacement solutions coupled with systemic pharmacotherapy with pilocarpine hydrochloride [264] HTLV-1-associated Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and Graves’ disease”
BackgroundSan-Martin, D. L., dos Santos, D. N., & Baptista, A. F. (2016) · The Brazilian Journal of Infectious Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.bjid.2016.08.013 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Tremor Induced by Cyclosporine, Tacrolimus, Sirolimus, or Everolimus: A Review of the Literature
Shukla, A. W., Lunny, C., Mahboob, O., Khalid, U., Joyce, M., Jha, N., Nagaraja, N., & Shukla, A. M. (2023) · Drugs in R&D · doi:10.1007/s40268-023-00428-4 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Menezes, S. M., Leal, F. E., Dierckx, T., Khouri, R., Decanine, D., Silva-Santos, G., Schnitman, S. V., Kruschewsky, R. D. A., López, G., Álvarez, C., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.00097 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Saito, M. (2013) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-013-0192-8 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Effect of Pulsed Methylprednisolone on Pain, in Patients with HTLV-1-Associated Myelopathy
Buell, K. G., Puri, A., Demontis, M. A., Short, C.-E. S., Adonis, A., Haddow, J., Martin, F., Dhasmana, D., & Taylor, G. P. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152557 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationEinsiedel, L. J., Purcell, D. F. J., Schinke, S., Haynes, K., Taylor, G. P., & Martin, F. (2018) · Journal of Virus Eradication · doi:10.1016/s2055-6640(20)30242-9 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationBarbeau, B., Hiscott, J. B., Bazarbachi, A. A., Carvalho, E. M., Jones, K. S., Martin, F., Matsuoka, M., Murphy, E. L., Ratner, L., Switzer, W. M., et al. (2014) · Retrovirology · doi:10.1186/1742-4690-11-19 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationEmerging sexually transmitted viral infections: Review of human T-lymphotropic virus-1 disease
Caswell, R. J., & Manavi, K. (2020) · International Journal of STD & AIDS · doi:10.1177/0956462419886940 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Yamakawa, N., Yagishita, N., Matsuo, T., Yamauchi, J., Ueno, T., Inoue, E., Takata, A., Nagasaka, M., Araya, N., Hasegawa, D., et al. (2020) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-020-01451-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvances in the treatment of human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I associated myelopathy
Mashkani, B., Jalili‐Nik, M., Rezaee, S. A., & Boostani, R. (2023) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2023.2272639 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Planning and management to control and eliminate HTLV-1 infection in Iran.
Boostani, R., Lotfinejad, N., Zemorshidi, F., Vahidi, Z., Rezaee, S. A., Farid, R., & Rafatpanah, H. (2021) · PubMed Central · doi:10.22038/ijbms.2021.50803.11562 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Salvador (2015) · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000000382 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Nayar, S., Pawar, B., Einsiedel, L. J., Fernandes, D., George, P., Thomas, S., & Sajiv, C. (2018) · Transplantation Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.transproceed.2018.08.031 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Paralysie faciale à bascule révélatrice d’une infection à Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1)
Leclercq, M., Sauvêtre, G., Levesque, H., & Marié, I. (2015) · La Revue de Médecine Interne · doi:10.1016/j.revmed.2014.11.013 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Non-cancerous complications in HTLV-1 carriers
Ohmoto, A., & Fuji, S. (2024) · Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy · doi:10.1080/14787210.2024.2336547 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Schmidt, F. R., Coutinho, E. S., Lima, M. A., Silva, M. T., Leite, A. C. B., da Fonseca, I. O., & Araújo, A. (2023) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-023-01154-y · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Efgartigimod Combined With Steroid Treatment for HAM / TSP : A Case Report
Zeng, J., Tian, W., Yang, J., Yang, Y., Cao, L. H., & Luan, X. (2025) · Annals of Clinical and Translational Neurology · doi:10.1002/acn3.70156 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Manifestazioni neurologiche associate al virus HTLV-1
Olindo, S., & Jeannin, S. (2014) · EMC - Neurologia · doi:10.1016/s1634-7072(14)67222-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Faull, M., & Panegyres, P. K. (2014) · Journal of Medical Case Reports · doi:10.1186/1752-1947-8-382 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Acupuncture in the treatment of HTLV-I-associated myelopathy / tropical spastic Paraparesis
Shoeibi, A., Mojtabavi, S. J., Boostani, R., Andalibi, M. S. S., Rafatpanah, H., Etemadi, M., Poursina, Z., & Ghahremani, A. (2020) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-019-00805-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
HTLV-1: A View from the Rheumatologist
Fuentes, A., & Burgos, P. I. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23311-2_16
Manifestazioni neurologiche legate all’“human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus” tipo 1 (HTLV-1)
Olindo, S., Jeannin, S., & Lézin, A. (2021) · EMC - Neurologia · doi:10.1016/s1634-7072(21)44999-8
Takao, N., & Yamano, Y. (2022) · Clinical and Experimental Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1111/cen3.12687
Parasitism and Molecular Implication of HTLV-1 Pathogenesis
Almalki, S. R. (2023) · Egyptian Academic Journal of Biological Sciences. E, Medical Entomology and Parasitology · doi:10.21608/eajbse.2023.292468
Yamakawa, N., Yagishita, N., Matsuo, T., Yamauchi, J., Ueno, T., Inoue, E., Takata, A., Nagasaka, M., Araya, N., Hasegawa, D., et al. (2020) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.12610184
Self-citation
- Authors
- Martin, F., Castro, H., Gabriel, C., Adonis, A., Fedina, A., Harrison, L., Brodnicki, L., Demontis, M. A., Babiker, A. G., Weber, J. N., Bangham, C. R. M., & Taylor, G. P.
- Affiliations
- University of York (GB)
- Medical Research Council (GB)
- St Mary's Hospital (GB)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Martin, Fabiola
- ORCID
- Venue
- PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2012-06-12
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- e1675
- ISSN
- 1935-2727 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-2735
- PMC
- PMC3373656
- OpenAlex
- W2150853065
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 3 · 2014: 4 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.40
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS neglected tropical diseases (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Spiral (Imperial College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (NF-SI-0507-10313)
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › T-cell and Retrovirus Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cervical and Thoracic Myelopathy
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Infectious Diseases and Tuberculosis
- Keywords
- HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, cyclosporine, calcineurin inhibitors, T cell activation inhibition, disease progression, disability score, spasticity, neurodegeneration, immunosuppressive therapy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Female, Humans, Immunosuppressive Agents, Male, Middle Aged, Pilot Projects, Paraparesis, Tropical Spastic, Cyclosporine, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
