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Estimating the Cost of Type 1 Diabetes in the U.S.: A Propensity Score Matching Method
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Diabetes costs represent a large burden to both patients and the health care system. However, few studies that examine the economic consequences of diabetes have distinguished between the two major forms, type 1 and type 2 diabetes, despite differences in underlying pathologies. Combining the two diseases implies that there is no difference between the costs of type 1 and type 2 diabetes to a patient. In this study, we examine the costs of type 1 diabetes, which is often overlooked due to the larger population of type 2 patients, and compare them to the estimated costs of diabetes reported in the literature. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Using a nationally representative dataset, we estimate yearly and lifetime medical and indirect costs of type 1 diabetes by implementing a matching method to compare a patient with type 1 diabetes to a similar individual without the disease. We find that each year type 1 diabetes costs this country $14.4 billion (11.5-17.3) in medical costs and lost income. In terms of lost income, type 1 patients incur a disproportionate share of type 1 and type 2 costs. Further, if the disease were eliminated by therapeutic intervention, an estimated $10.6 billion (7.2-14.0) incurred by a new cohort and $422.9 billion (327.2-519.4) incurred by the existing number of type 1 diabetic patients over their lifetime would be avoided. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE: We find that the costs attributed to type 1 diabetes are disproportionately higher than the number of type 1 patients compared with type 2 patients, suggesting that combining the two diseases when estimating costs is not appropriate. This study and another recent contribution provides a necessary first step in estimating the substantial costs of type 1 diabetes on the U.S.
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“However, two studies have provided cost estimates specifically for type 1 diabetes, proposing an annual figure of $14·4–14·9 billion in the USA.104,105”
From Type 1 diabetes (2014) · cites this paper as [105]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tao, B., Pietropaolo, M., Atkinson, M., Schatz, D., & Taylor, D.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- University of Florida (US)
- Center for Naval Analyses (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tao, Betty
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2010-07-09
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e11501
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2901386
- OpenAlex
- W2093172018
- Cited by
- 197
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 21 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 12 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 6.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- University of Michigan
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK053456)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Research
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Health Systems, Economic Evaluations, Quality of Life
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes Management and Education
- Keywords
- type 1 diabetes, health care costs, indirect costs, income loss, lifetime costs, economic burden, type 2 diabetes, cost comparison, economic burden of disease, cost avoidance
- MeSH terms
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1, Female, Humans, Male, Models, Theoretical, United States
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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