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Cited by 347Psychedelics and Drug StudiesForensic Toxicology and Drug AnalysisSubstance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 58 of the 58 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Psychedelics and Mental Health: A Population Study

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Krebs, Teri S., Johansen, Pål-Ørjan·2013·PLoS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0063972PMC PMC3747247
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: The classical serotonergic psychedelics LSD, psilocybin, mescaline are not known to cause brain damage and are regarded as non-addictive. Clinical studies do not suggest that psychedelics cause long-term mental health problems. Psychedelics have been used in the Americas for thousands of years. Over 30 million people currently living in the US have used LSD, psilocybin, or mescaline. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the association between the lifetime use of psychedelics and current mental health in the adult population. METHOD: Data drawn from years 2001 to 2004 of the National Survey on Drug Use and Health consisted of 130,152 respondents, randomly selected to be representative of the adult population in the United States. Standardized screening measures for past year mental health included serious psychological distress (K6 scale), mental health treatment (inpatient, outpatient, medication, needed but did not receive), symptoms of eight psychiatric disorders (panic disorder, major depressive episode, mania, social phobia, general anxiety disorder, agoraphobia, posttraumatic stress disorder, and non-affective psychosis), and seven specific symptoms of non-affective psychosis. We calculated weighted odds ratios by multivariate logistic regression controlling for a range of sociodemographic variables, use of illicit drugs, risk taking behavior, and exposure to traumatic events. RESULTS: 21,967 respondents (13.4% weighted) reported lifetime psychedelic use. There were no significant associations between lifetime use of any psychedelics, lifetime use of specific psychedelics (LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, peyote), or past year use of LSD and increased rate of any of the mental health outcomes. Rather, in several cases psychedelic use was associated with lower rate of mental health problems. CONCLUSION: We did not find use of psychedelics to be an independent risk factor for mental health problems.

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  1. Laing R, Siegel JA, editors (2003) Hallucinogens: A Forensic Drug Handbook. Academic Press.

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Metadata

Authors
Krebs, T. S., & Johansen, P.-Ø.
Affiliations
Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NO)
Corresponding author
Krebs, Teri S.
Venue
PLoS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2013-08-19
Volume
8
Issue
8
Pages
e63972
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0063972
PMC
PMC3747247
OpenAlex
W2014761647
Cited by
347
References
58
Citations by year
2026: 24 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 16 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 2
FWCI
16.32
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
  • Norges Forskningsråd (rcn-foriss-185924)
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
  • Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
Keywords
psychedelics, LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, peyote, mental health, serious psychological distress, mental illness, non-affective psychosis, lifetime drug use, risk factors for mental illness, National Survey on Drug Use and Health
MeSH terms
Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Data Collection, Female, Hallucinogens, Humans, Lysergic Acid Diethylamide, Male, Mental Health, Mescaline, Middle Aged, Psilocybin, Risk Factors, United States, Odds Ratio

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