CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 131HIV/AIDS drug development and treatmentHIV Research and TreatmentVirus-based gene therapy research

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 52 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Non-Catalytic Site HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors Disrupt Core Maturation and Induce a Reverse Transcription Block in Target Cells

Open access
Balakrishnan, Mini, Yant, Stephen R., Tsai, Luong, O’Sullivan, Christopher, Bam, Rujuta A., Tsai, Angela, Niedziela-Majka, Anita, Stray, Kirsten M., Sakowicz, Roman, Cihlar, Tomas·2013·PLoS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0074163PMC PMC3767657
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

HIV-1 integrase (IN) is the target for two classes of antiretrovirals: i) the integrase strand-transfer inhibitors (INSTIs) and ii) the non-catalytic site integrase inhibitors (NCINIs). NCINIs bind at the IN dimer interface and are thought to interfere primarily with viral DNA (vDNA) integration in the target cell by blocking IN-vDNA assembly as well as the IN-LEDGF/p75 interaction. Herein we show that treatment of virus-producing cells, but not of mature virions or target cells, drives NCINI antiviral potency. NCINIs target an essential late-stage event in HIV replication that is insensitive to LEDGF levels in the producer cells. Virus particles produced in the presence of NCINIs displayed normal Gag-Pol processing and endogenous reverse transcriptase activity, but were defective at initiating vDNA synthesis following entry into the target cell. NCINI-resistant virus carrying a T174I mutation in the IN dimer interface was less sensitive to the compound-induced late-stage effects, including the reverse transcription block. Wild-type, but not T174I virus, produced in the presence of NCINIs exhibited striking defects in core morphology and an increased level of IN oligomers that was not observed upon treatment of mature cell-free particles. Collectively, these results reveal that NCINIs act through a novel mechanism that is unrelated to the previously observed inhibition of IN activity or IN-LEDGF interaction, and instead involves the disruption of an IN function during HIV-1 core maturation and assembly.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pone.0074163

Cites

52 of 52 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Figure 1 NCINIs act as late-stage HIV-1 inhibitors. (A) Schematic overview of the full cycle assay system is shown. Exposure to compounds was limited to the stage of virus production (yellow), target cell infection (green), or both (orange). EC50 values for ATV, RAL, GS-A, and GS-B for WT and T174I-IN mutant virus measured under the three compound exposure conditions are tabulated. Results represent a mean of two independent experiments. nd, not determined. (B) Cell-free virus was incubated with the different classes of inhibitors, and the infectivity was measured before (white bars) and after (gray bars) compound removal via ultrafiltration. Results represent mean ± SD values obtained from triplicate measurements in at least three independent experiments.
Figure 1 NCINIs act as late-stage HIV-1 inhibitors. (A) Schematic overview of the full cycle assay system is shown. Exposure to compounds was limited to the stage of virus production (yellow), target cell infection (green), or both (orange). EC50 values for ATV, RAL, GS-A, and GS-B for WT and T174I-IN mutant virus measured under the three compound exposure conditions are tabulated. Results represent a mean of two independent experiments. nd, not determined. (B) Cell-free virus was incubated with the different classes of inhibitors, and the infectivity was measured before (white bars) and after (gray bars) compound removal via ultrafiltration. Results represent mean ± SD values obtained from triplicate measurements in at least three independent experiments.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 2 NCINI potency is unaffected by LEDGF expression levels during virus production. (A) Western blot analysis of HEK293T cells overexpressing LEDGF during virus production. (B) Infectivity of virus produced from mock (black bars) and LEDGF overexpressing (light grey bars) HEK293T producer cells. (C) Western-blot analysis of LEDGF expression in HEK293T cells generated from mock transfection or stable transfection with control scrambled or LEDGF-specific shRNAs. (D) Infectivity of virus produced from HEK293T cells that were mock transfected (black bars) or stably transfected with scrambled shRNA (hatched bars) or LEDGF shRNA #8 (white bars) and #3 (grey bars). Infectivity measurements for B and D represent mean ± SD values obtained from triplicate measurements from a representative experiment.
Figure 2 NCINI potency is unaffected by LEDGF expression levels during virus production. (A) Western blot analysis of HEK293T cells overexpressing LEDGF during virus production. (B) Infectivity of virus produced from mock (black bars) and LEDGF overexpressing (light grey bars) HEK293T producer cells. (C) Western-blot analysis of LEDGF expression in HEK293T cells generated from mock transfection or stable transfection with control scrambled or LEDGF-specific shRNAs. (D) Infectivity of virus produced from HEK293T cells that were mock transfected (black bars) or stably transfected with scrambled shRNA (hatched bars) or LEDGF shRNA #8 (white bars) and #3 (grey bars). Infectivity measurements for B and D represent mean ± SD values obtained from triplicate measurements from a representative experiment.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 3 NCINIs do not inhibit Gag-Pol processing, ERT, or target cell entry. (A) Western blot analysis of purified HIV-1 particles produced in the presence of different inhibitors at 1 µM concentration. Gag/Gag-Pol processing was assessed using anti-CA (upper), anti-IN (middle), and anti-RT antibodies (lower). (B) Equal p24 amounts of virus shown in A were analyzed for virion-associated endogenous reverse transcriptase activity. Values were averaged from duplicate measurements. (C) Percentage of cells positive for beta-lactamase activity following infection with Blam-Vpr complemented HIV-1 produced in the presence of DMSO or 1 µM tested compounds. Values are normalized to DMSO-treated control and represent a mean of two independent experiments performed in duplicate.
Figure 3 NCINIs do not inhibit Gag-Pol processing, ERT, or target cell entry. (A) Western blot analysis of purified HIV-1 particles produced in the presence of different inhibitors at 1 µM concentration. Gag/Gag-Pol processing was assessed using anti-CA (upper), anti-IN (middle), and anti-RT antibodies (lower). (B) Equal p24 amounts of virus shown in A were analyzed for virion-associated endogenous reverse transcriptase activity. Values were averaged from duplicate measurements. (C) Percentage of cells positive for beta-lactamase activity following infection with Blam-Vpr complemented HIV-1 produced in the presence of DMSO or 1 µM tested compounds. Values are normalized to DMSO-treated control and represent a mean of two independent experiments performed in duplicate.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 4 Virus produced in the presence of GS-B is defective in vDNA synthesis in target cells. (A) HIV-1 produced in the presence of DMSO, 1 µM RAL (gray bars), 1 µM GS-B (black bars), or 1 µM EFV (white bars) was used to infect MT-2 cells in the presence of the same respective drugs and assayed by quantitative PCR 12 hours post-infection for early and late reverse transcription products (left panel), and 24 hours post infection for aborted (2-LTR) and completed (Alu-LTR) integration products (right panel). (B) Quantitative PCR assessment of reverse transcription and integration products in MT-2 target cells directly infected with HIV-1 in the presence of 1 µM RAL (gray bars) or 5 µM GS-B (black bars). (C) Quantitative PCR assessment of early RT and late RT product formation in MT-2 cells infected with T174I virus produced and infected in the presence of GS-B (1 µM) or EFV (1 µM). Results in A-C represent mean ± SD values normalized to DMSO (set to 100%) obtained from quadruplicate infections each assayed in duplicate.
Figure 4 Virus produced in the presence of GS-B is defective in vDNA synthesis in target cells. (A) HIV-1 produced in the presence of DMSO, 1 µM RAL (gray bars), 1 µM GS-B (black bars), or 1 µM EFV (white bars) was used to infect MT-2 cells in the presence of the same respective drugs and assayed by quantitative PCR 12 hours post-infection for early and late reverse transcription products (left panel), and 24 hours post infection for aborted (2-LTR) and completed (Alu-LTR) integration products (right panel). (B) Quantitative PCR assessment of reverse transcription and integration products in MT-2 target cells directly infected with HIV-1 in the presence of 1 µM RAL (gray bars) or 5 µM GS-B (black bars). (C) Quantitative PCR assessment of early RT and late RT product formation in MT-2 cells infected with T174I virus produced and infected in the presence of GS-B (1 µM) or EFV (1 µM). Results in A-C represent mean ± SD values normalized to DMSO (set to 100%) obtained from quadruplicate infections each assayed in duplicate.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 5 NCINIs disrupt normal HIV-1 core formation and architecture. (A) Representative electron micrograph images illustrating normal, aberrant and immature particle morphologies. Arrows highlight the mislocalized electron-dense ribonucleoprotein complex outside of the capsid shell in many aberrant particles. Frequencies of the different core phenotypes are shown for WT (B) and T174I mutant (C) HIV-1 produced in the presence of DMSO (gray bars) or 1 µM GS-B (black bars). (D) Quantitation of core morphology frequencies for the IN-negative virus. For B–D, data represent mean ± SD, each derived from >1000 particles.
Figure 5 NCINIs disrupt normal HIV-1 core formation and architecture. (A) Representative electron micrograph images illustrating normal, aberrant and immature particle morphologies. Arrows highlight the mislocalized electron-dense ribonucleoprotein complex outside of the capsid shell in many aberrant particles. Frequencies of the different core phenotypes are shown for WT (B) and T174I mutant (C) HIV-1 produced in the presence of DMSO (gray bars) or 1 µM GS-B (black bars). (D) Quantitation of core morphology frequencies for the IN-negative virus. For B–D, data represent mean ± SD, each derived from >1000 particles.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 6 GS-B reduces HIV-1 core yield and content. Wild-type and T174I mutant HIV-1 was produced in the presence of DMSO or GS-B (1 µM) and fractionated over a detergent-layered sucrose gradient. Eleven 3-mL fractions collected sequentially from the top of each gradient were assayed for density (g/mL), CA/IN/RT proteins, and viral nucleic acid content. (A) Distribution of capsid (p24), the major core protein, in relation to sample density. (B) Viral RNA distribution in the gradient fractions, as determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Results in A & B represent the mean ± SD values obtained from four independently fractionated samples. Arrows highlight NCINI-induced reduction of CA and viral RNA within peak core fraction 10. (C) Western-blot analyses for relative abundance and distribution of IN (p32) and RT (p51/p66) proteins in gradient fractions 6–10.
Figure 6 GS-B reduces HIV-1 core yield and content. Wild-type and T174I mutant HIV-1 was produced in the presence of DMSO or GS-B (1 µM) and fractionated over a detergent-layered sucrose gradient. Eleven 3-mL fractions collected sequentially from the top of each gradient were assayed for density (g/mL), CA/IN/RT proteins, and viral nucleic acid content. (A) Distribution of capsid (p24), the major core protein, in relation to sample density. (B) Viral RNA distribution in the gradient fractions, as determined by quantitative RT-PCR. Results in A & B represent the mean ± SD values obtained from four independently fractionated samples. Arrows highlight NCINI-induced reduction of CA and viral RNA within peak core fraction 10. (C) Western-blot analyses for relative abundance and distribution of IN (p32) and RT (p51/p66) proteins in gradient fractions 6–10.CC BY · PubMed Central
Figure 7 GS-B enhances IN oligomerization during virus production. (A) Purified WT or T174I-IN mutant HIV-1 produced in the presence of DMSO or GS-B was briefly treated with cross-linking agent BS3 and the IN monomeric and dimeric forms assessed by anti-IN Western blot analysis. Left, Representative anti-IN Western blot of progeny virus treated with cross-linker. Right, quantitation of monomeric vs dimeric IN forms. (B) Quantitation of IN oligomeric state in progeny virus when virus producer cells vs cell-free virus particles are treated with GS-B (1 µM). Quantitations represent data from individual representative gels.
Figure 7 GS-B enhances IN oligomerization during virus production. (A) Purified WT or T174I-IN mutant HIV-1 produced in the presence of DMSO or GS-B was briefly treated with cross-linking agent BS3 and the IN monomeric and dimeric forms assessed by anti-IN Western blot analysis. Left, Representative anti-IN Western blot of progeny virus treated with cross-linker. Right, quantitation of monomeric vs dimeric IN forms. (B) Quantitation of IN oligomeric state in progeny virus when virus producer cells vs cell-free virus particles are treated with GS-B (1 µM). Quantitations represent data from individual representative gels.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 54 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

See all 131

Related

Metadata

Authors
Balakrishnan, M., Yant, S. R., Tsai, L., O’Sullivan, C., Bam, R. A., Tsai, A., Niedziela-Majka, A., Stray, K. M., Sakowicz, R., & Cihlar, T.
Affiliations
Gilead Sciences (United States) (US)
Corresponding author
Balakrishnan, Mini
ORCID
Venue
PLoS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2013-09-09
Volume
8
Issue
9
Pages
e74163
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0074163
PMC
PMC3767657
OpenAlex
W2053936754
Cited by
126
References
54
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 7 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 4
FWCI
11.92
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
  • Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
Keywords
HIV-1 integrase, integrase strand transfer inhibitors, LEDGF/p75, viral DNA replication
MeSH terms
DNA, Viral, Genetic Vectors, Humans, Luciferases, Mutation, T-Lymphocytes, Transcription Factors, Virion, Virus Replication, HIV-1, Gene Expression, Virus Integration, Genes, Reporter, Virus Assembly, HIV Integrase, HIV Integrase Inhibitors, Drug Resistance, Viral, Cell Line, Tumor, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, HIV Reverse Transcriptase, Host-Pathogen Interactions

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review