LEDGF/p75 functions downstream from preintegration complex formation to effect gene-specific HIV-1 integration
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LEDGF/p75 directly interacts with lentiviral integrase proteins and can modulate their enzymatic activities and chromosomal association. A novel genetic knockout model was established that allowed us for the first time to analyze HIV-1 integration in the absence of LEDGF/p75 protein. Supporting a crucial role for the cofactor in viral replication, HIV-1 vector integration and reporter gene expression were significantly reduced in LEDGF-null cells. Yet, integrase processed the viral cDNA termini normally and maintained its local target DNA sequence preference during integration. Preintegration complexes extracted from knockout cells moreover supported normal levels of DNA strand transfer activity in vitro. In contrast, HIV-1 lost its strong bias toward integrating into transcription units, displaying instead increased affinity for promoter regions and CpG islands. Our results reveal LEDGF/p75 as a critical targeting factor, commandeering lentiviruses from promoter- and/or CpG island-proximal pathways that are favored by other members of Retroviridae . Akin to yeast retrotransposons, disrupting the lentiviral targeting mechanism significantly perturbs overall integration.
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Genic proviruses formed when LEDGF/p75 was absent clustered near transcription start sites.
“The genic proviruses that did form under these conditions uncharacteristically congregated around transcription start sites87,99–101.”
From Structure and function of retroviral integrase (2022) · cites this paper as [99]
In “A critical role for Ledgf in gene-specific HIV-1 integration” (page not available), the paper reports that HIV-1 integration near transcription start sites was about 2.6-fold more frequent in Ledgf-null cells. That analysis covers all proviruses, not specifically the genic proviruses named in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLoss of PSIP1, the gene encoding LEDGF/p75, reduced viral DNA integration in cells by several fold.
“Knockout of the PSIP1 gene, which encodes for LEDGF/p75, similarly suppressed levels of vDNA integration in cells several fold98,99.”
From Structure and function of retroviral integrase (2022) · cites this paper as [99]
Disrupting LEDGF/p75 binding to chromatin or integrase abolishes its cofactor function during HIV-1 infection.
“Alterations that disrupted LEDGF/p75 binding to chromatin or IN ablated its cofactor function during HIV-1 infection99,103,112.”
From Structure and function of retroviral integrase (2022) · cites this paper as [99]
LEDGF/p75 is critical but not strictly essential for HIV-1 integration and replication.
“However, while LEDGF/p75 is critical, it is not strictly essential for HIV-1 integration and replication. This assertion is supported by the fact that HIV-1 was able to replicate, albeit at a much-reduced level, in LEDGF knockdown cells, and the replication could be restored upon expression of LEDGF/p75 (Llano et al. 2006, Shun et al. 2007).”
From Beyond reverse transcription: molecular mechanisms and emerging paradigms in retroviral replication (2026) · cites this paper as Shun et al. 2007
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Shun, M.-C., Raghavendra, N. K., Vandegraaff, N., Daigle, J. E., Hughes, S., Kellam, P., Cherepanov, P., & Engelman, A.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Imperial College London (GB)
- University College London (GB)
- Venue
- Genes & Development
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2007-07-15
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 14
- Pages
- 1767-1778
- ISSN
- 0890-9369 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5477
- PMC
- PMC1920171
- OpenAlex
- W2106494657
- Cited by
- 467
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 32
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Genes & Development (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- Medical Research Council
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (AI39394, R01AI039394, R37AI039394)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Virology › HIV Research and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Virus-based gene therapy research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment
- Keywords
- LEDGF/p75, HIV-1 integration, preintegration complex, CpG islands, DNA strand transfer, retroviral replication
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Base Sequence, Binding Sites, Cell Line, DNA, Humans, Leukemia Virus, Murine, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Transcription Factors, HIV-1, Consensus Sequence, Virus Integration, Gene Deletion, CpG Islands, Integrases, Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Mice, In Vitro Techniques
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