The DOI matches its Crossref record; 67 of the 67 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reverse Zoonotic Disease Transmission (Zooanthroponosis): A Systematic Review of Seldom-Documented Human Biological Threats to Animals
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Research regarding zoonotic diseases often focuses on infectious diseases animals have given to humans. However, an increasing number of reports indicate that humans are transmitting pathogens to animals. Recent examples include methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, influenza A virus, Cryptosporidium parvum, and Ascaris lumbricoides. The aim of this review was to provide an overview of published literature regarding reverse zoonoses and highlight the need for future work in this area. METHODS: An initial broad literature review yielded 4763 titles, of which 4704 were excluded as not meeting inclusion criteria. After careful screening, 56 articles (from 56 countries over three decades) with documented human-to-animal disease transmission were included in this report. FINDINGS: In these publications, 21 (38%) pathogens studied were bacterial, 16 (29%) were viral, 12 (21%) were parasitic, and 7 (13%) were fungal, other, or involved multiple pathogens. Effected animals included wildlife (n = 28, 50%), livestock (n = 24, 43%), companion animals (n = 13, 23%), and various other animals or animals not explicitly mentioned (n = 2, 4%). Published reports of reverse zoonoses transmission occurred in every continent except Antarctica therefore indicating a worldwide disease threat. INTERPRETATION: As we see a global increase in industrial animal production, the rapid movement of humans and animals, and the habitats of humans and wild animals intertwining with great complexity, the future promises more opportunities for humans to cause reverse zoonoses. Scientific research must be conducted in this area to provide a richer understanding of emerging and reemerging disease threats. As a result, multidisciplinary approaches such as One Health will be needed to mitigate these problems.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“In one study, up to 62% of owners agreed with the statement “My dog is more important to me than any human being” [93].”
From A One Health Perspective on the Human-Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects. (2020) · cites this paper as [93]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Emerging Infectious Diseases of Wildlife-- Threats to Biodiversity and Human Health
Daszak, P., Cunningham, A. A., & Hyatt, A. D. (2000) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.287.5452.443 · Cited by 4,977
Cleaveland, S., Laurenson, M. K., & Taylor, L. H. (2001) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2001.0889 · Cited by 1,188
Staphylococcus aureus CC398: Host Adaptation and Emergence of Methicillin Resistance in Livestock
Price, L. B., Stegger, M., Hasman, H., Aziz, M., Larsen, J., Andersen, P. S., Pearson, T., Waters, A. E., Foster, J. T., Schupp, J. M., et al. (2012) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00305-11 · Cited by 861
Genetic and Experimental Evidence for Cross-Species Infection by Swine Hepatitis E Virus
Meng, X., Halbur, P. G., Shapiro, M., Govindarajan, S., Bruna, J. D., Mushahwar, I. K., Purcell, R. H., & Emerson, S. U. (1998) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.72.12.9714-9721.1998 · Cited by 581
Three-Year Study To Assess Human Enteric Viruses in Shellfish
Guyader, F. L., Haugarreau, L., Miossec, L., Dubois, É., & Pommepuy, M. (2000) · Applied and Environmental Microbiology · doi:10.1128/aem.66.8.3241-3248.2000 · Cited by 307
Weese, J. S., Dick, H. L. N., Willey, B. M., McGeer, A., Kreiswirth, B. N., INNIS, B., & Low, D. E. (2006) · Veterinary Microbiology · doi:10.1016/j.vetmic.2006.01.004 · Cited by 302
Ewers, C., Grobbel, M., Stamm, I., Kopp, P. A., Diehl, I., Semmler, T., Fruth, A., Beutlich, J., Guerra, B., Wieler, L. H., et al. (2010) · Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy · doi:10.1093/jac/dkq004 · Cited by 279
Seguin, J. C., Walker, R. D., Caron, J. P., Kloos, W. E., George, C. G., Hollis, R. J., Jones, R. N., & Pfaller, M. A. (1999) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.37.5.1459-1463.1999 · Cited by 277
Noël, C., Dufernez, F., Gerbod, D., Edgcomb, V. P., Delgado, P., Ho, L.-C., Singh, M., Wintjens, R. T., Sogin, M. L., Capron, M., et al. (2005) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology · doi:10.1128/jcm.43.1.348-355.2005 · Cited by 269
Rwego, I. B., Isabirye–Basuta, G., Gillespie, T. R., & Goldberg, T. L. (2008) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2008.01018.x · Cited by 223
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- OJ Adejinmi, 2008, Preliminary investigation of zooanthroponosis in a Nigerian Zoological Garden, Vet Res (Pakistan), 2, 38
- M Pal, 1997, Zooanthroponotic significance of Trichophyton rubrum in a rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta). Verh. ber. Erkrg, Zootiere, 38, 355
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 201–278 of 278
(2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118280249.refs · Cited by 2
Muehlenbein, M. P. (2017) · The International Encyclopedia of Primatology · doi:10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0421 · Cited by 2
Serological surveillance for wild rodent infection with SARS-CoV-2 in EuropePreprint
Bourret, V., Dutra, L. A. L., Alburkat, H., Mäki, S., Lintunen, E., Wasniewski, M., Kant, R., Grzybek, M., Venkat, V., Asad, H., et al. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.08.02.502439 · Cited by 2
Man’s best friend(s): Effects of a brief befriending meditation on human-animal relations
Simonsson, O., Goldberg, S. B., & Osika, W. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0278704 · Cited by 1
Takeishi, M., Morikawa, S., Kuwata, R., Kawaminami, M., Shimoda, H., Isawa, H., Maeda, K., & Yoshikawa, Y. (2024) · In Vitro Cellular & Developmental Biology - Animal · doi:10.1007/s11626-024-00933-z · Cited by 1
La salud es global ¡o no será!
Segalés, J. (2024) · Actualización en Medicina de Familia · doi:10.55783/amf.200603 · Cited by 1
Harvey, J. A., Gonnerman, M. B., Yin, S., Kent, C. M., Cullen, J. A., Sullivan, J. D., Dain, J. B., Hill, N. J., Prosser, D. J., & Mullinax, J. M. (2026) · Wildlife Monographs · doi:10.1002/wmon.70015 · Cited by 2
Review on Epidemiology, Diagnosis Control and Prevention of Brucellosis
(2019) · International journal of research studies in biosciences · doi:10.20431/2349-0365.0705001 · Cited by 1
Dogs and Transmission of Infection to Man, “Respected Member of the Family?”
Overgaauw, P. A. M., & Knapen, F. V. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85877-3_22-1 · Cited by 1
Environmental Cleaning and Disinfection
Pantaleon, L. G. (2023) · CABI eBooks · doi:10.1079/9781789244977.0007 · Cited by 1
(2023) · International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences · doi:10.47278/book.zoon/2023.102 · Cited by 1
Samad, M. (2025) · Journal of Veterinary Medical and One Health Research · doi:10.36111/jvmohr.2025.7(1-2).0041 · Cited by 2
Valkó, A., & Medgyaszai, M. (2021) · Orvosi Hetilap · doi:10.1556/650.2021.32117 · Cited by 1
Galán‐Puchades, M. T. (2020) · Parasitology research monographs · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53230-7_12 · Cited by 1
Lefebvre, S. L., & Ellis, R. V. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119194521.ch8 · Cited by 2
Squire, S. A. (2019) · Murdoch University Research Portal · Cited by 1
Crossing host boundaries: the evolutionary drivers and correlates of viral host jumpsPreprint
Tan, C. C. S., van Dorp, L., & Balloux, F. (2023) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2023.09.01.555953 · Cited by 1
Lung-resident, M2e-specific CD4 T cells critically protect during influenza infection
Omokanye, A. (2018) · Gothenburg University Publications Electronic Archive (Gothenburg University)
Jhandai, P. (2019) · Advances in medical diagnosis, treatment, and care (AMDTC) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-6304-4.ch003
Yadufashije, C., Niyonzima, F. N., Uwitonze, A. Y., Karemera, J., & Abijuru, F. (2019)
First phylogenetic evidence of Trichuris spp. affecting Hamadryas baboon (Papio Hamadryas) in Egypt.
Deweir, A. (2019) · Egyptian Veterinary Medical Society of Parasitology Journal (EVMSPJ) · doi:10.21608/evmspj.2019.69620
Choi, J., & Hong, Y. (2020) · JoLS Journal of Life Sciences · doi:10.5352/jls.2020.30.11.1021
Glycosylation patterns of surface proteins in ecology and evolution of influenza H1N1 viruses
Kim, P. S. (2018) · YUHSpace (Yonsei University Medical Library)
Epidemiology of infections due to zoophilic dermatophyte trichophyton simii, an update
Gugnani, H. C. C., & Thammayya, A. (2021) · Research in Veterinary Science and Medicine · doi:10.25259/rvsm_1_2021
Pathogen Transmission at the Expanding Bird–Human Interface
Hamer, S. A., & Hamer, G. L. (2021) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198746249.003.0012
“It Is a Tiger That Devours Me, But I Am the Tiger”
Breedlove, B. (2021) · Emerging infectious diseases · doi:10.3201/eid2712.ac2712
Molecular Epidemiology and Functional Genetics of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis in Humans and Animals
(2021) · International Journal of Veterinary Science · doi:10.47278/book.vpph/2021.025
Muehlenbein, M. P. (2018) · The International Encyclopedia of Biological Anthropology · doi:10.1002/9781118584538.ieba0030
TBHEB 2016-4 Vol 73 Full Printed Journal
(2016) · Turkish Bulletin of Hygiene and Experimental Biology · doi:10.5505/turkhijyen.2016.02693
Cranfield, M. R. (2017) · The International Encyclopedia of Primatology · doi:10.1002/9781119179313.wbprim0400
(2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-812131-3.00018-5
Khan, W. S., Asmatulu, E., Uddin, M. N., & Asmatulu, R. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-822461-8.00004-8
Cross-Over Diseases and Constructions of Difference: Pigs and Pandemics in Jewish Sources
Crane, J. K. (2022) · Review of Rabbinic Judaism · doi:10.1163/15700704-12341395
Retroviruses: Reversing the dogma of life - A review
Shobha, P., Andrew, M., Shrina, P., Aayushi, P., Gregory, W., Kane, S., Lookfong, N. A., Abigayle, N., Xiuli, S., & Sairam, R. V. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Microbiology and Biochemical Technology · doi:10.17352/jcmbt.000051
Grauer, A. L. (2023) · doi:10.1002/9781119592112.ch19
Martins, S. B., Rothman-Ostrow, P., Patterson, G. E., Häsler, B., & Rushton, J. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-85877-3_45-1
Choice of the non-human primate for biomedical research
Mysore, J. V., Colman, K., Harvey, W., & Kaiser, R. A. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813088-9.00009-4
Dogs and Transmission of Infection to Man, “Respected Member of the Family?”
Overgaauw, P. A. M., & Knapen, F. V. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27164-9_22
Risk Assessment for Anthropogenic Socioecological Drivers of Zoonotic Diseases and Possible Controls
(2023) · International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences · doi:10.47278/book.zoon/2023.005
Assessment of Emergence, Economic Losses and Prevention of Zoonotic Infections
(2023) · International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences · doi:10.47278/book.zoon/2023.019
(2023) · International Journal of Agriculture and Biosciences · doi:10.47278/book.zoon/2023.185
Infectious Diseases: A Threat to the Conservation of Amazonian Mammal Species
Nava, A. F. D., & Mendes, S. L. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-43071-8_15
Frequent jumps from human hosts
Moi, D., & Dessimoz, C. (2024) · Nature Ecology & Evolution · doi:10.1038/s41559-024-02377-w
Neamah, M. M., Mahdi, E., Sameir, M., Hussein, S. H., & Saber, A. F. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.62050 · Cited by 1
Nanotherapeutics for Bacterial Livestock Diseases
Kumar, R., Banerjee, S., Akshita, A., Maurya, K., Kumari, K., Prasad, M., & Ghosh, M. (2024) · Livestock diseases and management · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-1610-5_19
Anthroponoses: humans infecting animals with infectious diseases
Meseko, C. A., Ochai, P., & Maina, M. (2024) · Academia Biology · doi:10.20935/acadbiol7326
Arslan, S., Ural, M. N., & Özdemir, N. (2024) · Veterinaria México OA · doi:10.22201/fmvz.24486760e.2024.1229
زونوزهای معکوس: تغییر مسیر انتقال بیماریهای مشترک بین انسانها و
صمدی, ا. (2025) · Journal of Natural Sciences – Kabul University · doi:10.62810/jns.v5i2.270
Khan, M. A., & Ur-Rehman, A. (2025) · Premier journal of science. · doi:10.70389/pjs.100049
The one who takes your breath away in the polar region: A systematic review
Rosman, N., & Zaini, N. A. (2025) · Polar Science · doi:10.1016/j.polar.2025.101202
de Miranda, C. M. S., & Silva, W. L. (2025) · Revista Contemporânea · doi:10.56083/rcv5n4-035
Marlatt, C. R.-A. (2025) · Society and Animals · doi:10.1163/15685306-bja10251
Cooley, H., McIntyre, K. M., Haddaway, N., Watson, M. P., Errington, L., Shah, A., Porciello, J., & Savilaakso, S. (2025) · doi:10.1079/junoreports.2025.0002 · Cited by 1
Potential Roles of the Nasal Microbiome in Pathogen Exposures in Dairy Workers
Seidel, J., Erlandson, G., Magzamen, S. L., Abdo, Z., Leibler, J. H., Nunez, J., Gray, G. C., & Schaeffer, J. W. (2025) · Zoonoses · doi:10.15212/zoonoses-2025-0012
Self-citationThe hidden threat of reverse zoonosis in sanitation gaps: A One Health perspective
Agrawal, K., Elstin Anbu Raj, S., & Vyas, N. (2026) · CABI Reviews · doi:10.1079/cabireviews.2026.0015
Assessing the validity and reliability of geotracking devices in urban settings of Nairobi, Kenya
Kakou, D. I., Busienei, P. J., Baker, K. K., Gaire, S., & Sewell, D. K. (2026) · Spatial and Spatio-temporal Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.sste.2026.100786
Drivers of bat researchers’ intent to adopt field hygiene practices
Coleman, J. L., Macdonald, E. A., Rutrough, A. L., Straka, T. M., Little, T. D., Stickley, Z. L., & Kingston, T. (2026) · Conservation Biology · doi:10.1111/cobi.70252
Medkour, H. (2020) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/58a94f04z314bz4dccz923dz78a302d8cca3
Fathke, R. L., Salman, Μ. D., Pinedo, P., & Rao, S. (2026) · Agriculture · doi:10.3390/agriculture16101063
Mazzotta, E., Furlanello, T., Mazzei, A., Barberio, A., Martignago, F., Campalto, M., Foiani, G., Moronato, M. L., Battistella, C., Santinon, E., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Veterinary Science · doi:10.3389/fvets.2026.1824722
Advances in rapid detection technologies for zoonotic diseases: a one health-oriented review
Zhao, J., Hou, X., & Chang, G. (2026) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2026.1791165
Tania, M. N. T., Sabrin, M. S., Mannan, M. A., Islam, M. M., Hossain, M. T., Rahman, M. H., Islam, M. R., Sultana, S., Hossain, M. S., & Islam, M. (2026) · International Journal of Microbiology · doi:10.1155/ijm/8738439
Zoonotic viruses: From spillover to pandemic preparedness
Guo, J., & Jin, N. (2026) · Animals and zoonoses. · doi:10.1016/j.azn.2026.08.002
Exploring animal-assisted therapy in stroke rehabilitation: a systematic review of emerging evidence
Fisher, S., & Gorman, R. (2026) · Disability and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09638288.2026.2720758
Oyedepo, M. O., Oladele, O. A., Bakre, A. A., Anifowose, O. R., Akande, F. A., Olofintuyi, O. K., & Adesola, R. O. (2026) · Veterinary Medicine International · doi:10.1155/vmi/3818821
Antimicrobial resistance in animals: a challenge for veterinary medicine and health
da Silva, L. G., Forti, A. C. B., Tavares, B. D. S., Nascimento, B. F., Carmona, B. V., Silva, B. C., Macfadem, B. A., Magalhães, C. D. C., Adão, G. F., de Souza, G. S., et al. (2026) · Ciência Rural · doi:10.1590/0103-8478cr20250530
Echeverry, D., Cartes, D. A., Doussang, D. I., López, L. R., Correa, J. P., Herrera, A. H., Aguila-Herrera, G. D., & la Fuente, M. C. S. D. (2026) · IntechOpen eBooks · doi:10.5772/intechopen.1017892
Pangolin-Associated Viruses: Diversity, Evolutionary Adaptation, and Zoonotic Spillover Risks
Yu, C., Wu, Y., Huang, X., Mao, F., Wang, X., Zheng, R., & Chen, X. (2026) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani16193077
SARS-CoV-2 Serological Surveillance in Multiple Wildlife Species
Ahmed, S., Arvidson, M., Anchor, C. L., Cárdenas‐Alayza, S., Deng, X., Terio, K. A., Allender, M. C., & Wang, L. (2026) · COVID · doi:10.3390/covid6100179
Eyre, M. T., Thomas, E., Gutema, F. D., Li, H., & Baker, K. K. (2026) · BMC Global and Public Health · doi:10.1186/s44263-026-00337-z
Zuckerman, M. K., Hofman, C. A., Rayfield, K. M., Lin, A. T., Liu, H., Austin, R. M., Kistler, L., & Sholts, S. B. (2026) · International Journal of Paleopathology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpp.2026.09.004
Metadata
- Authors
- Messenger, A. M., Barnes, A. N., & Gray, G. C.
- Affiliations
- University of Florida Health (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gray, Gregory C.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-02-28
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e89055
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3938448
- OpenAlex
- W2078639388
- Cited by
- 278
- References
- 67
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 28 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 22 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 2.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- National University of Singapore (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research)
- Funders
- University of Florida
- National Institutes of Health (7r01ai068803-05)
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (R01-AI068803)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Zoonotic diseases and public health
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology
- Keywords
- zoonotic pathogens, wildlife, livestock, companion animals, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, influenza A virus, Cryptosporidium parvum, Ascaris lumbricoides, emerging and re-emerging diseases, One Health
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animals, Domestic, Animals, Wild, Communicable Diseases, Humans, Influenza A virus, Zoonoses, Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
