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How Ecosystem Services Knowledge and Values Influence Farmers' Decision-Making
Open accessAbstract
The ecosystem services (ES) concept has emerged and spread widely recently, to enhance the importance of preserving ecosystems through global change in order to maintain their benefits for human well-being. Numerous studies consider various dimensions of the interactions between ecosystems and land use via ES, but integrated research addressing the complete feedback loop between biodiversity, ES and land use has remained mostly theoretical. Few studies consider feedbacks from ecosystems to land use systems through ES, exploring how ES are taken into account in land management decisions. To fill this gap, we carried out a role-playing game to explore how ES cognition mediates feedbacks from environmental change on farmers' behaviors in a mountain grassland system. On a close to real landscape game board, farmers were faced with changes in ES under climatic and socio-economic scenarios and prompted to plan for the future and to take land management decisions as they deemed necessary. The outcomes of role-playing game were complemented with additional agronomic and ecological data from interviews and fieldwork. The effects of changes in ES on decision were mainly direct, i.e. not affecting knowledge and values, when they constituted situations with which farmers were accustomed. For example, a reduction of forage quantity following droughts led farmers to shift from mowing to grazing. Sometimes, ES cognitions were affected by ES changes or by external factors, leading to an indirect feedback. This happened when fertilization was stopped after farmers learned that it was inefficient in a drought context. Farmers' behaviors did not always reflect their attitudes towards ES because other factors including topographic constraints, social value of farming or farmer individual and household characteristics also influenced land-management decisions. Those results demonstrated the interest to take into account the complete feedback loop between ES and land management decisions to favor more sustainable ES management.
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![Figure 1 Socio-cognitive conceptual model of ecosystem services feedbacks on farmer behavior. Feedback from changes in ES supply to farmers' cognitions and behaviors can be either direct, affecting only the perceived parameters of decision, or indirect, affecting the different cognitive components underlying the behavior [5].](/paper-figures/d1f45886775f41edb8c28dad4d72fd59/how-ecosystem-services-knowledge-and-values-influence-farmers-decision-making-figure-1.jpg)
![Figure 2 Farmers' ecosystem services values and knowledge. Conceptual representation based on farmers' discourses on values and knowledge about the relationship between ES and land-management practices. Rectangle boxes indicate practices and ellipses indicate ES. Dashed arrows indicate links between practices and ES and plain arrows indicate links between ES. Grey arrows indicate a negative effect and black arrows a positive effect. Except for the effect of litter quantity on forage quantity, farmers agree on all the relationships. Note that ES in grey are seen as final ES by farmers while the others are considered as intermediate ES [40].](/paper-figures/f69a9591e9274e9c9b2e3845968e7eb4/how-ecosystem-services-knowledge-and-values-influence-farmers-decision-making-figure-2.jpg)
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“The tool o ers a framework that disentangles the complex feedback loops of how management a ects ecological processes and ES flows, and how, in turn, these ES changes are perceived [27].”
From How Are Landscapes under Agroecological Transition Perceived and Appreciated? A Belgian Case Study (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
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In the citing paper
“It was specifically mentioned that answers were expected to be the perspective of 'professionals working on ES', in order to distinguish ES expert perceptions from personal perceptions, as the same individual can endorse several roles [27].”
From How Are Landscapes under Agroecological Transition Perceived and Appreciated? A Belgian Case Study (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“It was specifically mentioned that answers were expected to be the perspective of 'professionals working on ES', in order to distinguish ES expert perceptions from personal perceptions, as the same individual can endorse several roles [27].”
From How Are Landscapes under Agroecological Transition Perceived and Appreciated? A Belgian Case Study (2020) · cites this paper as [27]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lamarque, P., Meyfroidt, P., Nettier, B., & Lavorel, S.
- Affiliations
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (FR)
- Fund for Scientific Research (BE)
- Institut National de Recherche en Sciences et Technologies pour l'Environnement et l'Agriculture (FR)
- Corresponding author
- Lamarque, Pénélope
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-09-30
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- e107572
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4182349
- OpenAlex
- W2036393554
- Cited by
- 117
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 3.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Digital Access to Libraries (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Cemadoc (Cemagref / IRSTEA) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Biodiversa+
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Land Use and Ecosystem Services
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Nature and Landscape Conservation › Urban and spatial planning
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Socioeconomics of Resources and Conservation
- Keywords
- ecosystem services, farmer decision-making, ecosystem service value, land management, montane grassland, role-playing games, drought, grazing, mowing, fertilization, topographic constraints, sustainable land management, biodiversity
- MeSH terms
- Agriculture, Conservation of Natural Resources, Decision Making, France, Games, Experimental, Humans, Ecosystem
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