Iodine Deficiency and Excess Coexist in China and Induce Thyroid Dysfunction and Disease: A Cross-Sectional Study
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BACKGROUND: In spite of the salt iodization, iodine deficiency disorders (IDD) have not been sustainably eliminated in China. There are coastal areas with low iodized salt coverage rates (iodine nutrition is inadequate) and other areas with excessive amounts of iodine in the drinking water. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to clarify the association of iodine deficiencies resulting from a low coverage rate of iodized salt, excess iodine intake from drinking water with thyroid function and disease in adults. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was conducted in adults in different iodine nutrition areas in three provinces in China. RESULTS: The prevalence of thyroid nodules was 15.52%, 8.66% and 22.17% in the iodine excess, sufficient and deficient groups, respectively. The prevalence of subclinical hypothyroidism was 20.09%, 10.41%, and 2.25% in the excess, sufficient and deficient iodine groups, respectively. The prevalence of subclinical hyperthyroidism and overt hyperthyroidism in the iodine deficient group was higher than that in the iodine excess group ([Formula: see text] = 9.302, p = 0.002) and iodine sufficient group ([Formula: see text] = 7.553, p = 0.006). Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) was significantly correlated with excess iodine intake (β = 1.764,P = 0.001) and deficient iodine intake (β = -1.219, P = 0.028). CONCLUSIONS: Thyroid nodules are more likely to be present in the iodine excess and deficient areas than in the iodine sufficient areas. Subclinical hyperthyroidism and overt hyperthyroidism are more likely to be prevalent in the iodine deficient areas than in the iodine excess or sufficient areas. Subclinical hypothyroidism is more likely to be prevalent in the high iodine intake areas than in the iodine deficient or sufficient areas. Median TSH may be deemed as an alternative indicator for monitoring the iodine nutrition status of the adult population in iodine excess and deficient areas.
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Insufficient iodine intake can lead to decreased thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion, leading to decreased human metabolism, especially in women.
“At the same time, insufficient iodine intake can lead to a decrease in thyroid hormone synthesis and secretion, leading to a decrease in human metabolism, especially in women [75,76].”
From Current Status and Future Trends in Removal, Control, and Mitigation of Algae Food Safety Risks for Human Consumption (2022) · cites this paper as [75]
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References 38 · Cited by 91
- Authors
- Du, Y., Gao, Y., Meng, F., Liu, S., Fan, Z., Wu, J., & Sun, D.
- Affiliations
- Harbin Medical University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Dianjun
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2014-11-06
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- e111937
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4223066
- OpenAlex
- W2062594530
- Cited by
- 91
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 4.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Keywords
- iodine deficiency disorders, iodine excess, iodized salt coverage, drinking water iodine, thyroid dysfunction, thyroid nodules, subclinical hypothyroidism, subclinical hyperthyroidism, overt hyperthyroidism, thyroid-stimulating hormone, iodine status
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, China, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Hyperthyroidism, Hypothyroidism, Iodine, Male, Middle Aged, Thyroid Diseases, Thyrotropin, Thyroid Nodule, Sodium Chloride, Dietary, Drinking Water
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