Cited by 276Functional Brain Connectivity StudiesAdvanced MRI Techniques and ApplicationsAdvanced Statistical Methods and Models

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Orthogonalization of Regressors in fMRI Models

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Mumford, Jeanette A., Poline, Jean-Baptiste, Poldrack, Russell A.·2015·PLoS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0126255PMC PMC4412813

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Abstract

The occurrence of collinearity in fMRI-based GLMs (general linear models) may reduce power or produce unreliable parameter estimates. It is commonly believed that orthogonalizing collinear regressors in the model will solve this problem, and some software packages apply automatic orthogonalization. However, the effects of orthogonalization on the interpretation of the resulting parameter estimates is widely unappreciated or misunderstood. Here we discuss the nature and causes of collinearity in fMRI models, with a focus on the appropriate uses of orthogonalization. Special attention is given to how the two popular fMRI data analysis software packages, SPM and FSL, handle orthogonalization, and pitfalls that may be encountered in their usage. Strategies are discussed for reducing collinearity in fMRI designs and addressing their effects when they occur.

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Authors: Mumford, J. A., Poline, J.-B., & Poldrack, R. A.
Affiliations: University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
University of California, Berkeley (US)
Stanford University (US)
Corresponding author: Mumford, Jeanette A.
ORCID: Mumford, Jeanette A.
Poline, Jean-Baptiste
Poldrack, Russell A.
Venue: PLoS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2015-04-28
Volume: 10
Issue: 4
Pages: e0126255
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126255
PMC: PMC4412813
OpenAlex: W2013974533
Cited by: 276
References: 9
Citations by year: 2026: 16 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 2
FWCI: 15.63
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Statistical Methods and Models
Keywords: orthogonalization, multicollinearity, parameter estimation, statistical power, SPM, FSL, design matrix
MeSH terms: Algorithms, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Theoretical, Reaction Time, Regression Analysis, Software

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Orthogonalization of Regressors in fMRI Models

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