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Orthogonalization of Regressors in fMRI Models
Open accessAbstract
The occurrence of collinearity in fMRI-based GLMs (general linear models) may reduce power or produce unreliable parameter estimates. It is commonly believed that orthogonalizing collinear regressors in the model will solve this problem, and some software packages apply automatic orthogonalization. However, the effects of orthogonalization on the interpretation of the resulting parameter estimates is widely unappreciated or misunderstood. Here we discuss the nature and causes of collinearity in fMRI models, with a focus on the appropriate uses of orthogonalization. Special attention is given to how the two popular fMRI data analysis software packages, SPM and FSL, handle orthogonalization, and pitfalls that may be encountered in their usage. Strategies are discussed for reducing collinearity in fMRI designs and addressing their effects when they occur.
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“all predictors were convolved with the double-gamma haemodynamic response function and none of them was orthogonalised (Mumford et al., 2015).”
From Are prediction error modifications domain specific in autism but domain general in ADHD? (2025) · cites this paper as Mumford et al., 2015
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“Third, we employed a block design, which inherently introduces issues of collinearity (Mumford et al., 2015).”
From Neural correlates of emotion acceptance vs worry or suppression in generalized anxiety disorder (2017) · cites this paper as Mumford et al., 2015
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“Both models were realised using FSL FEAT ( Smith et al., 2004), all predictors were convolved with the double-gamma haemodynamic response function and none of them was orthogonalised ( Mumford et al., 2015).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Mumford, J. A., Poline, J.-B., & Poldrack, R. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mumford, Jeanette A.
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2015-04-28
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e0126255
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4412813
- OpenAlex
- W2013974533
- Cited by
- 276
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 15.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Statistical Methods and Models
- Keywords
- orthogonalization, multicollinearity, parameter estimation, statistical power, SPM, FSL, design matrix
- MeSH terms
- Algorithms, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Models, Theoretical, Reaction Time, Regression Analysis, Software
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