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Explosive strength and endurance adaptations in young elite soccer players during two soccer seasons

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Di Giminiani, Riccardo, Visca, Christiano·2017·PLOS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0171734PMC PMC5305282
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Abstract

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the explosive strength and endurance adaptations in young elite soccer players who underwent a supervised training program for a period of two years. Nineteen players, with seven years of training experience (age: 13.3 ± 0.1 years; body weight: 57.9 ± 4.9 kg; height: 168.9 ± 4.7 cm; BMI: 20.1 ± 1.1 kg/m2), voluntarily participated in the present study. The testing sessions were performed at the beginning of the preparation period in the first (T1), second (T2), and third year (T3). The following performance variables were measured: explosive strength [squat-jump (SJ) and counter-movement-jump (CMJ)], pre-stretch augmentation (CMJ-SJ), leg stiffness [hopping test (HT)], short sprint performance [15 m (SSP15) and 30 m (SSP30)], aerobic endurance [test of Leger (VO2max)], maximal heart rate [at the last step of Leger (HR)], and speed-strength endurance [continuous counter-movement-jumps (CCMJ)]. A significant main effect on the VO2Max (+5.72%; F(2.49) = 3.822; p = 0.029; ES = 1.00), HR (-1.70%; F(2.54) = 3.472; p = 0.038; ES = 0.97), CCMJ (+7.64%; F(2.54) = 5.438; p = 0.007; ES = 1.15), SJ (+10.26%; F(2.54) = 15.254; p = 0.0001; ES = 1.53), CMJ (+7.36; F(2.54) = 8.270; p = 0.001; ES = 1.33), HT (+8.34%; F(2.48) = 3.297; p = 0.046; ES = 1.01), SSP15 (-3.50%; F(2.44) = 12.760; p = 0.0001; ES = 1.53), and SSP30 (-4.44%; F(2.44) = 5.797; p = 0.006; ES = 1.16) was observed in the two soccer seasons. These results highlight that, in long-term training, the monitoring of the adaptive responses in relation to the training load may provide a guideline to optimize the trainability of some performance variables in young elite soccer players (13-15 years). In the present study, we cannot exclude the influence of growth and maturation on some performance variables; therefore, the monitored adaptive responses should be considered as the possible results of an interaction between the applied training load and maturation.

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  • Soccer is characterized by the continuous combination of short sprints, rapid accelerations/decelerations and changes of direction interspersed with jumping, kicking, tackling and informal times for recovery.

    “Soccer is characterized by the continuous combination of short sprints, rapid accelerations/decelerations and changes of direction interspersed with jumping, kicking, tackling and informal times for recovery [44,45].”

    From Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players (2020) · cites this paper as [45]

    The Introduction (page unavailable) describes short sprints, high-acceleration movements, changes of pace and direction, jumping, kicking, and intermittent periods of high and low speed. It does not mention tackling or explicitly describe rapid decelerations, so those details are not supported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Distances of approximately 10 km covered during the match at different intensities are able to stimulate both the aerobic and anaerobic systems.

    “Distances of approximately 10 km covered during the match at different intensities are able to stimulate both the aerobic and anaerobic systems [44,45].”

    From Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players (2020) · cites this paper as [45]

  • Soccer game appears to be dependent upon the aerobic system.

    “By considering the duration of the game (70–90 min) and the values of maximum oxygen uptake, soccer game appears to be dependent upon the aerobic system [45].”

    From Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players (2020) · cites this paper as [45]

  • In subjects with initially low serum 25(OH)D, there was an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-α and IL-6) secretion.

    “In subjects with initially low serum of 25(OH)D, there was an increase in pro-inflammatory e.g., TNF-α and IL-6 cytokine, secretion [19,45].”

    From Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players (2020) · cites this paper as [45]

    The Materials and methods and Results passages concern training and physical-performance measures in young soccer players, not serum 25(OH)D or cytokine secretion; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. Searches for 25(OH)D, TNF-α, IL-6, vitamin D, and inflammation found no passage addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • In athletes, those cytokines intensify damage in muscle and enhance the risk of injury.

    “In athletes, those cytokines intensify damage in muscle and enhance the risk of injury [19,45].”

    From Influence of Sunlight and Oral D3 Supplementation on Serum 25(OH)D Concentration and Exercise Performance in Elite Soccer Players (2020) · cites this paper as [45]

    The Discussion section on explosive-strength adaptations discusses intracellular signaling and possible inhibition of muscle hypertrophy during concurrent training, not cytokines or injury risk. Searches for cytokines, muscle damage, and injury risk found no passage in our copy addressing the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
Di Giminiani, R., & Visca, C.
Affiliations
University of L'Aquila (IT)
ORCID
Di Giminiani, Riccardo
Venue
PLOS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2017-02-13
Volume
12
Issue
2
Pages
e0171734
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0171734
PMC
PMC5305282
OpenAlex
W2589125041
Cited by
41
References
1
Citations by year
2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2
FWCI
3.44
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università degli Studi dell Aquila (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Sport Psychology and Performance
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Training Studies
Keywords
explosive strength, youth soccer training, squat jump, countermovement jump, leg stiffness, sprint performance, cardiorespiratory fitness, VO2max, maximal heart rate, speed-strength endurance, training periodization, exercise intensity
MeSH terms
Adaptation, Physiological, Adolescent, Body Weight, Exercise Test, Heart Rate, Humans, Male, Oxygen Consumption, Physical Endurance, Soccer, Reproducibility of Results, Athletic Performance, Resistance Training, Athletes, Plyometric Exercise

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