CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 259Impact of Light on Environment and HealthHuman Mobility and Location-Based AnalysisCulture, Economy, and Development Studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 36 of the 36 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Nighttime lights as a proxy for human development at the local level

Open access
Bruederle, Anna, Hodler, Roland·2018·PLOS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0202231PMC PMC6124706
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Nighttime lights, calculated from weather satellite recordings, are increasingly used by social scientists as a proxy for economic activity or economic development in subnational regions of developing countries where disaggregated data from statistical offices are not available. However, so far, our understanding of what nighttime lights capture in these countries is limited. We use geo-referenced Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) from 29 African countries to construct indicators of household wealth, education and health for DHS cluster locations as well as for grid cells of roughly 50 × 50 km. We show that nighttime lights are positively associated with these location-specific indicators of human development, and that the variation in nighttime lights can explain a substantial share in the variation in these indicators. We conclude that nighttime lights are a good proxy for human development at the local level.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1371/journal.pone.0202231

Cites

36 of 36 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Figures

Fig 1 Illustration of DHS clusters, nighttime lights and our spatial units for Western Kenya. Dots represent reported DHS cluster center points from Kenya DHS 2008. Circular zones around these center points (in red) have a 2 km radius for urban clusters and a 5 km radius for rural clusters. The grid cells of 0.5 × 0.5 decimal degrees (in green) are aligned to the PRIO-GRID. Nighttime lights underlay the map, with brighter tones of grey implying more intense nighttime lights.
Fig 1 Illustration of DHS clusters, nighttime lights and our spatial units for Western Kenya. Dots represent reported DHS cluster center points from Kenya DHS 2008. Circular zones around these center points (in red) have a 2 km radius for urban clusters and a 5 km radius for rural clusters. The grid cells of 0.5 × 0.5 decimal degrees (in green) are aligned to the PRIO-GRID. Nighttime lights underlay the map, with brighter tones of grey implying more intense nighttime lights.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 2 Distribution of development indicators over bins of nighttime lights. Graphs show box plots for four development indicators over 11 bins of nighttime light values. The development indicators are: primary school attendance, years of schooling, share of births assisted by professional health personnel, and infant mortality. Spatial units are circular zones of 2 km (5 km) radius around urban (rural) DHS clusters in the left column and PRIO-GRID cells in the right column. In each graph, the first bin contains all spatial units with zero average nighttime light; the remaining bins are based on the deciles of the nighttime lights distribution of the spatial units with above-zero nighttime lights. Boxes indicate the range from the 25th to the 75th percentile (interquartile range), with the median as a horizontal line; whiskers indicate the range of values within up to 1.5 times the interquartile range; and dots indicate values outside this range.
Fig 2 Distribution of development indicators over bins of nighttime lights. Graphs show box plots for four development indicators over 11 bins of nighttime light values. The development indicators are: primary school attendance, years of schooling, share of births assisted by professional health personnel, and infant mortality. Spatial units are circular zones of 2 km (5 km) radius around urban (rural) DHS clusters in the left column and PRIO-GRID cells in the right column. In each graph, the first bin contains all spatial units with zero average nighttime light; the remaining bins are based on the deciles of the nighttime lights distribution of the spatial units with above-zero nighttime lights. Boxes indicate the range from the 25th to the 75th percentile (interquartile range), with the median as a horizontal line; whiskers indicate the range of values within up to 1.5 times the interquartile range; and dots indicate values outside this range.CC BY · PubMed Central
Fig 3 Nighttime lights and household wealth for different country characteristics and over time. Graphs show the marginal effect of ln(light+0.01) on household wealth for different values of four different modifying variables: GDP per capita (in logs), share of agricultural value added in GDP, Polity2 score, and time (measured in years since 1992). Units of observation are circular zones of 2 km (5 km) radius around urban (rural) DHS clusters in the left column and PRIO-GRID cells in the right column. In each graph, the bold curve shows the point estimate of the marginal effect and the dashed curves the corresponding 95% confidence interval (see Eqs 2 and 3). The grey bars indicate the distribution of the modifying variable.
Fig 3 Nighttime lights and household wealth for different country characteristics and over time. Graphs show the marginal effect of ln(light+0.01) on household wealth for different values of four different modifying variables: GDP per capita (in logs), share of agricultural value added in GDP, Polity2 score, and time (measured in years since 1992). Units of observation are circular zones of 2 km (5 km) radius around urban (rural) DHS clusters in the left column and PRIO-GRID cells in the right column. In each graph, the bold curve shows the point estimate of the marginal effect and the dashed curves the corresponding 95% confidence interval (see Eqs 2 and 3). The grey bars indicate the distribution of the modifying variable.CC BY · PubMed Central

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Show all 36 references

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Items 201–258 of 258

Related

See all

Metadata

Authors
Bruederle, A., & Hodler, R.
Affiliations
University of St.Gallen (CH)
Corresponding author
Hodler, Roland
ORCID
Venue
PLOS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2018-09-05
Volume
13
Issue
9
Pages
e0202231
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0202231
PMC
PMC6124706
OpenAlex
W2742305379
Cited by
259
References
36
Citations by year
2026: 19 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 58 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 6
FWCI
13.90
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
  • Alexandria (UniSG) (University of St.Gallen) (submittedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
Universität St. Gallen (Basic Research Grant)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Impact of Light on Environment and Health
  • Social Sciences › Transportation › Human Mobility and Location-Based Analysis
  • Social Sciences › Development › Culture, Economy, and Development Studies
Keywords
nighttime lights, human development, proxy indicators, household wealth, subnational regions, developing countries, African countries, satellite remote sensing, local economic development
MeSH terms
Africa, Algorithms, Developing Countries, Geography, Humans, Lighting, Surveys and Questionnaires, Socioeconomic Factors, Time Factors, Models, Economic

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review