The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Fecal microbiota transplantation for treatment of recurrent C. difficile infection: An updated randomized controlled trial meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: Although systematic evaluation has confirmed the efficacy of fresh fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT) for treatment of recurrent and/or refractory and/or relapse C. difficile infection (RCDI), it lacks the support of well-designed randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and the latest guidelines do not optimize the management of FMT. In this paper, we focus on an in-depth study of fresh FMT and fecal infusion times to guide clinical practice. METHODS: We reviewed studies in PubMed, Medline, Embase, the Cochrane library and Cochrane Central written in English. The retrieval period was from the establishment of the databases to September 20th, 2018. The retrieval objects were published RCTs of RCDI treated by fresh FMT. The intervention group was fresh FMT group, while the control group included antibiotic therapy or placebo or frozen FMT or capsule. The primary and secondary outcomes were the clinical remission of diarrhea without relapse after 8-17 weeks and the occurrence of severe adverse events, respectively. Subgroup analysis analyzed the effect of single and multiple fecal infusions. Two authors independently completed the information extraction and assessed risk of bias and overall quality of the evidence. RESULTS: 8 randomized controlled trials met the inclusion criteria, involving 537 patients (273 in the fresh FMT group and 264 in the control group). The recurrence rate of clinical diarrhea in the fresh FMT group was 11.0% (30/273), which was significantly lower than the control group (24.6%, 65/264; P < 0.05); the pooled relative risk (RR) was 0.38 (95%CI:0.16-0.87; I2 = 67%; P = 0.02) in the fresh FMT group, and the clinical heterogeneity was significant and random effects model was used; However, there was no significant difference neither for the effect of antibiotic treatment/frozen feces transplanted by enema (RR = 1.07; 95%CI: 0.64-1.80; I2 = 0%; P = 0.79) or capsule/frozen feces transplanted by colonoscopy (RR = 0.42; 95%CI: 0.05-3.94; I2 = 43%; P = 0.45) compared with fresh FMT. The subgroup analysis showed that FMT by multiple infusions could effectively and significantly (RR = 0.24; 95%CI:0.10-0.58; I2 = 0%; P = 0.001) improve the clinical diarrhea remission rate. Most mild to moderate adverse events caused by FMT were self-limited and could be quickly alleviated; no severe adverse events happened because of FMT. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the use of fresh feces for bacterial transplantation was the best efficiency for RCDI compared to antibiotic therapy or placebo. The fecal transmission method by enema was not ideal, but capsules or frozen feces transported by colonoscopy could be an alternative treatment compared to fresh FMT. For patients with severe RCDI, multiple fecal transplants can effectively improve their diarrhea remission rate. The focus of future research should be on how to standardize the production of capsules or frozen feces to better guide the clinical management of RCDI patients by FMT.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“FMT was first investigated as a potential treatment for recurrent Clostridioides difficile infection (rCDI), where it has shown a consistent success rate of nearly 90% 3-5”
From Key determinants of success in fecal microbiota transplantation: From microbiome to clinic (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“First, the transfer of a healthy intestinal microbiome, regardless of its composition, is consistently effective in rCDI, 3-5 so there was no need to refine donor screening for the only current clinical indication for FMT.”
From Key determinants of success in fecal microbiota transplantation: From microbiome to clinic (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
The Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of bias in randomised trials
Higgins, J. P. T., Altman, D. G., Gotzsche, P. C., Juni, P., Moher, D., Oxman, A. D., Savovic, J., Schulz, K. F., Weeks, L., Sterne, J. A. C., et al. (2011) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.d5928 · Cited by 33,817
Dermyshi, E., Wang, Y., Yan, C., Hong, W., Qiu, G., Gong, X., & Zhang, T. (2017) · Neonatology · doi:10.1159/000454668 · Cited by 24,586
GRADE: an emerging consensus on rating quality of evidence and strength of recommendations
Guyatt, G. H., Oxman, A. D., Vist, G. E., Kunz, R., Falck-Ytter, Y., Alonso-Coello, P., & Schünemann, H. J. (2008) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.39489.470347.ad · Cited by 23,305
Duodenal Infusion of Donor Feces for Recurrent Clostridium difficile
van Nood, E., Vrieze, A., Nieuwdorp, M., Fuentes, S., Zoetendal, E. G., de Vos, W. M., Visser, C. E., Kuijper, E. J., Bartelsman, J. F. W. M., Tijssen, J. G. P., et al. (2013) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa1205037 · Cited by 3,708
McInnes, M. D. F., Moher, D., Thombs, B. D., McGrath, T. A., Bossuyt, P. M., and the PRISMA-DTA Group, Clifford, T., Cohen, J. F., Deeks, J. J., Gatsonis, C., et al. (2018) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.2017.19163 · Cited by 3,210
Cohen, S. H., Gerding, D. N., Johnson, S., Kelly, C. P., Loo, V. G., McDonald, L. C., Pépin, J., & Wilcox, M. H. (2010) · Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology · doi:10.1086/651706 · Cited by 2,931
Meta-analysis in clinical trials revisited
DerSimonian, R., & Laird, N. (2015) · Contemporary Clinical Trials · doi:10.1016/j.cct.2015.09.002 · Cited by 2,677
Health Care–Associated Infections
Zimlichman, E., Henderson, D., Tamir, O., Franz, C., Song, P., Yamin, C. K., Keohane, C. A., Denham, C. R., & Bates, D. W. (2013) · JAMA Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.9763 · Cited by 1,927
Clostridium difficile--more difficult than ever.
Kelly, C. P., & Lamont, J. (2008) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmra0707500 · Cited by 1,386
Clostridium difficile infection: new developments in epidemiology and pathogenesis
Rupnik, M., Wilcox, M. H., & Gerding, D. N. (2009) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2164 · Cited by 1,380
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- F Barbut, 2015, [Fecal microbiota transplantation: review], Ann Pharm Fr, 73
- T Seufferlein, 2014, [Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection. Treatment with duodenal infusion of donor feces], Internist (Berl), 55
- D Kao, 2017, Effect of Oral Capsule–vs Colonoscopy-Delivered Fecal Microbiota Transplantation on Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection, Jama, 318
- A Camacho-Ortiz, 2017, Randomized clinical trial to evaluate the effect of fecal microbiota transplant for initial Clostridium difficile infection in intestinal microbiome, PLoS ONE, 12, e0189768, 10.1371/journal.pone.0189768 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–140 of 140
Two-day enema antibiotic therapy for parasite eradication and resolution of symptoms
Roshan, N., Clancy, A. K., Gunaratne, A. W., Busque, A. L., Pilarinos, D., & Borody, T. J. (2020) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v26.i26.3792 · Cited by 4
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation as Emerging Treatment in European Countries 2.0
Porcari, S., Maida, M. F., Bibbò, S., Mcilroy, J. R., Ianiro, G., & Cammarota, G. (2024) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42108-2_5 · Cited by 4
Nejadghaderi, S. A., & Chu, A. L. (2024) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2024.111396 · Cited by 4
Gîlcă-Blanariu, G.-E., Ștefănescu, G., Gîrleanu, I., Iqbal, T. H., Segal, J. P., Mullish, B. H., Quraishi, M. N., Keller, J. J., Molnár, T., Mégraud, F., et al. (2021) · Journal of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases · doi:10.15403/jgld-3297 · Cited by 4
Kashtanova, D. A., & Ткачева, О. Н. (2020) · CARDIOVASCULAR THERAPY AND PREVENTION · doi:10.15829/1728-8800-2020-2474 · Cited by 4
Nontraditional Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy
Singh, J., Ibrahim, B., & Han, S. B. (2024) · Clinics in Liver Disease · doi:10.1016/j.cld.2024.01.007 · Cited by 5
Imdad, A., Minkoff, N. Z., Tanner‐Smith, E. E., Zackular, J. P., Acra, S. A., & Nicholson, M. R. (2021) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd013871 · Cited by 4
Fecal microbiota transplantation for glaucoma; a potential emerging treatment strategy
Ebrahimi, R., Farsi, Y., & Nejadghaderi, S. A. (2024) · Current Research in Microbial Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.crmicr.2024.100314 · Cited by 4
Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea and Eradication of Helicobacter pylori: Ways of Prevention
Bordin, D. S., Indeykina, L. K., Николаевна, В. И., & Ea, S. (2019) · Effective Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.33978/2307-3586-2019-15-28-52-57 · Cited by 3
Kahan, T. F., Chandan, S., Khan, S. R., Deliwala, S. S., Chang, S., Axelrad, J. E., & Shaukat, A. (2023) · Gastro Hep Advances · doi:10.1016/j.gastha.2023.04.005 · Cited by 3
Management of difficult-to-treat Clostridioides difficile in a patient with chronic osteomyelitis
Sullivan, M. H., Boggiano, V. L., & Smith, K. L. (2020) · BMJ Case Reports · doi:10.1136/bcr-2019-233095 · Cited by 2
Gut microbiome and neurocritically ill patients
Dono, A., Esquenazi, Y., & Choi, H. A. (2022) · Journal of Neurocritical Care · doi:10.18700/jnc.220058 · Cited by 2
Assessing Engraftment Following Fecal Microbiota TransplantPreprint
Herman, C., Barker, B. M., Bartelli, T. F., Chandra, V., Krajmalnik‐Brown, R., Jewell, M., Li, L., Liao, C., McAllister, F. M., Nirmalkar, K., et al. (2024) · PubMed · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2404.07325 · Cited by 2
Nagesh, V. K., Tran, H. H.-V., Eliáš, D., Aguilar, I. K., Sethi, T., Menon, A., Mansour, C., Furman, F., Tsotsos, K., Subar, T., et al. (2024) · World Journal of Gastrointestinal Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.4292/wjgpt.v15.i5.95467 · Cited by 1
Thorndal, C., Kragsnæs, M. S., Nilsson, A. C., Holm, D. K., Christensen, R. D., Ellingsen, T., Kjeldsen, J., & Bjørsum‐Meyer, T. (2025) · Therapeutic Advances in Gastroenterology · doi:10.1177/17562848241309868 · Cited by 1
Xu, N., He, Y., Yang, G., & Huang, X. (2025) · Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins · doi:10.1007/s12602-025-10799-6 · Cited by 1
Paulina Núñez, F., Quera, R., Constanza Bay, M., & Pamela Thomson, M. (2022) · Gastroenterología y Hepatología (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/j.gastre.2021.05.005 · Cited by 1
Boštík, P., & Kolář, M. (2022) · MDPI eBooks · doi:10.3390/books978-3-0365-4417-5 · Cited by 1
Yang, L., Li, W., Zhang, X., Tian, J., Ma, X., Han, L., Wei, H., & Meng, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Surgery · doi:10.3389/fsurg.2022.927970 · Cited by 1
Yamada, C. H., Ortis, G. B., Buso, G. M., Martins, T. C., Zequinão, T., Telles, J. P., Wollmann, L. C., Montenegro, C. D. O., Dantas, L. R., Cruz, J. A. W., et al. (2024) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms12081741 · Cited by 1
Karamalegos, A. A., Vazquez-Prada, M., & Ezcurra, M. (2020) · Healthy ageing and longevity · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52663-4_14
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Intestinal Disorders: A Primer for Physicians
Sood, A., Midha, V., Kaur, H., & Singh, A. (2020) · JOURNAL OF GASTROINTESTINAL INFECTIONS · doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10068-3041
Microbiota Based Management of the Gastrointestinal Disorders
Mouli, V. P., & Ahuja, V. (2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819265-8.00011-5
Liu, N., Zhang, T., Sun, J., Fu, J.-H., & Li, H. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.11.18.21266556
Yerramsetty, D. L., & Pandeya, D. R. (2021) · Medical Student Research Journal · doi:10.15404/msrj/08.2021.218
Biological Control by Microorganisms
Harper, D. R. (2021) · Encyclopedia of Life Sciences · doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0029369
del Campo, R., & Cobo, J. (2022) · Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica · doi:10.1016/j.eimc.2022.10.006
del Campo, R., & Cobo, J. (2023) · Enfermedades infecciosas y microbiologia clinica (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.eimce.2022.10.011
Couto, L. B., Couto, C. B., Perugini, Â. L., Perugini, M. L. S., Reis, M. N. C., Perez, M. C. P., Dias, A. E. N. D. R., Barros, V. S. M. E., Silva, L. D. N., & do Sacramento, N. D. A. (2023) · Revista Eletrônica Acervo Saúde · doi:10.25248/reas.e14840.2023
Reducing the harms of alcohol: nutritional interventions and functional alcohol alternatives
Belelli, D., Riva, A., & Nutt, D. (2024) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2024.03.001
Bakr, A. A., Sarwar, S., Aslam, M. N., Ghias, M., & Yousuf, M. N. (2024) · Annals of King Edward Medical University · doi:10.21649/akemu.v30i1.5188
- Retracted
Fecal microbiota transplantation - current trends and future perspectives
Stebel, R. (2025) · Medicína pro praxi · doi:10.36290/med.2025.014
Next-generation probiotics: Advancements in fermented dairy products and their health benefits
Ajmal, A., Yang, J., Ajmal, R., & Mahmud, M. Z. A. (2025) · Traditional Medicine and Modern Medicine · doi:10.1142/s2575900025300048
Novel Therapies: Pharmacological Approaches to Modulate the Gut Microbiome in Metabolic Syndrome
Gunjan, & Vidić, J. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-6246-3_5
Безродна, О. В., & Kondratiuk, L. (2025) · Medical Science of Ukraine (MSU) · doi:10.32345/2664-4738.2.2025.18
Maharana, K. C., Adsule, M., Rajkumar, M., Vishwas, G., & Singh, S. (2025) · Next research. · doi:10.1016/j.nexres.2025.101133
Chen, C., Rakotonirina, A., Borbolla, E. M., Audry, M., Kroemer, M., Ballif, A., Carrez, L., Sadeghipour, F., Bertelli, C., Guery, B. P., et al. (2025) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107700 · Cited by 1
Chen, T., Wu, Y., Chen, Y., Li, Y. P., Zhao, H., Wu, L., Gao, H., Jiang, T., Wang, X., Chen, M., et al. (2026) · Interdisciplinary medicine · doi:10.1002/inmd.70128
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation
Haag, L.-M., Nowak, F., & Siegmund, B. (2026) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-26410-7_20
Metadata
- Authors
- Hui, W., Li, T., Liu, W., Zhou, C., & Gao, F.
- Affiliations
- People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region (CN)
- Nanchang University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Gao, Feng
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2019-01-23
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e0210016
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6343888
- OpenAlex
- W2912755977
- Cited by
- 140
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 14
- FWCI
- 15.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Status
- Retracted
- Update notices
- retraction (2024-12-13)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Clostridium difficile and Clostridium perfringens research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Keywords
- fecal microbiota transplantation, recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, antibiotic therapy, adverse events, clinical remission, treatment efficacy comparison, risk of bias assessment, subgroup analysis, meta-analysis of RCTs, evidence quality grading
- MeSH terms
- Fecal Microbiota Transplantation, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Clostridium Infections, Diarrhea, Feces, Humans, Recurrence, Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic, Clostridioides difficile, Treatment Outcome
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
