The DOI matches its Crossref record; 73 of the 74 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Examining individual and geographic factors associated with social isolation and loneliness using Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging (CLSA) data
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: A large body of research shows that social isolation and loneliness have detrimental health consequences. Identifying individuals at risk of social isolation or loneliness is, therefore, important. The objective of this study was to examine personal (e.g., sex, income) and geographic (rural/urban and sociodemographic) factors and their association with social isolation and loneliness in a national sample of Canadians aged 45 to 85 years. METHODS: The study involved cross-sectional analyses of baseline data from the Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging that were linked to 2016 census data at the Forward Sortation Area (FSA) level. Multilevel logistic regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between personal factors and geographic factors and social isolation and loneliness for the total sample, and women and men, respectively. RESULTS: The prevalence of social isolation and loneliness was 5.1% and 10.2%, respectively, but varied substantially across personal characteristics. Personal characteristics (age, sex, education, income, functional impairment, chronic diseases) were significantly related to both social isolation and loneliness, although some differences emerged in the direction of the relationships for the two measures. Associations also differed somewhat for women versus men. Associations between some geographic factors emerged for social isolation, but not loneliness. Living in an urban core was related to increased odds of social isolation, an effect that was no longer significant when FSA-level factors were controlled for. FSAs with a higher percentage of 65+ year old residents with low income were consistently associated with higher odds of social isolation. CONCLUSION: The findings indicate that socially isolated individuals are, to some extent, clustered into areas with a high proportion of low-income older adults, suggesting that support and resources could be targeted at these areas. For loneliness, the focus may be less on where people live, but rather on personal characteristics that place individuals at risk.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Several socio-demographic variables were included in the analyses, given their known relationship with social isolation and loneliness [6–8,53,54].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Social Relationships and Mortality Risk: A Meta-analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., & Layton, J. B. (2010) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000316 · Cited by 7,272
Loneliness and Social Isolation as Risk Factors for Mortality: A Meta-Analytic Review
Holt-Lunstad, J., Smith, T. B., Baker, M., Harris, T., & Stephenson, D. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614568352 · Cited by 6,043
Screening for Depression in Well Older Adults: Evaluation of a Short Form of the CES-D
Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0749-3797(18)30622-6 · Cited by 5,403
Andresen, E. M., Malmgren, J. A., Carter, W. B., & Patrick, D. L. (1994) · PubMed · Cited by 4,426
Social isolation, loneliness, and all-cause mortality in older men and women
Steptoe, A., Shankar, A., Demakakos, P., & Wardle, J. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1219686110 · Cited by 2,503
Leigh-Hunt, N., Bagguley, D., Bash, K., Turner, V., Turnbull, S., Valtorta, N., & Caan, W. (2017) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2017.07.035 · Cited by 2,158
Loneliness: A Source Book of Current Theory, Research and Therapy
Blazer, D. G. (1983) · Journal of Gerontology · doi:10.1093/geronj/38.4.492 · Cited by 2,139
An active and socially integrated lifestyle in late life might protect against dementia
Fratiglioni, L., Paillard-Borg, S., & Winblad, B. (2004) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(04)00767-7 · Cited by 2,135
Lubben, J., Blozik, E., Gillmann, G., Iliffe, S., von Renteln Kruse, W., Beck, J. C., & Stuck, A. E. (2006) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/46.4.503 · Cited by 2,123
A Meta-Analysis of Interventions to Reduce Loneliness
Masi, C. M., Chen, H.-Y., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2011) · Personality and Social Psychology Review · doi:10.1177/1088868310377394 · Cited by 1,995
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Evaluation of Social Isolation, Loneliness, and Cardiovascular Disease Among Older Women in the US
Golaszewski, N. M., LaCroix, A. Z., Godino, J., Allison, M., Manson, J. E., King, J. J., Weitlauf, J. C., Bea, J. W., García, L., Kroenke, C. H., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.46461 · Cited by 243
Social isolation and loneliness: the new geriatric giants: Approach for primary care.
Freedman, A., & Nicolle, J. (2020) · PubMed · Cited by 249
Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Loneliness and Social Isolation: A Multi-Country Study
O’Sullivan, R., Burns, A., Leavey, G., Leroi, I., Burholt, V., Lubben, J., Holt‐Lunstad, J., Victor, C. R., LAWLOR, B. A., Vilar‐Compte, M., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18199982 · Cited by 239
Loneliness across time and space
Luhmann, M., Buecker, S., & Rüsberg, M. (2022) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-022-00124-1 · Cited by 197
Menec, V. H., Newall, N. E., Mackenzie, C. S., Shooshtari, S., & Nowicki, S. (2020) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0230673 · Cited by 163
“Including different social network groups is consistent with previous research that shows that a variety of social network members play an important role in people’s lives, ranging from family members (spouses, children, siblings) to other relationships (friends, neighbors) [38,39], Similar to previous research [20,29…”
MethodSelf-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Menec, V. H., Newall, N. E., Mackenzie, C. S., Shooshtari, S., & Nowicki, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Manitoba (CA)
- Brandon University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Menec, Verena H.
- Venue
- PLOS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2019-02-01
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e0211143
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6358157
- OpenAlex
- W2914353810
- Cited by
- 192
- References
- 74
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 29 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 38 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 9
- FWCI
- 23.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research (#373098)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Aging, Health, and Disability
- Social Sciences › Life-span and Life-course Studies › Aging, Elder Care, and Social Issues
- Keywords
- social isolation, loneliness, older adults, urban-rural differences, geographical factors, sociodemographic factors, income, sex differences, functional disability, chronic disease, Canadian Longitudinal Study on Aging
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Canada, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Geography, Humans, Loneliness, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Rural Population, Social Isolation, Socioeconomic Factors, Urban Population, Logistic Models
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
