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Seeking certainty about Intolerance of Uncertainty: Addressing old and new issues through the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-Revised
Open accessAbstract
Intolerance of Uncertainty is a trans-diagnostic process that spans a range of emotional disorders and it is usually measured through the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12. The current study aims at investigating some issues in the assessment of Intolerance of Uncertainty (IU) through the Italian Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-Revised, a measure adapted from the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12 to assess IU across the lifespan. In particular we address the factor structure among a large community sample, measurement invariance across gender, age, and over time, together with reliability and validity of the overall scale and its subscales. The questionnaire was administered to community (N = 761; mean age = 35.86 ± 14.01 years) and undergraduate (N = 163; mean age = 21.16 ± 2.64 years) participants, together with other self-report measures assessing constructs theoretically related to IU. The application of a bifactor model shows that the Italian Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-Revised possesses a robust general factor, thus supporting the use of the unit-weighted total score of the questionnaire as a measure of the construct. Furthermore, measurement invariance across gender, age, and over time is supported. Finally, the Italian Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-Revised appears to possess adequate reliability and validity. These findings support the unidimensionality of the measure, a conceptually reasonable result in line with the trans-diagnostic nature of Intolerance of Uncertainty. In addition, this study and comparison with published factor structures of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-12 and of the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-Revised identify some issues for the internal structure of the measure. In particular, concern is expressed for the Prospective IU subscale. In light of the promising psychometric properties, the use of the Italian Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale-Revised as a univocal measure is encouraged in both research and clinical practice.
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“The mean level of intolerance to uncertainty (M = 32.16; SD = 9.59), instead, was significantly above the mean score found by Bottesi et al. [43] before the COVID-19 pandemic in the Italian context (M = 26.73; SD = 8.2; Z = 17.6; p < 0.01).”
From Impact of Stress during COVID-19 Pandemic in Italy: A Study on Dispositional and Behavioral Dimensions for Supporting Evidence-Based Targeted Strategies (2024) · cites this paper as Bottesi et al. [43]
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“Such findings support prior work suggesting that the IUS is best represented by the total score (IUS-12 item), rather than the subscales (i.e., P-IU or I-IU) (42,77).”
From I Doubt It Is Safe: A Meta-analysis of Self-reported Intolerance of Uncertainty and Threat Extinction Training (2021) · cites this paper as [42]
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McEvoy, P. M., Hyett, M. P., Shihata, S., Price, J. E., & Strachan, L. (2019) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2019.101778 · Cited by 271
Towards a model of uncertainty distress in the context of Coronavirus (COVID-19)
Freeston, M., Tiplady, A., Mawn, L., Bottesi, G., & Thwaites, S. (2020) · The Cognitive Behaviour Therapist · doi:10.1017/s1754470x2000029x · Cited by 221
Factors impacting resilience as a result of exposure to COVID-19: The ecological resilience model
Panzeri, A., Bertamini, M., Butter, S., Levita, L., Gibson-Miller, J., Vidotto, G., Bentall, R. P., & Bennett, K. M. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0256041 · Cited by 99
“It includes both prospective cognitions ("unexpected events are negative and should be avoided") and inhibitory cognitions ("uncertainty leads to the inability to act") about uncertainty that are well described in a single dimension [40, 41].”
BackgroundPak, H., Süsen, Y., Nazlıgül, M. D., & Griffiths, M. D. (2021) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-021-00489-z · Cited by 83
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Metadata
- Authors
- Bottesi, G., Noventa, S., Freeston, M. H., & Ghisi, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Padua (IT)
- University of Tübingen (DE)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Bottesi, Gioia
- Venue
- PLoS ONE
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2019-02-11
- Volume
- 14
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e0211929
- ISSN
- 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6370219
- OpenAlex
- W2913615924
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 104
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 24 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 4
- FWCI
- 18.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Padua Research Archive (University of Padova) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity) (cc-by)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Mental Health Research Topics
- Keywords
- intolerance of uncertainty, psychometric properties, factor structure, bifactor model, measurement invariance, reliability and validity, Italian adaptation, community sample, undergraduate students
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Models, Psychological, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Uncertainty, Self Report
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