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Cited by 20Zoonotic diseases and public healthAnimal Disease Management and EpidemiologyViral Infections and Outbreaks Research

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Live exotic animals legally and illegally imported via the main Dutch airport and considerations for public health

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van Roon, Annika, Maas, Miriam, Toale, Daniela, Tafro, Nedzib, van der Giessen, Joke·2019·PLOS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0220122PMC PMC6655733
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Abstract

The trade in live animals and animal products is considered one of the major drivers of zoonotic disease emergence. Schiphol airport in the Netherlands is one of the largest European airports and is considered a main hub for legal and illegal import of exotic animals. However, so far there is little information about what pathogens these imported animals might carry with them. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the zoonotic risks of exotic animals imported into the Netherlands through Schiphol airport in 2013 and 2014. Based on a previous list of highly prioritised emerging zoonoses for the Netherlands (EmZoo list), WAHID and Promed databases, literature and expert opinions, a list of 143 potentially relevant zoonotic pathogens was compiled. In a step-wise selection process eighteen pathogen-host combinations that may pose a public health risk by the import of exotic animals via Schiphol airport were identified and these were assessed by expert elicitation. The five pathogens with the highest combined scores were Salmonella spp., Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever virus, West Nile virus, Yersinia pestis and arenaviruses, but overall, the public health risk of the introduction of these exotic pathogens into the Netherlands via the legal import of exotic animals was considered low. However, the vast majority of imported exotic animals were imported by trade companies, increasing the risk for specific groups such as retail and hobbyists/pet owners. It is expected that the risk of introduction of exotic zoonotic pathogens via illegal import is substantial due to the unknown health status. Due to changing trade patterns combined with changing epidemiological situation in the world and changing epidemiological features of pathogens, this risk assessment needs regular updating. The results could give directions for further adjusting of health requirements and risk based additional testing of imported exotic animals.

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  • In a risk assessment study, the five pathogens with the highest public health risk caused by the import of exotic animals were Salmonella spp., Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, West Nile virus, Yersinia pestis, and arenaviruses; the risk via legally imported animals was considered low, but substantial for illegally imported animals due to the unknown health status of the animals.

    “In a risk assessment study, the five pathogens with the highest public health risk caused by the import of exotic animals were Salmonella spp., Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, West Nile virus, Yersinia pestis, and arenaviruses. The risk via legally imported animals was considered low, but substantial for illegally imported animals due to the unknown health status of the animals [183].”

    From A One Health Perspective on the Human-Companion Animal Relationship with Emphasis on Zoonotic Aspects. (2020) · cites this paper as [183]

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Metadata

Authors
van Roon, A., Maas, M., Toale, D., Tafro, N., & van der Giessen, J.
Affiliations
  • National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (NL)
  • Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority (NL)
Corresponding author
van der Giessen, Joke
ORCID
Venue
PLOS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2019-07-24
Volume
14
Issue
7
Pages
e0220122
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0220122
PMC
PMC6655733
OpenAlex
W2963588881
Cited by
20
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4
FWCI
2.76
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Rivm Repository (Netherlands National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) (submittedVersion)
  • Rivm (National Institute for Public Health and the Environment) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Zoonotic diseases and public health
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Disease Management and Epidemiology
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Viral Infections and Outbreaks Research
Keywords
exotic animals, Schiphol Airport, zoonotic pathogens, zoonotic risk, emerging zoonoses, Salmonella, Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, West Nile virus, Yersinia pestis, arenaviruses, pet trade, public health risk assessment, expert elicitation
MeSH terms
Criminal Behavior, Animals, Exotic, Animals, Animals, Wild, Commerce, European Union, Humans, Netherlands, Public Health, Zoonoses, Risk Assessment, Airports

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