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Prevalence of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder in health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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Li, Yufei, Scherer, Nathaniel, Felix, Lambert, Kuper, Hannah·2021·PLOS ONE

DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0246454PMC PMC7946321

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Abstract

Objective: The COVID-19 pandemic has placed health care workers under psychological stress. Previous reviews show a high prevalence of mental disorders among health care workers, but these need updating and inclusion of studies written in Chinese. The aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to provide updated prevalence estimates for depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic, benefitting from the inclusion of studies published in Chinese. Methods: Systematic search of EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Global Health, Web of Science, CINAHL, Google Scholar and the Chinese databases SinoMed, WanfangMed, CNKI and CQVIP, for studies conducted between December 2019 and August 2020 on the prevalence of depression, anxiety and PTSD in health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Studies published in both English and Chinese were included. Results: Data on the prevalence of moderate depression, anxiety and PTSD was pooled across 65 studies involving 97,333 health care workers across 21 countries. The pooled prevalence of depression was 21.7% (95% CI, 18.3%-25.2%), of anxiety 22.1% (95% CI, 18.2%-26.3%), and of PTSD 21.5% (95% CI, 10.5%-34.9%). Prevalence estimates are also provided for a mild classification of each disorder. Pooled prevalence estimates of depression and anxiety were highest in studies conducted in the Middle-East (34.6%; 28.9%). Subgroup and meta-regression analyses were conducted across covariates, including sampling method and outcome measure. Conclusions: This systematic review and meta-analysis has identified a high prevalence of moderate depression, anxiety and PTSD among health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Appropriate support is urgently needed. The response would benefit from additional research on which interventions are effective at mitigating these risks.

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Fig 1 PRISMA flowchart.CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig 2 Meta-analysis and pooled estimate of moderate depression in health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig 3 Meta-analysis and pooled estimate of moderate anxiety in health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.CC BY · PubMed Central

Fig 4 Meta-analysis and pooled estimate of moderate PTSD in health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic.CC BY · PubMed Central

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Self-citation
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Authors: Li, Y., Scherer, N., Felix, L., & Kuper, H.
Affiliations: London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine (GB)
Corresponding author: Scherer, Nathaniel
ORCID: Li, Yufei
Scherer, Nathaniel
Felix, Lambert
Kuper, Hannah
Venue: PLOS ONE
Publisher: Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published: 2021-03-10
Volume: 16
Issue: 3
Pages: e0246454
ISSN: 1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246454
PMC: PMC7946321
OpenAlex: W3133985703
Cited by: 536
References: 90
Citations by year: 2026: 25 · 2025: 67 · 2024: 91 · 2023: 127 · 2022: 161 · 2021: 63
FWCI: 14.67
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (vor)
Locations: PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
LSHTM Research Online (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) (submittedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Healthcare professionals’ stress and burnout
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Maternal Mental Health During Pregnancy and Postpartum
Keywords: depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder, healthcare workers, COVID-19 pandemic, prevalence, psychological stress, mental health, workplace mental health
MeSH terms: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Health Personnel, Humans, Mental Health, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, Stress, Psychological, Prevalence, Pandemics

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Prevalence of depression, anxiety and post-traumatic stress disorder in health care workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis

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