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Cited by 25Mollusks and Parasites StudiesInsect Pheromone Research and ControlOlfactory and Sensory Function Studies

The protein and volatile components of trail mucus in the Common Garden Snail, Cornu aspersum

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Ballard, Kaylene R., Klein, Anne H., Hayes, Richard A., Wang, Tianfang, Cummins, Scott F.·2021·PLOS ONE
DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0251565PMC PMC8158898
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Abstract

The Common or Brown Garden Snail,Cornu aspersum, is an invasive land snail that has successfully colonized a diverse range of global environments. Like other invasive land snails, it is a significant pest of a variety of agricultural crops, including citrus, grapes and canola.Cornu aspersum secretes a mucus trail when mobile that facilitates locomotion. The involvement of the trail in conspecific chemical communication has also been postulated. Our study found that anterior tentacle contact with conspecific mucus elicited a significant increase in heart rate from 46.9 to 51 beats per minute. In order to gain a better understanding of the constituents of the trail mucus and the role it may play in snail communication, the protein and volatile components of mucus trails were investigated. Using two different protein extraction methods, mass spectrometry analysis yielded 175 different proteins, 29 of which had no significant similarity to any entries in the non-redundant protein sequence database. Of the mucus proteins, 22 contain features consistent with secreted proteins, including a perlucin-like protein. The eight most abundant volatiles detected using gas chromatography were recorded (including propanoic acid and limonene) and their potential role as putative pheromones are discussed. In summary, this study has provided an avenue for further research pertaining to the role of trail mucus in snail communication and provides a useful repository for land snail trail mucus components. This may be utilized for further research regarding snail attraction and dispersal, which may be applied in the fields of agriculture, ecology and human health.

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  • Mass spectrometric analysis identified 175 proteins in the mucus traces left by snails during movement, twenty-nine of which had no analogs in the database of unique protein sequences; twenty-two correspond to secretory proteins, including a perlucin-like protein.

    “Using mass spectrometric analysis, the researchers identified 175 proteins in the mucus traces left by snails during movement, twenty-nine of which had no analogs in the database of unique protein sequences. Of the detected mucus proteins, twenty-two correspond to secretory proteins, including a perlucin-like protein.”

    From Chemical Variability and Biological Potential of Cornu aspersum Mucus as a Source for the Development of New Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products (2025) · cites this paper as [11]

    Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • C. aspersum mucus facilitates snail feeding, locomotion on different surfaces, skin protection, hydration, adhesion, defense against infection and predators, and mate attraction for reproduction.

    “The mucus facilitates snail feeding, locomotion on different surfaces, skin protection, hydration, adhesion, and defense against infection and predators, or even to attract mates for reproduction [10,11,27].”

    From Chemical Variability and Biological Potential of Cornu aspersum Mucus as a Source for the Development of New Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products (2025) · cites this paper as [11]

    The Introduction says C. aspersum trail mucus facilitates locomotion and that trail following may provide nutrition or chemical communication. It also describes a mucus epiphragm that helps the snail survive adverse conditions; the Results and discussion identifies antimicrobial proteins but treats reproductive pheromones and predator deterrence as possibilities, not established functions. Our copy does not establish that this mucus facilitates feeding, adhesion, or skin protection as the citing sentence states. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Gas chromatography revealed some identified and non-identified volatile compounds in C. aspersum mucus, including propanoic acid, benzaldehyde, and limonene.

    “The gas chromatography method revealed some identified and non-identified volatile compounds, including propanoic acid, benzaldehyde, and limonene [11].”

    From Chemical Variability and Biological Potential of Cornu aspersum Mucus as a Source for the Development of New Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products (2025) · cites this paper as [11]

  • Many mucus trace proteins are annotated with well-known structural proteins, including collagen and actin, as well as hemocyanin, which is capable of binding oxygen.

    “Many mucus trace proteins are annotated with well-known structural proteins, including collagen and actin, as well as hemocyanin, which is capable of binding oxygen.”

    From Chemical Variability and Biological Potential of Cornu aspersum Mucus as a Source for the Development of New Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products (2025) · cites this paper as [11]

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Authors
Ballard, K. R., Klein, A. H., Hayes, R. A., Wang, T., & Cummins, S. F.
Affiliations
University of the Sunshine Coast (AU)
Corresponding author
Cummins, Scott F.
ORCID
Venue
PLOS ONE
Publisher
Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Published
2021-05-27
Volume
16
Issue
5
Pages
e0251565
ISSN
1932-6203 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1371/journal.pone.0251565
PMC
PMC8158898
OpenAlex
W3164762878
Cited by
25
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 9
FWCI
2.18
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • PLoS ONE (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
Grains Research and Development Corporation
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Mollusks and Parasites Studies
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Insect Science › Insect Pheromone Research and Control
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
Keywords
Helix aspersa, mucus proteins, volatile compounds, chemical communication, pheromones, invasive land snail, snail locomotion, heart rate response, snail dispersal
MeSH terms
Animals, Helix, Snails, Locomotion, Mucus, Proteins, Volatile Organic Compounds

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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