Influence of the Confounding Factors Age and Sex on MicroRNA Profiles from Peripheral Blood

Abstract

BACKGROUND: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) measured from blood samples are promising minimally invasive biomarker candidates that have been extensively studied in several case-control studies. However, the influence of age and sex as confounding variables remains largely unknown. METHODS: We systematically explored the impact of age and sex on miRNAs in a cohort of 109 physiologically unaffected individuals whose blood was characterized by microarray technology (stage 1). We also investigated an independent cohort from a different institution consisting of 58 physiologically unaffected individuals having a similar mean age but with a smaller age distribution. These samples were measured by use of high-throughput sequencing (stage 2). RESULTS: We detected 318 miRNAs that were significantly correlated with age in stage 1 and, after adjustment for multiple testing of 35 miRNAs, remained statistically significant. Regarding sex, 144 miRNAs showed significant dysregulation. Here, no miRNA remained significant after adjustment for multiple testing. In the high-throughput datasets of stage 2, we generally observed a smaller number of significant associations, mainly as an effect of the smaller cohort size and age distribution. Nevertheless, we found 7 miRNAs that were correlated with age, of which 5 were concordant with stage 1. CONCLUSIONS: The age distribution of individuals recruited for case-control studies needs to be carefully considered, whereas sex may be less confounding. To support the translation of miRNAs into clinical application, we offer a web-based application (http://www.ccb.uni-saarland.de/mirnacon) to test individual miRNAs or miRNA signatures for their likelihood of being influenced.