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Are Twins and Singletons Comparable? A Study of Disease-related and Lifestyle Characteristics in Adult Women
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The classic twin study is sometimes described as "the perfect natural experiment" for the investigation of the aetiology of complex disease, but assumptions of the twin design need to be empirically tested if their results are to be considered unbiased and representative of singleton populations. In this study comparisons of disease and prevalence of lifestyle characteristics have been made between twin participants in the St Thomas' Hospital UK adult twin registry, the largest twin volunteer register in the UK for the study of diseases of ageing, and a parallel population-based study of singleton women. The only differences found were for weight, where monozygotic (MZ) twins were lighter and had a smaller variance than dizygotic (DZ) twins and singletons. For the other variables studied, volunteer twins were not found to differ from age-matched singleton women in distribution or prevalence of: bone mineral density, osteoarthritis, blood pressure, hypertensive drug use, height, history of hysterectomy and ovariectomy, menopausal status and current alcohol and overall tobacco consumption. We conclude that the results of twin studies can be generalised to singleton populations for these measures and disease outcomes.
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“For the study of both personality and somatic health, twins have been shown to be representative for the general population [31, 32]”
From Personality disorders are important risk factors for disability pensioning (2014) · cites this paper as [31]
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The Identification of Hereditary and Environmental Determinants of Frailty in a Cohort of UK Twins
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Self-citationKrieger, N., Chen, J. T., Coull, B. A., & Selby, J. V. (2005) · PLoS Medicine · doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020162 · Cited by 56
Welch, A. A., MacGregor, A. J., Minihane, A. M., Skinner, J. S., Valdes, A. A., Spector, T. D., & Cassidy, A. (2014) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.113.185256 · Cited by 58
Self-citationStrong association between vertebral endplate defect and Modic change in the general population
Määttä, J. H., Rade, M., Freidin, M. B., Airaksinen, O., Karppinen, J. I., & Williams, F. M. K. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-34933-3 · Cited by 55
Association between KLOTHO gene and hand osteoarthritis in a female Caucasian population
Zhang, F., Zhai, G., Kato, B. S., Hart, D. J., Hunter, D. J., Spector, T. D., & Ahmadi, K. R. (2007) · Osteoarthritis and Cartilage · doi:10.1016/j.joca.2006.12.002 · Cited by 54
Self-citationBeardsall, K., Ong, K. K., Murphy, N., Ahmed, M. L., Zhao, J. H., Peeters, M., & Dunger, D. B. (2009) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jc.2009-0757 · Cited by 54
Body Size in Five-Year-Old Twins: Heritability and Comparison to Singleton Standards
Burk, G. F. E.-V., Bartels, M., van Beijsterveldt, T. C. E. M., de Waal, H. A. D., & Boomsma, D. I. (2006) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1375/twin.9.5.646 · Cited by 53
Neuropathic pain as part of chronic widespread pain
Momi, S. K., Fabiane, S. M., Lachance, G., Livshits, G., & Williams, F. M. K. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000277 · Cited by 54
Genetic and Environmental Influences on Lipids, Lipoproteins, and Apolipoproteins
Middelberg, R. P. S., Spector, T. D., Swaminathan, R., & Snieder, H. (2002) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/01.atv.0000022889.85440.79 · Cited by 54
Self-citationGenetic and Environmental Factors in Age-Related Hearing Impairment
Momi, S. K., Wolber, L. E., Fabiane, S. M., MacGregor, A. J., & Williams, F. M. K. (2015) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2015.35 · Cited by 52
Self-citationOualkacha, K., Dastani, Z., Li, R., Cingolani, P. E., Spector, T. D., Hammond, C. J., Richards, J. B., Ciampi, A., & Greenwood, C. M. T. (2013) · Genetic Epidemiology · doi:10.1002/gepi.21725 · Cited by 58
Self-citationThe Norwegian Twin Registry from a Public Health Perspective: A Research Update
Nilsen, T. S., Knudsen, G. P., Gervin, K., Brandt, I., Røysamb, E., Tambs, K., Ørstavik, R., Lyle, R., Reichborn‐Kjennerud, T., Magnus, P. M., et al. (2012) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2012.117 · Cited by 54
von der Pahlen, B., Santtila, P. O., Witting, K., Varjonen, M., Jern, P., Johansson, A., & Sandnabba, N. K. (2008) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2008.69.616 · Cited by 51
Progression of Central Pulse Pressure Over 1 Decade of Aging and its Reversal by Nitroglycerin
Cecelja, M., Jiang, B., Spector, T. D., & Chowienczyk, P. (2012) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2011.10.871 · Cited by 51
Self-citationSanttila, P. O., Antfolk, J., Räfså, A., Hartwig, M., Sariola, H., Sandnabba, N. K., & Mokros, A. (2015) · Journal of Child Sexual Abuse · doi:10.1080/10538712.2015.997410 · Cited by 51
Davies, M. N., Verdi, S., Burri, A. V., Trzaskowski, M., Lee, M., Hettema, J. M., Jansen, R., Boomsma, D. I., & Spector, T. D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0134865 · Cited by 49
Self-citationBurri, A. V., Ogata, S., Vehof, J., & Williams, F. M. K. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000182 · Cited by 48
Witting, K., Santtila, P. O., Rijsdijk, F. V., Varjonen, M., Jern, P., Johansson, A., von der Pahlen, B., Alanko, K., & Sandnabba, N. K. (2008) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291708003206 · Cited by 48
Harding, B., Curley, A., Hannan, F. M., Christie, P. T., Bowl, M. R., Turner, J. J. O., Barber, M., Gillham‐Nasenya, I., Hampson, G., Spector, T. D., et al. (2006) · Clinical Endocrinology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2265.2006.02634.x · Cited by 49
Self-citationBurri, A. V., Lachance, G., & Williams, F. M. K. (2014) · The Journal of Sexual Medicine · doi:10.1111/jsm.12651 · Cited by 48
Cecelja, M., Keehn, L., Ye, L., Spector, T. D., Hughes, A. D., & Chowienczyk, P. (2020) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa238 · Cited by 48
Self-citationThe SH2B Gene is Associated with Serum Leptin and Body Fat in Normal Female Twins
Jamshidi, Y., Snieder, H., Ge, D., Spector, T. D., & O’Dell, S. D. (2007) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2007.637 · Cited by 48
Self-citationNelander, M., Cnattingius, S., Åkerud, H., Wikström, J., Pedersen, N. L., & Wikström, A. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009880 · Cited by 47
Marmorstein, N. R., & Iacono, W. G. (2005) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/01.chi.0000181039.75842.85 · Cited by 48
The COVID-19 pandemic in Italy: Depressive symptoms immediately before and after the first lockdown
Medda, E., Toccaceli, V., Gigantesco, A., Picardi, A., Fagnani, C., & Stazi, M. A. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2021.10.129 · Cited by 49
Age of myopia onset in a B ritish population‐based twin cohort
Williams, K. M., Hysi, P. G., Nag, A., Yonova‐Doing, E., Venturini, C., & Hammond, C. J. (2013) · Ophthalmic and Physiological Optics · doi:10.1111/opo.12042 · Cited by 46
Multimodality Imaging of Subclinical Aortic Atherosclerosis
Cecelja, M., Hussain, T., Greil, G. F., Botnar, R. M., Preston, R., Moayyeri, A., Spector, T. D., & Chowienczyk, P. (2013) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.111.00024 · Cited by 46
Self-citationLivshits, G., MacGregor, A. J., Gieger, C., Malkin, I., Moayyeri, A., Grallert, H., Emeny, R. T., Spector, T. D., Kastenmüller, G., & Williams, F. M. K. (2015) · Pain · doi:10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000200 · Cited by 45
Self-citationDeep molecular phenotypes link complex disorders and physiological insult to CpG methylation
Zaghlool, S. B., Mook‐Kanamori, D. O., Kader, S. A., Stephan, N., Halama, A., Engelke, R., Sarwath, H., Al‐Dous, E., Mohamoud, Y. A., Roemisch‐Margl, W., et al. (2018) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddy006 · Cited by 45
Self-citationBurkart, K. M., Sofer, T., London, S. J., Manichaikul, A. W., Hartwig, F. P., Yan, Q., Artigas, M. S., Ávila, L., Chen, W., Thomas, S., et al. (2018) · American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine · doi:10.1164/rccm.201707-1493oc · Cited by 46
A common genetic factor underlies hypertension and other cardiovascular disorders
Williams, F. M. K., Cherkas, L. F., Spector, T. D., & MacGregor, A. J. (2004) · BMC Cardiovascular Disorders · doi:10.1186/1471-2261-4-20 · Cited by 46
Self-citation
Metadata
- Authors
- Andrew, T., Hart, D. J., Snieder, H., de Lange, M., Spector, T. D., & MacGregor, A. J.
- Affiliations
- St Thomas' Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Andrew, Toby
- Venue
- Twin Research
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2001-12-01
- Volume
- 4
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 464-477
- ISSN
- 1369-0523 (ISSN-L)
- 0000-0000
- OpenAlex
- W2015612792
- Cited by
- 440
- References
- 32
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 21 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 38
- FWCI
- 12.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Twin Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Chronic Disease Research Foundation
- British Heart Foundation
- Versus Arthritis (17489)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Assisted Reproductive Technology and Twin Pregnancy
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins, lifestyle characteristics, disease prevalence, body weight, bone mineral density, osteoarthritis, blood pressure, menopause, hysterectomy, ovariectomy, alcohol consumption, smoking, twin registry
- MeSH terms
- Alcohol Drinking, Antihypertensive Agents, Blood Pressure, Body Height, Female, Humans, Life Style, Menopause, Middle Aged, Morbidity, Osteoarthritis, Smoking, Social Class, Twins, Bone Density
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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