The DOI matches its Crossref record; 117 of the 118 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Primary and Secondary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease
Open accessAbstract
Background This guideline focuses on long-term administration of antithrombotic drugs designed for primary and secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease, including two new antiplatelet therapies. Methods The methods of this guideline follow those described in Methodology for the Development of Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis Guidelines: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines in this supplement. Results We present 23 recommendations for pertinent clinical questions. For primary prevention of cardiovascular disease, we suggest low-dose aspirin (75-100 mg/d) in patients aged > 50 years over no aspirin therapy (Grade 2B). For patients with established coronary artery disease, defined as patients 1-year post-acute coronary syndrome, with prior revascularization, coronary stenoses > 50% by coronary angiogram, and/or evidence for cardiac ischemia on diagnostic testing, we recommend long-term low-dose aspirin or clopidogrel (75 mg/d) (Grade 1A). For patients with acute coronary syndromes who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stent placement, we recommend for the first year dual antiplatelet therapy with low-dose aspirin in combination with ticagrelor 90 mg bid, clopidogrel 75 mg/d, or prasugrel 10 mg/d over single antiplatelet therapy (Grade 1B). For patients undergoing elective PCI with stent placement, we recommend aspirin (75-325 mg/d) and clopidogrel for a minimum duration of 1 month (bare-metal stents) or 3 to 6 months (drug-eluting stents) (Grade 1A). We suggest continuing low-dose aspirin plus clopidogrel for 12 months for all stents (Grade 2C). Thereafter, we recommend single antiplatelet therapy over continuation of dual antiplatelet therapy (Grade 1B). Conclusions Recommendations continue to favor single antiplatelet therapy for patients with established coronary artery disease. For patients with acute coronary syndromes or undergoing elective PCI with stent placement, dual antiplatelet therapy for up to 1 year is warranted.
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“Evidence supports use of either ticagrelor or clopidogrel if no percutaneous coronary intervention was performed and clopidogrel, ticagrelor, or prasugrel if a percutaneous coronary intervention was performed (199).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2025 (2025) · cites this paper as [199]
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“Evidence supports use of either ticagrelor or clopidogrel if no percutaneous coronary intervention was performed and clopidogrel, ticagrelor, or prasugrel if a percutaneous coronary intervention was performed (187).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2026 (2026) · cites this paper as [187]
In the citing paper
“Evidence supports use of either ticagrelor or clopidogrel if no percutaneous coronary intervention was performed and clopidogrel, ticagrelor , or prasugrel if a percutaneous coronary intervention was performed (162).”
From 10. Cardiovascular Disease and Risk Management: Standards of Care in Diabetes—2023 (2023) · cites this paper as [162]
In the citing paper
“Co-prescription of OAC with antiplatelet therapy, in particular triple therapy, 1501 increases the absolute risk of major haemorrhage.445,517,518”
From 2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS (2016) · cites this paper as [517]
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Cites
1 retracted
Antiplatelet agents versus control or anticoagulation for heart failure in sinus rhythm
Lip, G. Y. H., Wrigley, B., & Pisters, R. (2000) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003333 · Cited by 32
RetractedPrediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories
Wilson, P. W. F., D’Agostino, R. B., Levy, D., Belanger, A. M., Silbershatz, H., & Kannel, W. B. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.97.18.1837 · Cited by 9,581
Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes
Wallentin, L., Becker, R. C., Budaj, A., Cannon, C. P., Emanuelsson, H., Held, C., Horrow, J., Husted, S., James, S., Katus, H., et al. (2009) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0904327 · Cited by 7,117
Collaboration, A. T. (2002) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.324.7329.71 · Cited by 6,943
Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes
Wiviott, S. D., Braunwald, E., McCabe, C. H., Montalescot, G., Ruzyllo, W., Gottlieb, S., Neumann, F.-J., Ardissino, D., De Servi, S., Murphy, S. A., et al. (2007) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa0706482 · Cited by 6,790
(1996) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(96)09457-3 · Cited by 6,503
(2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa010746 · Cited by 6,470
Kearon (2012) · doi:10.1378/chest.11-2301 · Cited by 6,119
Self-citationHansson, L., Zanchetti, A., Carruthers, S. G., Dahlöf, B., Elmfeldt, D., Julius, S., Ménard, J., Rahn, K. H., Wedel, H., & Westerling, S. (1998) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(98)04311-6 · Cited by 5,728
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Wilson, 1998, Prediction of coronary artery disease using risk factor categories, Circulation, 97, 1837, 10.1161/01.CIR.97.18.1837 · DOI · Paper page
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2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS
Kirchhof, P. F., Benussi, S., Kotecha, D., Ahlsson, A., Atar, D., Casadei, B., Castellà, M., Diener, H., Heidbüchel, H., Hendriks, J., et al. (2016) · EP Europace · doi:10.1093/europace/euw295 · Cited by 6,439
2016 ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation developed in collaboration with EACTS
Kirchhof, P., Benussi, S., Kotecha, D., Ahlsson, A., Atar, D., Casadei, B., Castella, M., Diener, H.-C., Heidbuchel, H., Hendriks, J., et al. (2016) · European Heart Journal · doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehw210 · Cited by 6,418
Kearon (2012) · doi:10.1378/chest.11-2301 · Cited by 6,119
Self-citationKernan, W. N., Ovbiagele, B., Black, H. R., Bravata, D. M., Chimowitz, M. I., Ezekowitz, M. D., Fang, M. C., Fisher, M., Furie, K. L., Heck, D. V., et al. (2014) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/str.0000000000000024 · Cited by 5,170
2013 ACCF/AHA Guideline for the Management of ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction
O’Gara, P. T., Kushner, F. G., Ascheim, D. D., Casey, D. E., Chung, M. K., de Lemos, J. A., Ettinger, S. M., Fang, J. C.-T., Fesmire, F. M., Franklin, B. A., et al. (2012) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0b013e3182742cf6 · Cited by 4,802
Metadata
- Authors
- Vandvik, P. O., Lincoff, A. M., Gore, J. M., Gutterman, D. D., Sonnenberg, F. A., Alonso-Coello, P., Akl, E. A., Lansberg, M. G., Guyatt, G. H., & Spencer, F. A.
- Affiliations
- Innlandet Hospital Trust (NO)
- Cleveland Clinic (US)
- University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School (US)
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (US)
- University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
- Stanford Medicine (US)
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Spencer, Frederick A.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Chest
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-02
- Volume
- 141
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e637S-e668S
- ISSN
- 0012-3692 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3278064
- OpenAlex
- W2116051185
- Cited by
- 476
- References
- 118
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 36 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 59 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 44.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- CHEST Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Bristol-Myers Squibb
- Sanofi
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (R13HL104758)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Antiplatelet Therapy and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Coronary Interventions and Diagnostics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Acute Myocardial Infarction Research
- Keywords
- cardiovascular disease prevention, antithrombotic therapy, antiplatelet therapy, low-dose aspirin, clopidogrel, ticagrelor, prasugrel, dual antiplatelet therapy, single antiplatelet therapy, acute coronary syndrome, percutaneous coronary intervention, coronary artery disease, drug-eluting stents, bare-metal stents, long-term aspirin therapy
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Cardiovascular Diseases, Combined Modality Therapy, Coronary Disease, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, Drug Therapy, Combination, Fibrinolytic Agents, Humans, Long-Term Care, Middle Aged, Platelet Aggregation Inhibitors, Risk Factors, Societies, Medical, Thrombosis, Stents, Angioplasty, Balloon, Coronary, Myocardial Ischemia, Evidence-Based Medicine, Secondary Prevention
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