Ultrasonographic diagnosis of clinical and subclinical bovine respiratory disease in Holstein calves
Open accessAbstract
Background and Aim: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the main cause of death in calves, and early BRD diagnosis saves lives. This study aimed to diagnose clinical and subclinical BRD in calves by assessing some biochemical alterations and ultrasonography (USG). Materials and Methods: Fifty-four Holstein dairy calves in Al-Sharqiyah Province, Egypt, were used in the study. They were divided into three groups. The first control group consisted of 10 clinically healthy calves. The second group consisted of 34 calves suffering from clinical lower respiratory tract disorders. The third group consisted of 10 subclinical BRD-affected calves. Ultrasonographic examinations of chest and thoracic ultrasound scoring were performed once per 2 weeks for each calf. Blood samples were collected for serum separation to measure albumin (ALB), total protein (TP), ALB, globulin, and haptoglobin (HP). Results: The USG revealed small consolidation areas within an aerated lung lobe, a hypoechoic parenchyma of the entire distal lung lobe, and a hypoechoic-circumscribed structure surrounded by an echogenic wall appeared within the lung tissue in calves that suffered from lobular pneumonia, lobar pneumonia, and lung abscess, respectively. However, subclinical cases showed a small consolidation area in the cranial aspects of the right cranial lung lobe. The ultrasound lung score (ULS) was greater in clinical than in subclinical cases. The BRD-affected calves recorded significant increases in serum TP, globulin, and HP. Meanwhile, serum ALB decreased significantly. Conclusion: Thoracic ultrasound had a reliable tool in the BRD diagnosis, especially in the early prediction of subclinical cases in newborn calves. In addition, the ULS appeared to be a better classifier than the clinical respiratory score (CRS) for BRD diagnosis. On the other side, it was found that regression models were very useful in assessing the prediction of biochemical blood parameters based on the ULS and CRS in diseased cases.
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TUS is a dependable method for assessing lung consolidation, even when performed by individuals with minimal experience.
“Research indicates that TUS is a dependable method for assessing lung consolidation, even when performed by individuals with minimal experience [32,86,146,147].”
From Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview (2024) · cites this paper as [147]
The Discussion (page unavailable) says thoracic ultrasonography can assess the extent of pulmonary changes and describes using it to distinguish lung consolidations in calves. It does not address whether people with minimal experience can perform that assessment dependably; searches for novice operators and experience found no such evidence. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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Strategies for Bovine Respiratory Disease (BRD) Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Comprehensive Overview
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“Research indicates that TUS is a dependable method for assessing lung consol-Animals idation, even when performed by individuals with minimal experience [32,86,146,147].”
Method
- Authors
- Mahmoud, A. E., Fathy, A., Ahmed, E. A., Ali, A. O., Abdelaal, A. M., & El-Maghraby, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Suez Canal University (EG)
- Zagazig University (EG)
- Corresponding author
- Mahmoud, Ahmed E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Veterinary World
- Publisher
- Veterinary World
- Published
- 2022-08-17
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 1932-1942
- ISSN
- 0972-8988 (ISSN-L)
- 2231-0916
- PMC
- PMC9615492
- OpenAlex
- W4292259243
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 5
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 0.78
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Veterinary World (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal health and immunology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine › Ultrasound in Clinical Applications
- Keywords
- bovine respiratory disease, Holstein calves, thoracic ultrasound, serum biochemistry, haptoglobin, serum albumin, total protein, globulin, lung consolidation, lobar pneumonia, lung abscess, early diagnosis
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