Developing compassionate academic leadership: the practice of kindness
Open accessAbstract
This opinion piece paper argues that there is now a compelling need for compassionate academic leadership in our universities in both a national and international context. The premise of the paper is that universities are, or ought to be, ‘caregiving organisations’, because of their role and primary task of helping students to learn. However, the relentless neoliberal instrumentalisation and marketisation of higher education has eroded that premise. Yet universities still have a duty of care; a moral and legal obligation to ensure that everyone associated with the institution, whether this be students, employees or the general public, are fully protected from any personal physical and/or emotional harm. Care, kindness and compassion are not separate from being professional; rather, they represent the fundamentals of humanity in the workplace. Compassion is now a crucial and core concern in tertiary education. Arguably, in the future, universities that can demonstrate their compassionate credentials and pedagogy will be the successful universities, and this requires kindness in leadership and compassionate institutional cultures. Therefore, I argue that in order to nurture cultures of compassion, universities require their leaders – as the carriers of culture – to embody compassion in their leadership practice. However, this needs to be a shared approach, rather than a dominant, hierarchical top-down approach, and is characterised by openness, curiosity, kindness, authenticity, appreciation and above all compassion. The paper draws upon contemporary thinking and research around the role of kindness in leadership and the development of compassionate organisational values and cultures
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In an era of marketisation, contemporary university cultures in the United Kingdom and elsewhere are often characterised by competition and striving for prestige and dominance that stifles conditions in which compassionate pedagogy can survive and flourish.
“Waddington (2018, p. 87) argues that, in an era of marketisation, contemporary university cultures in the United Kingdom and elsewhere are often characterised by “subtle, but powerful, competition and striving for prestige and dominance … [stifling] the conditions in which compassionate pedagogy can survive and flourish.””
From Compassionate pedagogy for neurodiversity in higher education: A conceptual analysis (2023) · cites this paper as Waddington, 2018
Cites
Developing compassionate leadership in health care: an integrative review
de Zulueta, P. (2015) · Journal of Healthcare Leadership · doi:10.2147/jhl.s93724 · Cited by 203 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Whilst acknowledging Mathieson’s argument that disciplines should be considered in terms of epistemological differences and socially situated practices, organisational leadership and culture can be considered as interdependent and synergistic (de Zulueta, 2016).”
BackgroundCompassion: Concepts, research and applications.
Mascaro, J., & Raison, C. (2017) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315564296 · Cited by 148 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…might be described as the ‘compassion turn’, which recognises the crucial role of compassion as a core concern in education, health and social care, and globally to ensure the future sustainability of humankind and the planet (e.g. Ballatt & Campling, 2011; Coles, 2015; Gibbs, 2017; Gilbert, 2017).”
BackgroundThe toxic university: zombie leadership, academic rock stars, and neoliberal ideology
O'Neill, J. (2018) · Journal of Education Policy · doi:10.1080/02680939.2017.1418729 · Cited by 103 · cited 4× · see citing works
“This will provide space for the ‘metaphorical removal of the cataracts by which people have been blinded’ (Smyth, 2017, p. 216) in order to create dialogue and engagement. I conclude with two leadership questions posed by Johri (2018), who offers a global perspective on kindness in leadership.”
BackgroundInfluentialIntelligent Kindness: Reforming the Culture of Healthcare
Holland, M. (2012) · doi:10.1192/pb.bp.111.036053 · Cited by 70 · cited 3×
“…might be described as the ‘compassion turn’, which recognises the crucial role of compassion as a core concern in education, health and social care, and globally to ensure the future sustainability of humankind and the planet (e.g. Ballatt & Campling, 2011; Coles, 2015; Gibbs, 2017; Gilbert, 2017).”
BackgroundHolding Fast: The Struggle to Create Resilient Caregiving Organizations
Jennings, B. M. (2007) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2648.2006.04164.x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
The Pedagogy of Compassion at the Heart of Higher Education
Gibbs, P. (2017) · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57783-8 · Cited by 48 · cited 1×
“…might be described as the ‘compassion turn’, which recognises the crucial role of compassion as a core concern in education, health and social care, and globally to ensure the future sustainability of humankind and the planet (e.g. Ballatt & Campling, 2011; Coles, 2015; Gibbs, 2017; Gilbert, 2017).”
BackgroundMathieson, S. (2012) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-011-9458-3 · Cited by 42 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Culture encompasses the shared values, assumptions and beliefs within organisations, occupational groups and disciplines (Mathieson, 2012; Schein, 2017).”
BackgroundThe compassion gap in UK universities
Waddington, K. (2016) · doi:10.19043/ipdj.61.010 · Cited by 31 · cited 1×
“Critical studies of university contexts (e.g. Smyth, 2017; Waddington, 2016; 2017) also reveal troubling compassion gaps.”
BackgroundSelf-citationTowards a compassionate school. From Golden Rule to Golden Thread
Best, R. (2018) · doi:10.1080/02643944.2018.1458454 · Cited by 7
Kindness in leadership in UK private and public sector organisations
Murray, C., & Gill, A. (2018) · doi:10.4324/9781315462530-4 · Cited by 2 · cited 1×
“Importantly, Murray and Gill’s (2018) exploration of kindness in the UK public and private sectors suggest that kindness is an easily understood concept, in contrast to compassion, care and empathy, which were found to be more ambiguous terms.”
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Flagged first, then by citations
7 of the 17 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Compassionate pedagogy for neurodiversity in higher education: A conceptual analysis
Hamilton, L. G., & Petty, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1093290 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“Waddington (2018, p. 87) argues that, in an era of marketisation, contemporary university cultures in the United Kingdom and elsewhere are often characterised by “subtle, but powerful, competition and striving for prestige and dominance … [stifling] the conditions in which compassionate pedagogy…”
BackgroundRiva, E., Freeman, R., Schrock, L., Jelicic, V., Ozer, C.-T., & Caleb, R. (2020) · Higher Education Studies · doi:10.5539/hes.v10n4p103 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“Specific ways for closing the “compassion gap” in Higher Education institutions have been identified (Waddington, 2017) as, for example, promoting a variety of practices of kindness at individual, group and organizational level, starting from the academic leadership (Waddington, 2018).”
BackgroundBeaumont, E., Bell, T., McAndrew, S., & Fairhurst, H. (2021) · Counselling and Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/capr.12396 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Compassionate pedagogy is based on kindness being a central feature of teaching and interacting with students and colleagues, followed by actions that promote acceptance and well- being (Waddington, 2018).”
BackgroundBeresford-Dey, M., Howden, S., & Martindale, L. (2024) · International Journal of Leadership in Education · doi:10.1080/13603124.2024.2361667 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Elliot, D., & Makara, K. A. (2021) · Innovations in Education & Teaching International · doi:10.1080/14703297.2021.1991424 · Cited by 14
“…original purpose for establishing this doctoral community was to reinforce pedagogical learning and support each other practically, the group served as an adaptive system for responding to our group member’s needs; in turn, humanity and care were observed on numerous occasions (Waddington, 2018).”
BackgroundUntying the Text: Organizational Prosociality and Kindness
Hart, R., & Hart, D. (2023) · Behavioral Science · doi:10.3390/bs13020186 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“However, Waddington [77] argued that we are currently witnessing a “compassion turn” that acknowledges the vital role of basic manifestations of humanity and care in organizations.”
BackgroundToroghi, H. H., Denney, F., & Simpson, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Sociology · doi:10.3389/fsoc.2024.1378665 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Expanding on this viewpoint, Waddington (2018) argues that universities have a moral and legal responsibility to take reasonable measures to protect all individuals associated with the institutions from personal physical and/or emotional suffering, including both academic staff and students.”
Compassion within an academic setting: Experiences of student nurses.
Everitt-Reynolds, A., Treacy, J., Murphy, E., & Colwell, M. (2021) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2021.105241 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Killam, R. (2022) · Cultural Studies ↔ Critical Methodologies · doi:10.1177/15327086221107050 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…compassion in higher education is a growing field of research, especially in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, ongoing racial injustice, and continued environmental crises (The Care Collective, 2020; Gibbs et al., 2017; Mutch & Tatebe, 2017; Waddington, 2017, 2018, 2021; Worline & Dutton, 2017).”
BackgroundThe ‘Golden Braid’ Model: Courage, Compassion and Resilience in Higher Education Leadership
Denney, F. (2021) · Journal of Higher Education Policy And Leadership Studies · doi:10.52547/johepal.2.2.37 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…10.52547/johepal.2.2.37 41 As mentioned in my previous paper (Denney, 2020) compassion has been largely ignored by leadership studies, although this is changing partly due to Covid, and particularly those focusing on higher education, barring the work of Waddington (Waddington, 2016, 2018, 2021).”
BackgroundInfluentialDooley, J., Okobia, V., Alsaadi, N., Bate, J., Hyde, C., Prajapati, Y., Islam, M., Card, P., Thomas, F., Watkins, E. R., et al. (2026) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2026.2615302 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Hence, compassionate pedagogy enables connection and community, pushing against utilitarian values of independence and individual achievement (Waddington, 2018).”
Finding a place for Kindness within higher education: A systematic literature review
Info, A., Fox, J., & Aspland, T. (2024) · Special Issue 1 · doi:10.37074/jalt.2024.7.s1.6 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“(Waddington, 2018, p. 87) This is a call for higher education providers to look to schools in Australia as well as the empirical literature for inspiration.”
InfluentialMismatch between student and university expectations of academic achievement
Lake, W., Luke, H., & Boyd, W. E. (2020) · Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice · doi:10.14297/jpaap.v8i2.434 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Waddington (2018) argues for “a compelling need for compassionate academic leadership support or a driver for improved academic performance?”
BackgroundRahman, N., & Hains-Wesson, R. (2026) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2026.2743015
Farquharson, L. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-57430-7_12
- Authors
- Waddington, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Westminster (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Waddington, Kathryn
- ORCID
- Waddington, Kathryn
- Venue
- Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice
- Published
- 2018-10-08
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 87-89
- ISSN
- 2051-9788 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2904320049
- Cited by
- 23
- References
- 17
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 2
- FWCI
- 4.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Perspectives in Applied Academic Practice (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- WestminsterResearch (University of Westminster) (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Education, Leadership, and Health Research
- Social Sciences › Education › University Challenges and Reforms
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Leadership and Practices
- Keywords
- compassionate leadership, academic leadership, kindness, compassion, duty of care, neoliberalism, marketization of higher education, organizational culture, university leadership, authentic leadership
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