Development and Functions of Alveolar Macrophages
Open accessAbstract
Macrophages residing in various tissue types are unique in terms of their anatomical locations, ontogenies, developmental pathways, gene expression patterns, and immunological functions. Alveolar macrophages (AMs) reside in the alveolar lumen of the lungs and serve as the first line of defense for the respiratory tract. The immunological functions of AMs are implicated in the pathogenesis of various pulmonary diseases such as allergic asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD), pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), viral infection, and bacterial infection. Thus, the molecular mechanisms driving the development and function of AMs have been extensively investigated. In this review article, we discuss the roles of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β in AM development, and provide an overview of the anti-inflammatory and proinflammatory functions of AMs in various contexts. Notably, we examine the relationships between the metabolic status of AMs and their development processes and functions. We hope that this review will provide new information and insight into AM development and function.
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Phagocytized objects are enclosed in a phagolysosome and degraded via oxidative and/or enzymatic processes, or if non-degradable transported from the lung parenchyma via the mucociliary escalator to the larynx.
“Phagocytized objects are enclosed in a phagolysosome and degraded via oxidative and/or enzymatic processes, or, if non-degradable, transported from the lung parenchyma via the mucociliary escalator to the larynx for removal from the body [9, 10].”
From Macrophages bend long fibres with flexural rigidity lower than 3 mN·nm2 to avoid frustrated phagocytosis (2026) · cites this paper as [10]
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References 93 · Cited by 110
- Authors
- Woo, Y. D., Jeong, D., & Chung, D. H.
- Affiliations
- Seoul National University (KR)
- Venue
- Molecules and Cells
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-05
- Volume
- 44
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 292-300
- ISSN
- 0219-1032 (ISSN-L)
- 1016-8478
- PMC
- PMC8175155
- OpenAlex
- W3160709006
- Cited by
- 110
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 19 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 1
- FWCI
- 1.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Molecules and Cells (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Research Foundation of Korea
- Ministry of Science and ICT (No. 2020R1A2C2008312 and 2020R1A4A1017515)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune cells in cancer
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Asthma and respiratory diseases
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Keywords
- alveolar macrophages, macrophage development, GM-CSF, TGF-beta, lung inflammation, anti-inflammatory activity, macrophage metabolism, allergic asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, pulmonary alveolar proteinosis, viral infection, bacterial infection, lung innate immunity
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Macrophages, Alveolar
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