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Missing covariate data in clinical research: when and when not to use the missing-indicator method for analysis
Open accessAbstract
Missing data are a frequently encountered problem in epidemiologic and clinical research.[1][1],[2][2] One approach is to include in the analysis only those participants without missing observations (complete or available case analysis).[1][1]–[4][3] However, in addition to reducing statistical
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“Missing data will be imputed with multiple imputation techniques [58, 59].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Groenwold, R. H. H., White, I. R., Donders, A. R. T., Carpenter, J. R., Altman, D. G., & Moons, K. G. M.
- Affiliations
- University Medical Center Utrecht (NL)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Canadian Medical Association Journal
- Publisher
- CMA Impact Inc.
- Published
- 2012-02-27
- Volume
- 184
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 1265-1269
- ISSN
- 0820-3946 (ISSN-L)
- 1488-2329
- PMC
- PMC3414599
- OpenAlex
- W2122717603
- Cited by
- 538
- References
- 21
- Citations by year
- 2026: 69 · 2025: 91 · 2024: 90 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 65 · 2021: 48 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 3 · 2013: 5
- FWCI
- 3.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Canadian Medical Association Journal (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Cancer Research UK (C5529)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek (917-46-360)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/G026300/1)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods in Epidemiology
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Advanced Causal Inference Techniques
- Keywords
- missing data, complete case analysis, multiple imputation, missing data mechanisms, clinical research
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Research Design, Statistics as Topic, Bias, Biomedical Research
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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