English Abstract Nouns as Conceptual Shells: From Corpus to Cognition
Abstract
Based on a systematic analysis of a very large corpus, this book introduces a conceptual and terminological framework for the linguistic description of abstract nouns. The uses and meanings of 670 abstract English nouns are described and their semantic, pragmatic, rhetorical, textual and cognitive functions are discussed, always with reference to authentic corpus data. This way a link between the corpus method and functional and cognitive theories of language is established. The book includes an appendix giving statistical information on the lexico-grammatical usage of the 670 nouns.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The noun is specified in the post-nominal content clause, during which they interactively refer forward to the content of the clause and interactionally label the stance that writers take towards this content.
“The noun is specified in the post-nominal content clause (Schmid, 2000; Downing & Locke, 2006), during which they interactively refer forward to the content of the clause and interactionally label the stance that writers take towards this content.”
From Nouns and Academic Interactions: A Neglected Feature of Metadiscourse (2016) · cites this paper as Schmid, 2000
The productivity of the N+postnominal pattern lies in the fact that it both facilitates cataphoric linkage and the expression of the writer's stance.
“The productivity of this pattern lies in the fact that it both facilitates cataphoric linkage (interactive function) and the expression of the writer's stance (interactional function), although Benitez-Castro & Thompson (2015) comment on the paucity of studies into the cataphoric use of these nouns.”
From Nouns and Academic Interactions: A Neglected Feature of Metadiscourse (2016) · cites this paper as Schmid, 2000
The functional approach corrects an overemphasis on semantic interpretations found in other models.
“We believe this functional approach corrects an overemphasis on semantic interpretations found in other models (e.g. Schmid, 2000; Flowerdew & Forest, 2015), which classfiy affect-laden nouns in strictly definitional terms.”
From Nouns and Academic Interactions: A Neglected Feature of Metadiscourse (2016) · cites this paper as Schmid, 2000
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Traugott, E. C., & Dasher, R. B. (2024) · Cognitive linguistic studies in cultural contexts · doi:10.1075/clscc.15.c10 · Cited by 1,267 · see citing works
Levshina, N. (2015) · John Benjamins Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1075/z.195 · Cited by 862 · see citing works
Cortes, V. (2013) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2012.11.002 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
1. Phraseology and linguistic theory: A brief survey
Gries, S. Τ. (2008) · John Benjamins Publishing Company eBooks · doi:10.1075/z.139.06gri · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Lexical concepts, cognitive models and meaning-construction
Evans, V. (2006) · Cognitive Linguistics · doi:10.1515/cog.2006.016 · Cited by 329 · see citing works
Does frequency in text instantiate entrenchment in the cognitive system?
Schmid, H. (2010) · Mouton eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783110226423.101 · Cited by 267 · see citing works
Self-citationHow to do Linguistics with R: Data exploration and statistical analysis
Levshina, N. (2015) · Cited by 250 · see citing works
Where Does Metonymy Stop? Senses, Facets, and Active Zones
Paradis, C. (2004) · Metaphor and Symbol · doi:10.1207/s15327868ms1904_1 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Schmid, H., & Küchenhoff, H. (2013) · Cognitive Linguistics · doi:10.1515/cog-2013-0018 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Self-citationFlowerdew, J. (2003) · English for Specific Purposes · doi:10.1016/s0889-4906(02)00017-0 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Shell nouns as cohesive devices in published and ESL student writing
Aktas, R. N., & Cortes, V. (2008) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2008.02.002 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Ontologies and Construals in Lexical Semantics
Paradis, C. (2005) · Axiomathes · doi:10.1007/s10516-004-7680-7 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
‘The fact that’: Stance nouns in disciplinary writing
Jiang, F. (., & Hyland, K. (2015) · Discourse Studies · doi:10.1177/1461445615590719 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Metadiscursive nouns: Interaction and cohesion in abstract moves
Jiang, F. K., & Hyland, K. (2016) · English for Specific Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.esp.2016.11.001 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Gray, B. (2010) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2009.11.003 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
The semantic richness of abstract concepts
Recchia, G. L., & Jones, M. N. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00315 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Wilson‐Mendenhall, C. D., Simmons, W. K., Martin, A. D., & Barsalou, L. W. (2013) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00361 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Divjak, D. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-95504-1.01134-0 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Nouns and Academic Interactions: A Neglected Feature of Metadiscourse
Jiang, F. (., & Hyland, K. (2016) · Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1093/applin/amw023 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Frequency in Language: Memory, Attention and Learning
Divjak, D. (2019) · doi:10.1017/9781316084410 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Flowerdew, L. (2003) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3588401 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Summary writing in academic contexts: Implicating meaning in processes of change
Hood, S. (2008) · Linguistics and Education · doi:10.1016/j.linged.2008.06.003 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Subjectivity and prototype structure in causal connectives: A cross-linguistic perspective
Stukker, N., & Sanders, T. J. M. (2011) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2011.06.011 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Gries, S. Τ. (2012) · BRILL eBooks · doi:10.1163/9789401207713_006 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Use of signalling nouns in a learner corpus
Flowerdew, J. (2006) · International Journal of Corpus Linguistics · doi:10.1075/ijcl.11.3.07flo · Cited by 90 · see citing works
A meaning-based approach to the study of complexity in L2 writing: The case of grammatical metaphor
Ryshina–Pankova, M. (2015) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2015.06.005 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
The temporality of language in interaction
Auer, P. L. (2014) · Studies in language and social interaction · doi:10.1075/slsi.27.01aue · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Totally new and pretty awesome : Amplifier–adjective bigrams in GloWbE
Wagner, S. (2017) · Lingua · doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2017.08.004 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Nominal stance construction in L1 and L2 students' writing
Jiang, F. K. (2015) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2015.07.002 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Stance and voice in academic writing
Jiang, F. K. (2017) · International Journal of Corpus Linguistics · doi:10.1075/ijcl.22.1.04jia · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Thenice-of-youconstruction and its fragments
Goldberg, A. E., & Herbst, T. (2021) · Linguistics · doi:10.1515/ling-2020-0274 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Formulaic language from a learner perspective: What the learner needs to know
Erman, B. (2009) · Typological studies in language · doi:10.1075/tsl.83.05erm · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Gray, B., & Biber, D. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139057493.012 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Perception vs. evidence: An analysis of this and these in academic prose
Gray, B., & Cortes, V. (2010) · English for Specific Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.esp.2010.06.004 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
‘Presupposition can be a bluff’: How abstract nouns can be used as presupposition triggers
Schmid, H. (2001) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/s0378-2166(01)00027-3 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Self-citationJust remember this: Lexicogrammatical relevance markers in lectures
Deroey, K., & Taverniers, M. (2012) · English for Specific Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.esp.2012.05.001 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Glynn, D. (2014) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.43.01gly · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Quand le texte signale sa structure : la fonction textuelle des noms sous-spécifiés
Legallois, D. (2006) · Cognition représentation langages · doi:10.4000/corela.1465 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Divjak, D. (2016) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12335 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Hilpert, M. (2014) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.43.15hil · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Towards a productively-oriented academic word list
Paquot, M. (2007) · DIAL (Catholic University of Leuven) · Cited by 56 · see citing works
The more data, the better: A usage-based account of the English comparative correlative construction
Hoffmann, T., Horsch, J., & Brunner, T. (2018) · Cognitive Linguistics · doi:10.1515/cog-2018-0036 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
When variables align: A Bayesian multinomial mixed-effects model of English permissive constructions
Levshina, N. (2016) · Cognitive Linguistics · doi:10.1515/cog-2015-0054 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Glynn, D. (2014) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.43.05gly · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Situating lexical bundles in the formulaic language spectrum
Cortes, V. (2015) · Studies in corpus linguistics · doi:10.1075/scl.66.09cor · Cited by 54 · see citing works
English Comparative Correlatives
Hoffmann, T. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108569859 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Constructions, generalizations, and the unpredictability of language
Herbst, T. (2020) · Constructions and Frames · doi:10.1075/cf.00035.her · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Applied corpus linguistics for language acquisition, pedagogy, and beyond
Römer, U. (2021) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444821000392 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Les typologies nominales : présentation
Huyghe, R. (2015) · Langue française · doi:10.3917/lf.185.0005 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Herbst, T. (2018) · Quantitative methods in the humanities and social sciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-92582-0_1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Discourse Markers and (Dis)Fluency: Forms and Functions Across Languages and Registers
Crible, L. (2018) · Pragmatics & beyond. New series · doi:10.1075/pbns.286 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
‘The goal of this analysis …’: Changing patterns of metadiscursive nouns in disciplinary writing
Jiang, F. K., & Hyland, K. (2020) · Lingua · doi:10.1016/j.lingua.2020.103017 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
L’objectif de cet article est de… Construction spécificationnelle et grammaire phraséologique
Legallois, D., & Gréa, P. (2006) · Cahiers de praxématique · doi:10.4000/praxematique.657 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Writing as learning to know: Tracing knowledge construction in L2 German compositions
Ryshina–Pankova, M., & Byrnes, H. (2013) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2013.03.009 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Benítez-Castro, M.-Á. (2020) · English for Specific Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.esp.2020.10.004 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Portuguese converted deverbal nouns: Constraints on their bases
Rodrigues, A. S. (2009) · WORD Structure · doi:10.3366/e1750124509000300 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Use and Translation of Demonstratives in Fiction: A Contrastive Approach (English-Catalan)
Ribera, J. E., & Cuenca, M. J. (2013) · Catalan Review · doi:10.3828/catr.27.1.27 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
A Construction Grammar of the English Language
Herbst, T., & Hoffmann, T. (2024) · Cognitive linguistics in practice CLiP · doi:10.1075/clip.5 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Glynn, D. (2014) · Human cognitive processing · doi:10.1075/hcp.43.12gly · Cited by 37 · see citing works
What You Think Ain't What You Get: Highly polysemous verbs in mind and language
Gilquin, G. (2008) · Digital Access to Libraries · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“This study explores” ou comment la référence ancre l’abstract dans son contexte énonciatif
Bordet, G. (2019) · Cahiers de praxématique · doi:10.4000/praxematique.5637 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Contrastive analysis and learner language: A corpus-based approach
Johansson, S. (2008) · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Signalling Nouns in English: A Corpus-Based Discourse Approach
Flowerdew, J., & Forest, R. W. (2015) · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Recent change and grammaticalization
Krug, M., & Schützler, O. (2013) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139060998.008 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Hackstein, O., & Sandell, R. (2022) · International Journal of Corpus Linguistics · doi:10.1075/ijcl.20022.hac · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The polysemy of the Spanish verb sentir: A behavioral profile analysis
Jansegers, M., Vanderschueren, C., & Enghels, R. (2015) · Cognitive Linguistics · doi:10.1515/cog-2014-0055 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The state of the art in corpus linguistics: three book-length perspectives
Mukherjee, J. (2004) · English Language and Linguistics · doi:10.1017/s1360674304001261 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Giovanni Parodi, S., Julio, C., Nadal, L., Burdiles, G. A., & Cruz, A. (2018) · Journal of Pragmatics · doi:10.1016/j.pragma.2018.05.008 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Anaphora With Non-nominal Antecedents in Computational Linguistics: a Survey
Kolhatkar, V., Roussel, A., Dipper, S., & Zinsmeister, H. (2018) · Computational Linguistics · doi:10.1162/coli_a_00327 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Williams, J. D. (2006) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410613813 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Guillot, C. (2006) · Langue française · doi:10.3406/lfr.2006.6635 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Head nouns as modal stance markers –academic texts vs. legal texts
Kanté, I. (2010) · Lidil · doi:10.4000/lidil.3022 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Kaltenböck, G. (2014) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139057493.007 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Blunden, J. (2017) · Visual Communication · doi:10.1177/1470357217741938 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
The issue of specifying slots in argument structure constructions in terms of form and meaning
Herbst, T., & Uhrig, P. (2020) · Belgian Journal of Linguistics · doi:10.1075/bjl.00041.her · Cited by 26 · see citing works
López-Couso, M. J., & Méndez-Naya, B. (2021) · Language Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2021.101422 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The diachrony of stance constructions with ‘no’ chance and ‘no’ wonder
linden, A. V. (2020) · Language Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.langsci.2020.101288 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Revisiting metadiscourse: Conceptual and methodological issues concerning signalling nouns
Flowerdew, J. (2015) · CityU Scholars · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Corpus linguistics and theoretical linguistics
Barlow, M. (2011) · International Journal of Corpus Linguistics · doi:10.1075/ijcl.16.1.02bar · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Adler, S. (2017) · Syntaxe et sémantique · doi:10.3917/ss.018.0045 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Stance nouns in COVID-19 related blog posts
Curry, N., & Pérez-Paredes, P. (2021) · International Journal of Corpus Linguistics · doi:10.1075/ijcl.21080.cur · Cited by 21 · see citing works
La ressource ANNODIS, un corpus enrichi d'annotations discursives
Péry-Woodley, M.-P., Afantenos, S., Ho-Dac, L.-M., & Asher, N. M. (2011) · HAL · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Interpreting Anaphoric Shell Nouns using Antecedents of Cataphoric Shell Nouns as Training Data
Kolhatkar, V., Zinsmeister, H., & Hirst, G. (2013) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.18653/v1/d13-1030 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Dalmer, N. K. (2020) · Qualitative Health Research · doi:10.1177/1049732320949167 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Evans, V. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00156 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Herbst, T. (2018) · Zeitschrift für Anglistik und Amerikanistik · doi:10.1515/zaa-2018-0027 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Pour une classe des noms d’idéalités
Flaux, N., & Stošić, D. (2015) · Langue française · doi:10.3917/lf.185.0043 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Arifin, S., & Cheung, P. Y. K. (2007) · IEEE International Conference on Semantic Computing (ICSC) · doi:10.1109/icsc.2007.22 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Kolhatkar, V., & Hirst, G. (2014) · Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP) · doi:10.3115/v1/d14-1056 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Signalling nouns in english: A corpus-based discourse approach
Pan, F., & Tao, G. (2016) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2016.03.001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Cognitive Linguistics in Practice
(2013) · Cognitive linguistics in practice CLiP · doi:10.1075/clip · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Converging variations and the emergence of horizontal links
Lorenz, D. (2020) · Constructional approaches to language · doi:10.1075/cal.27.07lor · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The use of demonstratives and context activation in Catalan parliamentary debate
Cuenca, M. J. (2014) · Discourse Studies · doi:10.1177/1461445614546258 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Les noms généraux : présentation
Adler, S., & Moline, E. (2018) · Langue française · doi:10.3917/lf.198.0005 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Levshina, N., & Lorenz, D. (2022) · Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/langcog.2022.7 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Benítez-Castro, M.-Á. (2015) · Australian Journal of Linguistics · doi:10.1080/07268602.2015.1005001 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
An analysis ofThe thing is that Ssentences
Delahunty, G. P. (2015) · Pragmatics Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) · doi:10.1075/prag.22.1.02del · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Bordet, G. (2016) · Publications · doi:10.3390/publications4020018 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Levshina, N. (2018) · Glossa a journal of general linguistics · doi:10.5334/gjgl.294 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Extra Be : The Syntax of Shared Shell-Noun Constructions in English
Massam, D. (2017) · Language · doi:10.1353/lan.2017.0004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
- Authors
- Schmid, H.-J.
- Venue
- De Gruyter eBooks
- Publisher
- DE GRUYTER
- Published
- 2000-12-31
- OpenAlex
- W648412724
- Cited by
- 604
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 15 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 65 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 33 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 54 · 2018: 64 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 58 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 5.28
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- De Gruyter eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › linguistics and terminology studies
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Syntax, Semantics, Linguistic Variation
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Discourse Analysis in Language Studies
- Keywords
- abstract nouns, English noun, semantic functions, pragmatic functions, rhetorical functions, text functions, cognitive function, corpus linguistics, functional linguistics, cognitive linguistics, word meaning
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review