2 Entangled Endangerments: “Revitalising the Gray Whale and its Hunt”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The representative for the Netherlands questioned whether the Makah proposal was based on a genuine need rather than the mere existence of the cultural heritage.

“The representative for the Netherlands echoed similar concerns although his remarks can be read with a more accusatory rather than doubtful tone, as he questioned whether the Makah proposal was based on a genuine need rather than”

• cites [24]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The IWC verbatim records and meeting reports accurately record the statements and events they report.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Many comments referred to the fact that the Makah had lived without whaling for 70 years but did not question how this had impacted their lives or in which ways the Makah had suffered from an inability to whale during this period.

“Many comments referred to the fact that the Makah had lived without whaling for 70 years but they did not question how this had impacted their lives or in which ways the Makah had suffered from an inability to whale during this period.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some members of the Makah tribe saw the vote as void as the Makah already possessed treaty protections for their right to whale.

“He noted that some members of the tribe even saw the vote as void as the Makah already possessed treaty protections for their right to whale.26”

• cites [26]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The IWC verbatim records and meeting reports accurately record the statements and events they report.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Other member states, including Switzerland, Spain and Mexico, indicated they were worried about any potential increase in ASW whaling or quotas.

“Other member states, including Switzerland, Spain and Mexico, indicated they were worried about any potential increase in ASW whaling or quotas.”

• cites [13]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The IWC verbatim records and meeting reports accurately record the statements and events they report.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Parker spoke of the whale as an agent on his own, an active participant in the hunt who makes a decision to give himself up for the Makah whaling crew.

“Lastly, Parker spoke of the whale as an agent on his own, an active participant in the hunt who makes a decision to give himself up for the Makah whaling crew.”

• cites [19]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The IWC verbatim records and meeting reports accurately record the statements and events they report.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing).

The representative from India stated that the goal of the Scientific Committee and the IWC at large was to promote a process which would ensure that an attempt is made to gradually phase out aboriginal subsistence whaling.

“The representative from India stirred up minor controversy, stating that the goal of the Scientific Committee and the IWC at large was to promote a process which would ensure that”

• cites [14]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The IWC verbatim records and meeting reports accurately record the statements and events they report.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Nearly 70 years had lapsed since the Makah last caught a whale.

“Nearly 70 years had lapsed since the Makah last caught a whale.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The IWC verbatim records and meeting reports accurately record the statements and events they report.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Delegates from Chile, New Zealand, Oman and China doubted that after a 70-year hiatus from whaling the Makah could substantiate claims of such need.

“Delegates from Chile, New Zealand, Oman and China doubted that after a 70year hiatus from whaling the Makah could substantiate claims of such need.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The IWC verbatim records and meeting reports accurately record the statements and events they report.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The representative from Saint Lucia retorted that the tribal people do not need sympathy but an understanding of their needs and they are the ones to determine their needs.

“These remarks clearly struck a chord of irritation with the representative from Saint Lucia, who retorted that”

• cites [23]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The IWC verbatim records and meeting reports accurately record the statements and events they report.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The US commissioner pointed out that a vote held by the tribe showed an overwhelming support for resuming whaling.

“he took particular issue with the comments from Mexico, pointing out that a vote held by the tribe showed an overwhelming support for resuming whaling.”

• cites [26]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The IWC verbatim records and meeting reports accurately record the statements and events they report.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The word Makah was only uttered twice during the whole 1995 meeting, once by a US representative and once by a representative from Australia.

“in fact, the word”

• cites [13]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The IWC verbatim records and meeting reports accurately record the statements and events they report.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The IWC's own Scientific committee had concluded that the proposed quota posed no threat to conservation of the stock.

“the IWC's own Scientific committee (a sub-body tasked with scientific review and recommendations of Commission matters) had concluded that the proposed quota posed no threat to conservation of the stock.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The IWC verbatim records and meeting reports accurately record the statements and events they report.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Parker's testimony accentuated the centrality of whaling to the cultural and social lives of the Makah rather than focusing on nutritional subsistence needs.

“Instead of focusing on the nutritional subsistence needs of her tribe, Parker accentuated the centrality of whaling to the cultural and social lives of the Makah.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Several member countries including Russia, Norway and Japan condemned the remarks and articulated their support for the possibility of an ASW proposal from the Makah.

“In response, several member countries including Russia, Norway and Japan (all whaling nations themselves) condemned the remarks and articulated their support for the possibility of an ASW proposal from the Makah.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The IWC verbatim records and meeting reports accurately record the statements and events they report.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Australia and the Netherlands questioned how the US was planning to prove a subsistence need for a community which had ceased its whaling activities in the 1920s.

“both Australia and the Netherlands questioned how the US was planning to prove a subsistence need for a community which had ceased its whaling activities in the 1920s.”

• cites [13]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The IWC verbatim records and meeting reports accurately record the statements and events they report.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The US commissioner introduced the proposal as a key part of a process of cultural renaissance for the Makah.

“The commissioner introduced the proposal as a key part of a process of”

• cites [17]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The IWC verbatim records and meeting reports accurately record the statements and events they report.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Mexican Commissioner observed that Parker had not expressed nutritional needs and that during the previous week's ASW Sub-committee meeting it had been brought up that there are members of the tribe who do not feel able to accompany others in the request to the IWC.

“The Commissioner observed that Parker, representing the tribe, had not taken particular interest in expressing the nutritional needs of the Makah and that during the previous week's ASW Sub-committee meeting it had been brought up that”

• cites [25]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The IWC verbatim records and meeting reports accurately record the statements and events they report.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Makah had taken the drastic decision to stop whaling, several decades prior to the establishment of the IWC, and temporarily suspend many of the tribe's central social and cultural practices to protect their way of life and the relationship they had maintained with the gray whale throughout generations.

“The Makah had taken the drastic decision to stop whaling (several decades prior to the establishment of the IWC) and temporarily suspend many of the tribe's central social and cultural practices to protect their way of life and the relationship they had maintained with the gray whale throughout generations (for illustration, see Figure 2.2).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Makah halted their sealing and whaling activities in the 1920s due to global stock collapses and stricter hunting regulations.

“The Makah halted their sealing and whaling activities in the 1920s due to global stock collapses and stricter hunting regulations, 7”

• cites [7]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The commissioner from Australia was the first one to state an objection, arguing that there was no evidence of a subsistence need whatsoever in the Makah case.

“The commissioner from Australia was the first one to state an objection; initially offering his sympathies to communities”

• cites [22]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The IWC verbatim records and meeting reports accurately record the statements and events they report.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The Mexican Commissioner questioned whether wider support for the proposal could be found among the Makah themselves.

“The Mexican Commissioner, also concerned about the legitimacy of the Makah's need, questioned whether wider support for the proposal could be found among the Makah themselves.”

• cites [25]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The IWC verbatim records and meeting reports accurately record the statements and events they report.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Already in 1996, Marcy Parker attested to the loss of culture and lifestyle the tribe experienced giving up whaling.

“Already in 1996, Marcy Parker attested to the loss of culture and lifestyle the tribe had experienced giving up their whaling practice.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Since first bringing their case to the IWC in 1995, the Makah have consistently testified how deeply gray whales are entangled with the tribe's way of life.

“Since first bringing their case to the IWC in 1995, the Makah have consistently testified how deeply gray whales are entangled with the tribe's way of life.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Need statements illustrate how refraining from whaling has been detrimental to the tribe's economy and to traditional ways of affirming self-determination over customary marine tenure.

“Need statements further illustrate how refraining from whaling has been detrimental to the tribe's economy and to the traditional ways of affirming their self-determination over their customary marine tenure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Representatives for Mexico, New Zealand, Spain and the UK repeated their concern that the Makah proposal lacked evidence of nutritional subsistence need.

“Representatives for Mexico, New Zealand, Spain and the UK repeated their concern that the Makah proposal lacked evidence of nutritional subsistence need.”

May combine two claims.

At the 1997 meeting, many delegations expressed willingness to support the proposal based on the ASW Sub-Committee's recommendation and to renew the Chukotka quota, even with partial sharing with the Makah.

“However, the tone of the conversation differed from previous occasions, as many delegations expressed their willingness to support the proposal based on the ASW Sub-Committee's recommendation and to renew the quota for the whalers of Chukotka (even if it came with the caveat of partial sharing with the Makah).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the Makah need statements, the threat of extinction of the gray whale is intertwined with the lifeways and tenure rights of the Makah.

“In the case of the Makah, the statements also explicate how the threat of extinction of the gray whale is intertwined with the lifeways and tenure rights of the Makah.”

May combine two claims.

The ASW Sub-Committee accepted the joint proposal and forwarded it, accompanied by a recommendation to support it, to the IWC Annual Meeting.

“The ASW Sub-Committee accepted the joint proposal and forwarded it, accompanied by a recommendation to support it, to the IWC Annual Meeting.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The IWC verbatim records and meeting reports accurately record the statements and events they report.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Since the first statement, the Makah have written their need statements in collaboration with Dr. Ann Renker.

“Since the first statement, the Makah have written theirs in collaboration with Dr. Ann Renkeran author and researcher who has long lived on the Makah reservation in Neah Bay.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

After this improvement, the statements emphasised regaining access to customary marine tenure and how its benefits reverberated through the community.

“After this demonstrable improvement in the social and cultural wellbeing of the tribe, the statements have emphasised the importance of regaining access to the customary use of their marine tenure and how the benefits of this have reverberated through the community.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Throughout IWC proceedings between 1995 and 1997, opponents of the Makah proposal kept questioning its authenticity.

“Throughout the IWC proceedings between 1995 and 1997, opponents of the Makah proposal kept questioning its authenticity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

After the first hunt, the Makah were challenged over alleged breaches of the US MMPA.

“After the first hunt, the Makah were challenged over alleged breaches of the US MMPA.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Since the first meeting in 1996, the Makah have continued to apply for quotas through the IWC and been approved each time.

“Since the first meeting in 1996, the Makah have continued to apply for quotas through the IWC and been approved each time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

All Makah need statements detail how inability to access customary marine tenure and conduct hunts contribute to and intensify current economic and cultural hardships.

“All of the Makah need statements detail how the inability to access their customary marine tenure and conduct hunts contribute to and intensify the current economic and cultural hardships of the community.”

May combine two claims.

Over 40 high school students learned vocational skills and reconnected with the community's long history with whales through this collaborative effort.

“Through this collaborative effort, over 40 high school students were given the opportunity to learn valuable vocation skills and reconnect with the community's long history with whales.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The successful 1999 hunt left tribal members of all age groups and economic standing feeling more connected to their cultural heritage and hopeful of the future survival of the Makah way of life.

“The successful hunt of 1999 left tribal members of all age groups and economic standing feeling more connected to their cultural heritage and hopeful of the future survival of the Makah way of life.”

May combine two claims.

Anti-whaling state delegations (Australia, Mexico, New Zealand, the Netherlands and the UK) were the most vocal about their opposition to the proposal, while also acknowledging that they did not want to challenge the apparent consensus.

“Anti-whaling state delegations (Australia, Mexico, New Zealand, the Netherlands and the UK) were the most vocal about their opposition to the proposal, while also acknowledging that they did not want to challenge the apparent consensus on the matter.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The skeleton and remains of the 1999 whale were donated to the Makah Research and Cultural Center, which collaborated with a local high school to prepare the bones for display.

“such as when the skeleton and other remains of the whale caught in 1999 were donated to the Makah Research and Cultural Center, which collaborated with a local high school to prepare the whale bones for display.”

May combine two claims.

Whalers in Chukotka were entitled to 600 whales out of the quota (120 annually), while the Makah would be given a total quota of 20 whales, making the annual average catch four whales.

“Whalers in Chukotka were entitled to 600 whales out of the quota (120 annually), while the Makah would be given a total quota of 20 whales, making the annual average catch four whales.30”

• cites [30]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The IWC verbatim records and meeting reports accurately record the statements and events they report.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The IWC approved the joint proposal and granted the Makah a total quota of 20 gray whales over the subsequent five-year period.

“In the end, the IWC approved the joint proposal and granted the Makah a total quota of 20 gray whales over the subsequent five-year period.”

May combine two claims.

Being able to whale again allowed tribe members to rejuvenate traditional culinary traditions and ceremonial practices and rebuild kinship connections with other Northwestern peoples through a collective potlatch.

“By being able to whale again, tribe members could rejuvenate traditional culinary traditions and ceremonial practices and rebuild kinship connections with other Northwestern peoples through a collective potlatch hosted in honour of the whale”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

No other Indigenous whaling community has since approached the IWC to resume whaling.

“No other Indigenous whaling community has since approached the IWC to resume whaling”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Through her testimony, Parker demonstrated what the near extinction of the gray whales had meant for the Makah.

“Through her testimony, Parker demonstrated what the near extinction of the gray whales had meant for the Makah.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The main concern among some member states seemed to be a snowball effect: a success for the Makah might inspire other whaling communities, like the Nuu-Chah-Nulth, to follow suit and resume whaling.

“The main concern seemed to be a snowball effect of sortsa success for the Makah might inspire other whaling communities (like the Nuu-Chah-Nulth) to follow suit and resume whaling.”

May combine two claims.

The effects of extinction are not just immediate and relevant to those who go extinct, but the loss of species reverberates through ecosystems and chips away at the multiplicity of lifeforms and the networks of multi-species entanglements.

“Its effects are not just immediate and relevant to those who go extinct, but the loss of species reverberates through ecosystems and chips away at the multiplicity of lifeforms and the networks of multi-species entanglements.27”

• cites [27]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The context of the 1996 proposal was unusual because the IWC had never seriously tackled a proposal for resumption of Indigenous whaling before.

“However, the context of the proposal was anything but usual, since the IWC had never seriously tackled a proposal for resumption of Indigenous whaling before.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The gray whale's reclassification in 1994 signalled that its populations had recovered from decimation caused by industrial whaling in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.

“A conservation victory, its re-classification signalled that the populations had recovered from decimation caused by industrial whaling in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The gray whale populations had recovered from industrial whaling by 1994.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The Makah's request to the IWC was unprecedented as the first time an Indigenous whaling community had applied for a quota to revitalise their whaling practice, rather than to maintain ongoing hunts.

“The tribe's request was unprecedented, as it was the first time an Indigenous whaling community had applied for a quota to revitalise their whaling practice, rather than to maintain ongoing hunts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There seemed to be widespread doubt among the delegations as to whether the Makah need was genuine or authentic.

“Furthermore, there seemed to be widespread doubt among the delegations as to whether the Makah need was genuine or authentic.”

May combine two claims.

The chosen strategy of the US and Makah delegation was to expand and emphasise the urgency of the cultural need of the Makah to whale, and to convince the IWC that a return to whaling was not only symbolically important but central to the cultural and social wellbeing of the tribe.

“Based on the spoken testimony and the written statement, it can be concluded that the chosen strategy of the US and Makah delegation was to expand and emphasise the urgency of the cultural need of the Makah to whale, and to convince the IWC that a return to whaling was not only symbolically important but central to the cultural and social wellbeing of the tribe.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Extinction, of whales or any other species, does not occur only on the individual or population level; it is a process that makes itself felt in the ecological and socio-cultural entanglements all species live and experience with others.

“But extinction, of whales or any other species, does not occur only on the individual or population level; it is a process that makes itself felt in the ecological and socio-cultural entanglements all species live and experience with others.”

• cites [27]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

While the gray whale did not go extinct, the Makah's ways of life still hovered on the brink.

“But while the gray whale did not go extinct, the Makah's ways of life still hovered on the brink.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Handling of Parker's address illustrates how unaccustomed the IWC was to the integration of Indigenous worldviews and ways of relating to whales, especially when they did not align with the logics of Western conservation science or resource management.

“Handling of Parker's address illustrates how unaccustomed the IWC was to the integration of Indigenous worldviews and ways of relating to whales, especially when they did not align with the logics of Western conservation science or resource management.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

While none of the delegates questioned the cultural importance of whaling to the Makah way of life, their treatment of it as secondary isolated Parker's statement, effectively containing it to a separate realm in which it cannot be engaged with at all.

“While none of delegates questioned the cultural importance of whaling to the Makah way of life, their treatment of it as secondary isolates Parker's statement, effectively containing it to a separate realm in which it cannot be engaged with at all.”

May combine two claims.

The Treaty of Neah Bay, signed between the Makah and the United States in 1855, includes special protections for the tribe's marine-based livelihoods, specifying the Makah's continued right to whale in the tribe's usual and accustomed grounds.

“the Treaty of Neah Bay, signed between the Makah and United States in 1855, includes special protections for the tribe's marine-based livelihoods, specifying the Makah's continued to right to whale in the tribe's”

• cites [6]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Subsistence activities are perceived as appropriate for those in the tribal slot, while commercial activities and participation in neoliberal capitalism are deemed inappropriate or incompatible with customary resource management.

“While subsistence activities are perceived to be appropriate for those who inhabit the slot, commercial activities and participation in the neoliberal capitalist workings of the world economy tend to be deemed inappropriate or incompatible with customary or traditional resource management.43”

• cites [43]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The heightened tensions created by the US strategy sparked discussions on the underlying logics in the Commission's decision-making.

“Despite the main negotiations taking place outside of the meeting, it is important to note that the heightened tensions created by the US strategy did finally spark some discussions on the underlying logics in the Commission's decisionmaking.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Tenure rights were claimed by using the space and its resources, and tribal borders on the water were reproduced through conflict with rival chiefs.

“Tenure rights were claimed by using the space and its resources, and tribal borders on the water were reproduced through conflict with rival chiefs.”

• cites ReidNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Despite treaty protections and a millennia-long shared history with whales, the IWC continuously questioned the authenticity and motivations behind the Makah proposal; the lack of continuity was reframed as lack of connection.

“However, despite existing treaty protections and a millennia-long shared history with whales, the IWC continuously questioned the authenticity and motivations behind the Makah proposal and, although Makah whalers had halted their hunts to ensure the future of the practice, the lack of continuity was reframed as lack of connection.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The Makah have a millennia-long shared history with whales.

May combine two claims.

By combining their proposal with the Russian delegation's application for the renewal of the gray whale quotas, the US delegation and the Makah ensured that their proposal did not increase the total number of gray whales caught, protecting their proposal from criticism based on conservation concerns, and discouraged opposition to their proposal.

“By combining their proposal with the Russian delegation's application for the renewal of the gray whale quotas, the US delegation and the Makah ensured that their proposal did not increase the total number of gray whales caught, protecting their proposal from criticism based on conservation concerns, and discouraged opposition to their”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

These comments had little concrete impact but can be connected to the larger discussion over Indigenous rights taking place at the same time in institutions such as the UN.

“These comments had little concrete impact, but they can be connected to the larger discussion over Indigenous rights which was taking place at the same time in institutions such as the UN.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In the decades following the Makah campaign, understanding of Indigenous sovereignty and self-determination over land and lifeways has changed perhaps as radically as the landscape of environmental politics.

“In the decades following the Makah campaign to resume whaling, understanding of Indigenous sovereignty and self-determination over land and lifeways has changed perhaps as radically as the landscape of environmental politics.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Baked into the idea of the tribal slot and Indigenous subsistence practices is a categorical coupling of Indigeneity and extinction.

“Baked into the idea of the tribal slot and Indigenous subsistence practices is a categorical coupling of Indigeneity and extinction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Closeness to extinction is as necessary to qualify for the ASW exemption as the exception to the rule.

“Closeness to extinction is as necessary to qualify for the exemption as the exception to the rule.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: To fulfil the requirements of the ASW exemption, whaling communities must prove that they live with a continued threat of extinction and that whaling, specifically, is what keeps them alive.

May combine two claims.

Clever strategising allowed the proposal to eventually be approved, but the tribe can hardly be seen to enjoy full IWC support.

“Clever strategising allowed the proposal to eventually be approved, but the tribe can hardly be seen to enjoy full IWC support.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Historian Joshua Reid argues that Northwestern peoples, including the Makah, have always asserted their claims over the tribally contested waters of the strait and the Pacific coast through activities such as fishing, sealing and whaling.

“Historian Joshua Reid argues that Northwestern peoples, including the Makah, have always asserted their claims over the tribally contested waters of the strait and the Pacific coast through activities such as fishing, sealing and whaling.”

• cites ReidNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Historically both the Makah and Nuu-chah-nulth observed complex systems of ownership rights extending to intangible objects and hunting or fishing grounds.

“He explains that historically both the Makah and Nuu-chah-nulth observed complex systems of ownership rights, which extended to include intangible objects in addition to propertied spaces, such as hunting or fishing grounds.”

• cites ReidNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The ASW framework embodies both kinds of a(s)t(e)risking, with indigenous whaling treated as an aberration and asterisk to the whaling moratorium.

“The ASW framework embodies both kinds of a(s)t(e)risking, with indigenous whaling treated as an aberration and asterisk to the whaling moratorium.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The Makah proposal was not approved because the IWC saw how the survival of their ways of life was interwoven into the survival of their whaling practice; the Commission allowed it to pass only when it was tied to the subsistence need of another ASW group.

“Their proposal was not approved because the IWC saw how the survival of their ways of life was interwoven into the survival of their whaling practice; the Commission allowed it to pass only when it was tied to the subsistence need of another ASW group.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: According to the ASW framework, Indigenous communities' needs are based on subsistence, not on the need for a rich and holistic social and cultural life or the need to reproduce and share knowledge with and within one's community.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: To fulfil the requirements of the ASW exemption, whaling communities must prove that they live with a continued threat of extinction and that whaling, specifically, is what keeps them alive.

May combine two claims.

Opposing delegates implied the Makah could not experience a legitimate need because they had not whaled for 70 years, revealing limited understanding of whaling's prominence for Makah social structures and culture.

“By implying that the Makah could not experience a legitimate need as they had not whaled for 70 years, the opposing delegates showcased the limited understanding of the prominence of whaling practice for Makah social structures and culture”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Witnessing the revitalising power of a single successful hunt further consolidated the Makah's commitment to regain their treaty rights.

“Witnessing the revitalising power of a single successful hunt further consolidated the Makah's commitment to regain their treaty rights.”