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Cited by 0Biblical Studies and InterpretationReligion, Theology, History, Judaism, ChristianityMedieval Literature and History

1976 Jubilees in Christian Tradition

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Gavin McDowell·2025·The Rewritten Bible in Late Antiquity
DOI 10.1515/9783111590776-006
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Abstract

3 Betsy Halpern-Amaru, "Flavius Josephus and The Book of Jubilees: A Question of Source," Hebrew Union College Annual 72 (2001): 15-44.4 See, for example, T. Reuben 3:11-15 and Jub.33:1-9 (the rape of Bilhah); T. Simeon 8 and Jub.46:9-11 (the war between Canaan and Egypt); the whole of T. Levi and Jub.30-32 (the election of Levi); T. Judah 1-9 and Jub.34 and 37-38 (the wars against the Amorites and the Edomites); T. Naphtali 1 and Jub.28:9-10 (the genealogy of Bilhah); T. Benjamin 12 and Jub.46:9-11 (the war between Canaan and Egypt).5 Annette Yoshiko Reed, "Retelling Biblical Retellings: Epiphanius, the Pseudo-Clementines, and the Reception History of Jubilees," in Tradition, Transmission, and Transformation from Second Temple Literature through Judaism and Christianity in Late Antiquity, ed

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Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This chapter surveys how traditions from *Jubilees*, though the Greek text vanished, persisted in Christian literature from the third/fourth century through the fifteenth, especially in patristic citations, Byzantine chronicles, Syriac sources, and other languages. It argues that the most popular *Jubilees* traditions became stereotyped, with George Syncellus central to their transmission, while later Byzantine authors such as Zonaras and Glycas dismissed the book.

Key findings

  • Christian transmission spans the fourth to fifteenth centuries; the first direct reference is Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 4365, from the third or fourth century, calling the work the Little Genesis.
  • The most popular tradition by far is the list of the wives of the patriarchs; other recurring items include the twenty-two works of creation, Adam and Eve’s daughters, Cain’s death by a collapsing house, Cainan’s discoveries, the Tower of Babel built over forty or forty-three years and 5,433 cubits high, Canaan’s violation of the oath, Serug’s depraved generation, Abraham burning idols, Levi’s election, and the war between Jacob and Esau.
  • George Syncellus’s *Ecloga chronographica* is the most extensive Byzantine use of *Jubilees*; he cites it under several titles, sometimes misattributes material to Josephus, and, as a near-contemporary of *PRE*, shows that major *Jubilees* traditions circulated as late as the early ninth century.
  • The Syriac *Chronicle of 1234* contains the most substantial extract from *Jubilees* in any language; Tisserant documented seventeen parallels covering 160 verses, and the chronicler likely consulted a Syriac *Jubilees* directly.

Methods

  • Reception-historical survey organized by language traditions: Greek and Latin Fathers, Byzantine historians, Syriac evidence, and other Christian liturgical languages, with a conclusion tabulating the most popular traditions.
  • Draws on patristic citations, Greek catenae, Byzantine chronicles, Syriac chronicles, and Coptic, Armenian, Arabic, Slavonic, and Ethiopic evidence; relies on earlier lists by Rönsch and Charles but independently examined the Greek chronicles.
  • Excludes lost or hypothetical sources, works whose primary relationship to *Jubilees* is the *Diamerismos*, Josephus-related works, the *Testaments of the Twelve Patriarchs*, the *Pseudo-Clementines*, and “apocryphal” works generally.

Limitations

  • Stated: it proved impossible to separate Greek and Latin Fathers; lost or hypothetical sources were excluded; works related to *Jubilees* but not necessarily dependent on it were excluded; and the Greek catena to Deuteronomy has not yet benefited from a critical edition.
  • Stated/evident: much evidence is indirect, fragmentary, misattributed, or adapted for catenae and chronicles; testimonies about the “Book of the Covenant” are contradictory and its contents cannot be confirmed.
  • Evident: the author knows of no Syriac references to *Jubilees* prior to the Islamic period, and many earlier chronicles are lost, so reconstruction depends heavily on later compilations.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

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Crossref · 10.1515/9783111590776-006

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  • Findingnone given
    § 6 Jubilees in Christian Tradition

    From the time of Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 4365 onward, there is continuous citation of Jubilees in Latin, Greek, and Syriac.

    “From this point onward, there is continuous citation of Jubilees in Latin, Greek, and Syriac.”
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  • Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The first Christian theologian who appears to have been conversant with Jubilees is Origen of Alexandria (d.254).

    “The first Christian theologian who appears to have been conversant with Jubilees is also one who had a capacious knowledge of apocryphal works: Origen of Alexandria (d.254).”
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    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Diodorus of Tarsus has his name attached to an otherwise unidentified passage in the Greek catena literature, ad Gen 9:25-27.

    “Next, Diodorus of Tarsus, also known as Diodorus of Antioch (d.ca.390), has his name attached to an otherwise unidentified passage in the Greek catena literature, ad Gen 9:25-27.”
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  • Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Didymus the Blind mentions a Book of the Covenant (ἡ Βίβλος τῆς Διαθήκης), which shares at least some material with Jubilees.

    “In his biblical commentaries on Genesis and Job, Didymus mentions a Book of the Covenant (ἡ Βίβλος τῆς Διαθήκης), which shares at least some material with Jubilees.”
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  • Findingreasoning
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Didymus is the primary transmitter of this largely unknown work.

    “He is the primary transmitter of this largely unknown work.”
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  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 177
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  • The quote only partly states this claim. 4

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    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The passage attributed to Diodorus alludes to the idea that the Medes, descendants of Japhet, were dissatisfied with their initial allotment and decided to dwell in Media within the boundaries of Shem, fulfilling the prophecy that Japhet will dwell in the tents of Shem (Gen 9:27).

    “The brief passage alludes to the curious idea that the Medes, descendants of Japhet, were dissatisfied with their initial allotment and decided to dwell in the current territory of Media within the boundaries of Shem (cf.Jub.10:35), thus fulfilling the prophecy that Japhet will”
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    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    A Latin translator of Didymus called this book Leptogenesis (Little Genesis), a common Greek designation for Jubilees.

    “A Latin translator of Didymus called this book Leptogenesis (”
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    Findingnone given
    § 6 Jubilees in Christian Tradition

    The Christian transmission of Jubilees spans the duration of the Byzantine Empire, from the fourth to the fifteenth centuries.

    “The Christian transmission of Jubilees spans the duration of the Byzantine Empire, from the fourth to the fifteenth centuries.”
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    Findingnone given
    § 6 Jubilees in Christian Tradition

    The first direct reference to Jubilees is Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 4365, from the third or fourth century, calling it by its most common Greek appellation, the Little Genesis.

    “The first direct reference to the work is Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 4365, from the third or fourth century, calling it by its most common Greek appellation, the Little Genesis.”
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    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Both Rönsch and Charles cite the passage as an example of Jubilees in patristic literature, although their text differs slightly from Petit's.

    “Βoth Ronsch and Charles cite the passage as an example of Jubilees in patristic literature, although their text, from the eighteenth-century Catena of Nicephorus (I.167), differs slightly from Petit's.”
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    § 6 Jubilees in Christian Tradition

    The theme of the oath to respect national borders and Canaan's violation of this oath is not found in Josephus, but Jubilees is the oldest witness to it.

    “a theme not found in Josephus but for which Jubilees is the oldest witness.”
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    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Origen never cites Jubilees by one of its many names, although he refers to a couple of traditions known from the work.

    “Surprisingly, he never cites Jubilees by one of its many names, although he refers to a couple of traditions known from the work.”
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    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The reference to the twenty-two works of creation comes from Origen's Homiliae in Numeros IV.1.2, which has only survived in the Latin translation of Rufinus.

    “The reference comes from his Homiliae in Numeros IV.1.2,which has only survived in the Latin translation of Rufinus.”
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    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Most tellingly, the reference to filling his hands is a technical reference to priestly consecration (Exod 28:41).

    “Most tellingly, the reference to filling his hands is a technical reference to priestly consecration (Exod 28:41).”
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    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Theodore did not leave any written works, but the notes of his students have survived in the form of scholia on the Pentateuch and the Gospels.

    “He did not leave any written works, but the notes of his students have survived in the form of scholia on the Pentateuch and the Gospels.”
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    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    It also mentions the seven years Adam spent in Eden (Jub.3:17).

    “It also mentions the seven years Adam spent in Eden (Jub.3:17).”
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    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    He counts his sons backwards from Benjamin and lands on Levi.

    “He counts his sons backwards from Benjamin and lands on Levi.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    In fact, the catena on Jude includes Severus' comments on the matter, including much of what is said in his comments on Deut 34:6.

    “In fact, the catena on Jude includes Severus' comments on the matter, including much of what is said in his comments on Deut 34:6.”
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    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    In addition to its original Greek version, De mensuris et ponderibus was translated into Syriac, Armenian, Georgian, and paraphrased in Latin and Slavonic.

    “In addition to its original Greek version, 32 it was translated into Syriac, 33 Armenian, 34 Georgian, 35 and paraphrased in Latin 36 and Slavonic.37”
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    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    A portion of the Assumption of Moses has survived, but the incident with Moses' body has not.

    “A portion of the Assumption of Moses has survived, but the incident with Moses' body has not.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The Gelasian Decree is the only canon list that explicitly proscribes Jubilees, although it might be hiding in Greek canon lists under a different name.

    “Strangely, the Gelasian Decree is the only canon list that explicitly proscribes Jubilees, although it might be hiding in Greek canon lists under a different name.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The second attributed passage (no.1829, ad Gen 38:18) testifies that Tamar was a virgin when Judah slept with her, aggravating the enormity of his crime, and this has no parallel in Jubilees.

    “The second attributed passage, however, (no.1829, ad Gen 38:18) testifies that Tamar was a virgin when Judah slept with her, aggravating the enormity of his crime, and this has no parallel in Jubilees.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
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    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    In the second reference (Epistula 78.26), Jerome states that Terah, rather than Abraham, chased away the ravens during the time of famine (cf.Jub.11:18-24).

    “In the second reference (Epistula 78.26), Jerome states that Terah, rather than Abraham, chased away the ravens during the time of famine (cf.Jub.11:18-24).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Didymus' description of Cain's death is an amalgamation of two different traditions: in Jubilees, a house collapses on Cain; in a competing tradition, Lamech kills Cain in a hunting accident.

    “Didymus' description of Cain's death is an amalgamation of two different traditions.In Jubilees, a house collapses on Cain (Jub.4:31).In a competing tradition, Lamech kills Cain in a hunting accident.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The story recounted by Severus, however, is not found in Jubilees.

    “The story recounted by Severus, however, is not found in Jubilees.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Jerome is probably the least likely person to cite Jubilees, and yet he does so twice in a letter to Fabiola (Epistula 78.20 and 26) explaining the different stations of the Israelites' wandering in the wilderness as recounted in Numbers 33.

    “He is probably the least likely person to cite Jubilees, and yet he does so twice in a letter to Fabiola (Epistula 78.20 and 26) explaining the different stations of the Israelites' wandering in the wilderness as recounted in Numbers 33.”
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    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The Panarion mentions Jubilees by name, both as Jubilees and as the Little Genesis.

    “The Panarion mentions Jubilees by name, both as Jubilees and as the Little Genesis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    For this reason, and for his special merits (such as his zeal in the Shechem affair), Levi alone inherited the priesthood among Jacob's sons.

    “For this reason, and for his special merits (such as his zeal in the Shechem affair), Levi alone inherited the priesthood among Jacob's sons.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The context is the death of Moses and Severus' assertion that at one's death good and evil angels contend over the body.

    “The context is the death of Moses and Severus' assertion that at one's death good and evil angels contend over the body.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Epiphanius does not explicitly name his source or the fact that he is citing anything at all.

    “Epiphanius does not explicitly name his source or the fact that he is citing anything at all.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    This unit of length is not the same as a stadium for sporting events, although this is the meaning of the Hebrew word ris which Jerome has connected to the name of the station, Rissah.

    “This unit of length is not the same as a stadium for sporting events, although this is the meaning of the Hebrew word ris ‫,)ריס(‬ which Jerome has connected to the name of the station, Rissah ‫.)רסה(‬”
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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    These are the only references to the wives of the patriarchs in Epiphanius.

    “These are the only references to the wives of the patriarchs in Epiphanius.”
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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The same allusion is found in Jub.32:3 and is sometimes glossed over in translations.

    “The same allusion is found in Jub.32:3 and is sometimes glossed over in translations.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    M. R. James has translated the pertinent passage.

    “M. R. James has translated the pertinent passage.”
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    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    There are two direct references to Jubilees (as Leptigeneseos) and two possible allusions in Theodore's scholia.

    “There are two direct references to Jubilees (as Leptigeneseos) and two possible allusions.”
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    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    In the first citation (Epistula 78.20), Jerome suggests the Tower of Babel was surrounded by an athletic stadium.

    “In the first citation (Epistula 78.20), Jerome suggests the Tower of Babel was surrounded by an athletic stadium.”
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  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The first reference occurs in a discussion of the length of time Adam spent in Paradise.

    “The first reference occurs in a discussion of the length of time Adam spent in Paradise.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Charles cited the Greek text from the Catena of Nicephorus (I.1660-61), published in two volumes from 1772-1773 and based on only two manuscripts.

    “Charles cited the Greek text from the Catena of Nicephorus (I.1660-61), published in two volumes from 1772-1773 and based on only two manuscripts.”
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    • cites [43]

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    Findingown data
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Epiphanius mentions several traditions from Jubilees in the Panarion, but he only names the book once.

    “Epiphanius mentions several traditions from Jubilees in the Panarion, but he only names the book once.”
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    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The figure twenty-two comes from Josephus (Against Apion I. 38-41), and Epiphanius adapted his canon list to fit this number.

    “The figure twenty-two comes from Josephus (Against Apion I. 38-41), and Epiphanius adapted his canon list to fit this number.”
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    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    After the witnesses of Didymus, Epiphanius, and Jerome, references to Jubilees drop off precipitously.

    “After the intriguing witnesses of the near-contemporaries Didymus, Epiphanius, and Jerome, references to Jubilees drop off precipitously.”
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    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The passage is ad Deut 33:9, but the catena to Deuteronomy has not yet benefited from a critical edition.

    “The passage is ad Deut 33:9, but the catena to Deuteronomy, to my knowledge, has not yet benefited from a critical edition.”
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    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The references to the Book of the Covenant are few and vague.

    “The references to the Book of the Covenant are few and vague.”
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    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The passage in Theodore refers to the forty days of purification (Jub.3:9).

    “The passage here refers to the forty days of purification (Jub.3:9).”
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    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Theodore of Tarsus was a Byzantine divine who served as Archbishop of Canterbury from 668 to 690 CE.

    “Theodore of Tarsus was a Byzantine divine who served as Archbishop of Canterbury from 668 to 690 CE.”
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    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    This becomes the occasion to discuss why Reuben, the firstborn, was denied the priesthood and kingship, while Judah inherited the kingship and Levi, the priesthood.

    “This becomes the occasion to discuss why Reuben, the firstborn, was denied the priesthood and kingship, while Judah inherited the kingship and Levi, the priesthood.”
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    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The next chronologically is Isidore of Pelusium (d.449), an Egyptian ascetic known for his many letters.

    “The next chronologically is Isidore of Pelusium (d.449), an Egyptian ascetic known for his many letters.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    This is the word used in the reference to Babel in a Syriac list of the wives of the patriarchs (see below).

    “This is the word used in the reference to Babel in a Syriac list of the wives of the patriarchs (see below).”
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    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The Gelasian Decree is a list of authoritative and spurious books written around the mid-sixth century.

    “This short document is a list of authoritative and spurious books written around the mid-sixth century.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The biblical context is Moses' blessing of the twelve tribes at the end of his life.

    “The biblical context is Moses' blessing of the twelve tribes at the end of his life.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    In a separate passage (Panarion 26.1.6), Epiphanius gives Barthenos as the name of the wife of Noah, apparently confusing the traditional name of Noah's mother for his wife (cf.Jub.4:28).

    “In a separate passage (Panarion 26.1.6),Epiphanius gives”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

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    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The names which appear in entries 585, 833, and 861 are the ones found in the tenth- or eleventh-century Septuagint manuscript Basel 135, which is in fact a catena.

    “The names which appear here and later (number 833 ad Gen 10:24-25 and number 861 ad Gen 11:20-25) are the ones found in the tenth-or eleventh-century Septuagint manuscript Basel 135 (currently Basel, Univeristätsbibliothek AN III 13), which is in fact a catena.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Basel 135

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    Findingown data
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The Greek catenae lack the names of the wives of Terah, Shem, Ham, and Japhet.

    “The wife of Terah does not appear.The Greek catenae also lack the names of the wives of Shem, Ham, and Japhet.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Greek chroniclers pick up right when the patristic references trail off.

    “Greek chroniclers pick up right when the patristic references trail off.”
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    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Apart from the final tally at the end (missing in some manuscripts), the Greek text of number 2268 is very close to the Ethiopic.

    “Apart from the final tally at the end (missing in some manuscripts), the Greek text is very close to the Ethiopic.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Syncellus' second and final reference to the Apocalypse of Moses is a summary of the story told in Jub.10:1-14, which Syncellus cites as the sort of apocryphal story a good Christian ought not to believe.

    “Syncellus' second (and final) reference to the Apocalypse of Moses is a summary of the story told in Jub.10:1-14, which Syncellus cites as the sort of apocryphal story a good Christian ought not to believe.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [108]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    The amplest chronicle is that of George Syncellus, who has preserved much material from earlier, lost chronicles.

    “The amplest chronicle is that of George Syncellus, who has preserved much material from earlier, lost chronicles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Syncellus rarely names the wives of the patriarchs, although he mentions the two daughters of Adam, whom he calls (like John Malalas) Asouam and Azoura.

    “Syncellus rarely names the wives of the patriarchs, although he mentions the two daughters of Adam, whom he calls (like John Malalas) Asouam and Azoura.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The names in the catena are comparable to the ones found in Hebrew, with some obvious cases of textual corruption, such as 'Eani' for 'Edni'.

    “These names are comparable to the ones found in Hebrew, with some obvious cases of textual corruption, such as”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Syncellus uses a solar year of 365 days rather than Jubilees' 364-day calendar, and takes his dates from the Septuagint rather than Jubilees' network of days, weeks, and jubilees.

    “First, he uses a solar year of 365 days (rather than Jubilees' idiosyncratic calendar of 364 days), and he takes his dates from the Septuagint rather than Jubilees' network of days, weeks, and jubilees”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Abraham was the first to proclaim as creator the God of the universe.

    “Abraham was the first to proclaim as creator the God of the universe (cf.Jub.11:16-17; Ant.I.155).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jub.11:16-17; Ant.I.155

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    While Syncellus draws upon the Book of the Watchers rather than Jubilees for the Watchers story, he does name an Apocalypse of Moses twice.

    “While he draws upon the Book of the Watchers rather than Jubilees for this story, he does name an Apocalypse of Moses twice.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Number 2268 (ad Gen 50:26) is a citation of Jub.46:3, a brief timetable of Joseph's life.

    “Number 2268 (ad Gen 50:26) is a citation of Jub.46:3, a brief timetable of Joseph's life.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jub.46:3

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Number 585 is a list of the wives of the patriarchs from Jub. 4:11-33.

    “Number 585 is a list of the wives of the patriarchs from Jub. 4:11-33.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jub. 4:11-33

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Malalas assigns Asouam to Seth and Azoura to Cain, which is the reverse of Jubilees.

    “Strangely, Malalas assigns Asouam to Seth and Azoura to Cain.It is the reverse in Jubilees.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Many of Syncellus' successors are dependent on him or a combination of his sources.

    “Many of his successors are dependent on him or a combination of his sources.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    The Little Genesis states that Abraham's maternal grandfather was named Abraham, and Sarah his sister had the same father as Abraham.

    “The Little Genesis states that the maternal grandfather of Abraham was named Abraham, and Sarah his sister had the same father as Abraham (Jub.11:14; 12:9).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jub.11:14; 12:9

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Malalas' chronicle has only a handful of elements in common with Jubilees, and he never names Jubilees.

    “It only has a handful of elements in common with Jubilees (which he never names)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    In number 1804b, Bilhah and Dinah are buried near the tomb of Rachel, and Jacob institutes Yom Kippur to commemorate Joseph's presumed death.

    “They are buried near the tomb of Rachel.Jacob then institutes Yom Kippur to commemorate Joseph's presumed death.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    At the beginning of Book III.1, Malalas says Abraham confronted his father about his idolatry and broke his father's idols after a commonly disseminated Jewish tradition, not burning a temple of idols as in Jubilees.

    “At the beginning of the third book (III.1),Abraham is said to have confronted his father about his idolatry.He breaks his father's idols, however, after the manner of a commonly disseminated Jewish tradition (cf.Gen. Rab.38:13).89He does not burn a temple of idols as in Jubilees.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gen. Rab.38:13

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Much later, Syncellus cites the Little Genesis in a series of miscellanea about the life of Abraham, some of which comes from Jubilees and other parts from Josephus' Antiquities or the Bible.

    “Much later, Syncellus cites the Little Genesis in a series of miscellanea about the life of Abraham.Some of this material comes from Jubilees, though other parts are found in Josephus' Antiquities or even the Bible.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    The sentence conflates Gen 27:40 with Jub.26:34.

    “The sentence conflates Gen 27:40 with Jub.26:34.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Gen 27:40

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Jub.26:34

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Unlike other references to Jubilees in the catenae, the citation in number 839 is an exact citation of Jub.10:21.

    “Unlike other references to Jubilees in the catenae, the above is an exact citation of Jub.10:21.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jub.10:21

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Number 839 (ad Gen 11:4) quotes Jub.10:21 on the dimensions of the tower of Babel.

    “Number 839 (ad Gen 11:4) quotes Jub.10:21 on the dimensions of the tower of Babel.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jub.10:21

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Number 1829 ad Gen 38:18 cites 'The Testament' but does not evoke any clear tradition from Jubilees.

    “This is counterbalanced by number 1829 ad Gen 38:18, which cites”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Syncellus had many antecedents, but they are mostly lost.

    “Syncellus had many antecedents, but they are mostly lost.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Syncellus later states, contra Jubilees, that a 'jubilee' consists of fifty years.

    “(later, he will state, contra Jubilees, that a “jubilee” consists of fifty years)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Number 551 simply names 'Asaoul' as the sister and wife of Cain.

    “It simply names”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Syncellus initially qualifies the Little Genesis as a work that some believe to be a 'revelation of Moses,' but he only uses the title Apocalypse of Moses during a digression on the utility of apocrypha, attached to his account of the Watchers.

    “Syncellus initially qualifies the Little Genesis as a work that some believe to be a “revelation of Moses,” but he only uses the title Apocalypse of Moses during a digression on the utility of apocrypha, attached to his account of the Watchers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Number 2270, ad Gen 50:25-26, is a lengthy citation of Jub.46:6-12a and 47:1, bridging the gap between the books of Genesis and Exodus.

    “Finally, number 2270, ad Gen 50:25-26, is a lengthy citation of Jub.46:6-12a and 47:1, bridging the gap between the books of Genesis and Exodus.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Jub.46:6-12a

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Jub.47:1

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The most notable aspect of this section of the list is that the Greek has preserved Cainan and his wife.

    “The most notable aspect of this section of the list is that the Greek has preserved Cainan and his wife.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Number 833 (ad Gen 10:24-25) is yet another list of the wives of the patriarchs, this time from the period after the Flood (Jub.8:5-7; 10:18).

    “Number 833 (ad Gen 10:24-25) is yet another list of the wives of the patriarchs, this time from the period after the Flood (Jub.8:5-7; 10:18).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Jub.8:5-7

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Jub.10:18

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    In one exceptional instance, Syncellus ascribes a verse from Jubilees to the canonical book of Genesis.

    “In one exceptional instance, he ascribes a verse from Jubilees to the canonical book of Genesis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The passage in number 867 explicitly refers to Jubilees, but it is a paraphrase of Jub.12:12 rather than a direct citation.

    “The passage explicitly refers to Jubilees, but it is a paraphrase of Jub.12:12 rather than a direct citation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jub.12:12

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Syncellus cites the Little Genesis as his source but qualifies it with the phrase 'which some say is a revelation of Moses,' without explicitly calling it the Apocalypse of Moses.

    “Though Syncellus cites the Little Genesis as his source, he qualifies it with the phrase, “which some say is a revelation of Moses” (ἦν καὶ Μωϋσέως εἶναί φασί τινες ἀποκάλυψιν), without explicitly calling it the Apocalypse of Moses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Syncellus first mentions the Little Genesis in conjunction with the twenty-two works of creation, but he includes references to the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet and the twenty-two books of the Hebrew Bible, which are part of Epiphanius' De mensuris et ponderibus but not the text of Jubilees.

    “Syncellus first mentions it in conjunction with the twenty-two works of creation (Jub.2:2-23), but he includes references to the twenty-two letters of the Hebrew alphabet and the twenty-two books of the Hebrew Bible, which are part of Epiphanius' De mensuris et ponderibus but not the text of Jubilees.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jub.2:2-23

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    From Abraham, Egyptians learned the placement and movement of the stars and the knowledge of arithmetic.

    “From him, Egyptians learned the placement and movement of the stars and the knowledge of arithmetic (Ant.I.167).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Ant.I.167

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    On the following pages, Syncellus mentions two more items, both attributed to the Little Genesis.

    “On the following pages, Syncellus mentions two more items, both attributed to the Little Genesis.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    The angel speaking to Moses said to him, 'I have taught Abraham the Hebrew tongue as it was customarily spoken by all the forefathers from the beginning of creation,' according to Little Genesis.

    “The angel speaking to Moses said to him, “I have taught Abraham the Hebrew tongue as it was customarily spoken by all the forefathers from the beginning of creation,” according to Little Genesis (cf.Jub.12:25-26).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jub.12:25-26

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Mastipham, the leader of the demons, as Little Genesis says, approached God and said, 'If Abraham loves you, let him offer to you his own son.'

    “Mastipham, the leader of the demons, as Little Genesis says, approached God and said, “If Abraham loves you, let him offer to you his own son” (cf.Jub.17:16).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jub.17:16

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    In Book II.18, Malalas attributes idolatry and Hellenism to Serug, claiming Eusebius as his source.

    “In the second book (II.18),Malalas attributes idolatry and “Hellenism” to Serug (cf.Jub.11:1-8), claiming Eusebius as his source.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jub.11:1-8

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    In Malalas, Cainan discovers Seth's beneficent astronomical writings rather than the forbidden knowledge of the Watchers, who do not appear in Malalas.

    “In a significant departure from Jubilees, Cainan discovers Seth's beneficent astronomical writings rather than the forbidden knowledge of the Watchers, who do not appear in Malalas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Abraham was the first to surround the altar with olive and palm branches.

    “Abraham was the first to surround the altar with olive and palm branches (Jub.16:31).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jub.16:31

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    In the time of Abraham, an angel is first named in the divine scripture.

    “In the time of Abraham, an angel is first named in the divine scripture (Gen 16:7).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gen 16:7

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Glycas cites both Josephus and the Little Genesis as claiming that the serpent had limbs prior to the Fall, though only Josephus states this.

    “For example, he cites both Josephus and the Little Genesis as claiming that the serpent had limbs prior to the Fall, though only Josephus states this (Ant.I.50).213”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 'Little Genesis' cited by Byzantine chroniclers is the book of Jubilees.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Peter of Alexandria is the otherwise unknown author of a short tenth-century chronicle extant in a single manuscript (Coislinianus 229).

    “Another minor work is that of Peter of Alexandria, the otherwise unknown author of a short tenth-century chronicle extant in a single manuscript (Coislinianus 229).136”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [136]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Michael Glycas was a historian and theologian who wrote his chronicle for the instruction of his son, and his attitude towards Jubilees is like that of John Zonaras; he dismisses the work as a joke.

    “This author, Michael Glycas (fl.12th c.) was a historian and theologian who wrote his chronicle for the instruction of his son.201His attitude towards Jubilees is like that of John Zonaras.In a direct address to his son, he dismisses the work as a joke.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Two of Symeon's citations of the Little Genesis are textually dubious and inaccurate; the remaining example is attributed to Moses.

    “Two of these are textually dubious (and also inaccurate); the remaining example is attributed to”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 'Little Genesis' cited by Byzantine chroniclers is the book of Jubilees.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Neither the idea of Cain's natural disposition to evil nor Nimrod's role in Babel is found in Jubilees, but both are in Josephus.

    “Neither idea is found in Jubilees (which does not even name Nimrod), but both are in Josephus (Ant.I.53; I.113-14).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    The work of interest is a florilegium found in Athos, Koutloumos 178, ff.11b-13b, a collection of historical excerpts that includes material from Jubilees, citations of Josephus, Eusebius of Caesarea, Epiphanius of Salamis, and even Paul.

    “The work of inter-est here is not this account but a florilegium found in a manuscript: Athos, Koutloumos 178, ff.11b-13b, a collection of historical excerpts that includes, in addition to material from Jubilees, citations of Josephus, Eusebius of Caesarea, Epiphanius of Salamis, and even Paul.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Symeon the Logothete offers a variation of the biography of Enoch (Jub.4:15-26) not found in earlier extant chronicles, and this biography mentions the Watchers.

    “Symeon the Logothete therefore offers a variation of the biography of Enoch (Jub.4:15-26) not found in earlier extant chronicles.This biography mentions the Watchers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Glycas gives a sarcastic and not particularly accurate account of the Adam and Eve story in Jub. 3, but incidentally cites Jub.3:16, a verse for which he is the only Greek textual witness.

    “The passage is a paradox.On the one hand, Glycas gives a sarcastic and not particularly accurate account of the Adam and Eve story in Jub. 3. On the other hand, he incidentally cites Jub.3:16, a verse for which he is the only Greek textual witness.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Syncellus narrates Abraham's liberation from idolatry no fewer than three times, assigning it to Josephus in the second instance.

    “Syncellus narrates Abraham's liberation from idolatry no fewer than three times, assigning it to Josephus in the second instance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Zonaras had a much higher opinion of Josephus than of Jubilees and used Josephus liberally; Kampianaki pointed out the irony that Zonaras inherited some traditions from Jubilees via Josephus, such as the name of Pharaoh's daughter, Thermuthis.

    “Zonaras had a much higher opinion of Josephus than he did of Jubilees and used the Jewish historian liberally.”
    • Also stated in: § 6.2 Byzantine Historians · plain
      “Theofili Kampianaki, in a monograph on the chronicle, its sources, and its reception, pointed out the irony that Zonaras inherited some traditions from Jubilees via Josephus, such as the name of Pharaoh's daughter, Thermuthis (Jub.47:5; Ant.II.224), but this is the extent that he can discuss Jubilees' influence on the chronicle.200”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kampianaki

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    In book two, George the Monk mentions the construction of the Tower of Babel over forty years and Canaan's occupation of Shem's territory.

    “In book two, he mentions the construction of the Tower of Babel over forty years131 and Canaan's occupation of Shem's territory.132”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [131]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [132]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Pseudo-Eusthatius was initially published by Leo Allatius (d.1669) under the misleading name In hexahemeron commentarius.

    “It was initially published by Leo Allatius (d.1669) under the misleading name In hexahemeron commentarius.141”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [141]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Only a few pages earlier, Syncellus summarized the tradition of Abraham's liberation from idolatry without attributing it to anyone.

    “Only a few pages earlier, Syncellus summarized this tradition without attributing it to anyone.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Joel is the attributed author of a brief chronicle (1614 lines) that runs from creation to the Crusader conquest of Constantinople in 1204, and it survives in only four manuscripts; George the Monk and George Cedrenus are among its sources.

    “Joel is the attributed author of a brief chronicle (1614 lines) that runs from creation to the Crusader conquest of Constantinople in 1204.216 The ending bemoans that Christians should attack other Christians, a possible suggestion that it was composed sometime during the brief Latin Empire (1204-1261).It survives in only four manuscripts.”
    • Also stated in: § 6.2 Byzantine Historians · plain
      “George the Monk and George Cedrenus are among its sources.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Glycas comes close to naming his source as Jubilees in a Mosaic history stating, against Josephus, that Abraham and Sarah were half-siblings, children of the same mother; Jubilees 12:9 says they are children of the same father, as does Genesis.

    “The only other time he comes close to naming his source as Jubilees is a”
    • Also stated in: § 6.2 Byzantine Historians · plain
      “Jubilees 12:9 says they are children of the same father-as does Genesis (Gen 20:12).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    John Zonaras authored one of the most influential and longest of all Byzantine chronicles, and despite its length, his chronicle mentions the Little Genesis only to dismiss it.

    “Cedrenus' attitude towards Jubilees can be contrasted with John Zonaras (d.1145), a bureaucrat turned monk, who authored one of the most influential (and longest) of all the Byzantine chronicles.196Despite its prodigious length, his chronicle mentions the Little Genesis only to dismiss it.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 'Little Genesis' cited by Byzantine chroniclers is the book of Jubilees.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Symeon cites the Little Genesis by name at least once and at most four times.

    “Symeon cites the Little Genesis by name at least once and at most four times.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 'Little Genesis' cited by Byzantine chroniclers is the book of Jubilees.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    The chronicle of Pseudo-Eusthatius uses Eupolemus.

    “such as the chronicle's use of Eupolemus,145”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [145]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Albert-Marie Denis described the manuscript and named the traditions recounted within: the twenty-two works of creation, the death of Cain, the talking animals, the parentage of Abraham and Sarah, the sacrifice of Isaac, the life of Jacob, the death of Abraham, and the chronology of the patriarch Joseph.

    “Albert-Marie Denis described the manuscript and named the traditions recounted within: the twenty-two works of creation, the death of Cain, the talking animals, the parentage of Abraham and Sarah (i.e., that they were half-siblings), the sacrifice of Isaac, the life of Jacob, the death of Abraham, and the chronology of the patriarch Joseph.225”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Denis

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    George the Monk mentions the election of Levi and the war between Jacob and Esau, erroneously attributing the second to Josephus.

    “He also mentions the election of Levi and the war between Jacob and Esau, erroneously attributing the second to Josephus.133”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [133]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Syncellus' work is roughly contemporary with PRE.

    “Significantly for the present study, Syncellus' work is roughly contemporary with PRE.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Cedrenus makes some new references, for example mentioning the ten months during which the infants were thrown into the Nile and briefly summarizing the frame narrative.

    “Cedrenus does make some new references.For example, he mentions the ten months during which the infants were thrown into the Nile (cf.Jub.47:3).194He also briefly summarizes the frame narrative.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Peter of Alexandria uses other Second Temple sources as well, such as Artapanus' rendition of the early life of Moses.

    “Peter uses other Second Temple sources as well, such as Artapanus' rendition of the early life of Moses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    The story of Abraham burning the temple does not appear at all in Josephus, but it was well-known from other sources (such as Malalas).

    “This story does not appear at all in Josephus, but it was well-known from other sources (such as Malalas).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    The rest of the Jubilees material in Symeon is familiar from other chronicles, and the majority of these, except for the depredations of the generation of Serug, have an equivalent in the chronicle of George Syncellus.

    “The rest of the Jubilees material in Symeon is familiar from other chronicles.”
    • Also stated in: § 6.2 Byzantine Historians · plain
      “The majority of these-except for the depredations of the generation of Serug-have an equivalent in the chronicle of George Syncellus.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    In the second book, George the Monk covers the remainder of the traditions known to Malalas: the introduction of Hellenism in the days of Serug and Abraham's rejection of idolatry.

    “In the second book, he covers the remainder of the traditions known to Malalas: the introduction of”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [129]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [130]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Peter of Alexandria's chronicle features a list of the wives of the patriarchs, in two installments: the wives before the Flood and the wives after.

    “It too features a list of the wives of the patriarchs, in two installments: the wives before the Flood138 and the wives after.139”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [138]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [139]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    In Syncellus's account, the anonymous angel in Jubilees (Raphael in Sefer Asaph) is called Michael, and Mastema becomes the devil.

    “The anonymous angel in Jubilees (Raphael in Sefer Asaph) is now called Michael, while Mastema (named by Syncellus elsewhere as”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Glycas uses Jubilees material taken from other chronicles without argument, and these themes are well known from the chronicles of George Syncellus, Symeon the Logothete, and George Cedrenus.

    “Even stranger, Glycas goes on to use Jubilees material taken from other chronicles without argument.”
    • Also stated in: § 6.2 Byzantine Historians · boosted
      “These themes are wellknown from the chronicles of George Syncellus, Symeon the Logothete, and George Cedrenus.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingreasoning
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    These passages share a similar theme: Jacob's election and the blessings bestowed on his children.

    “These passages share a similar theme: Jacob's election and the blessings bestowed on his children.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    The list of wives in the Selection of Histories is slightly different from that found in the catena literature.

    “The list of wives is slightly different from that found in the catena literature.135”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [135]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Both the construction of the Tower of Babel over forty years and Canaan's occupation of Shem's territory are among George Syncellus' unsourced traditions.

    “Both of these are among George Syncellus'”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    George the Monk's chronicle covers the whole span of history from creation to the year 842.

    “It covers the whole span of history from creation to the year 842.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Pseudo-Symeon was a major source for George Cedrenus, who imported this chronicle's Jubilees material.

    “Fortunately, it was a major source for George Cedrenus, who has imported this chronicle's Jubilees material.170”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    In Pseudo-Eusthatius, Cainan discovers augury through his own observation of the stars.

    “Cainan discovers augury through his own observation of the stars.143”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [143]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    George the Monk's chronicle is partially based on Malalas and preserves his store of traditions from Jubilees.

    “His chronicle is partially based on Malalas and preserves his store of traditions from Jubilees.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Pseudo-Symeon is an entirely separate chronicle named because it abruptly begins after some thirty folios of the chronicle of the genuine Symeon in the one manuscript in which it survives (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale Grec 1712), and it has not been edited or translated into any modern or ancient language.

    “In addition to Symeon and the other Logothete chronicles, there is an entirely separate chronicle with the moniker”
    • Also stated in: § 6.2 Byzantine Historians · plain
      “It has not been edited or translated into any modern (or ancient) language.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Cedrenus names the Little Genesis as one of his sources, and his work abounds in references to the book, but most of them are taken from elsewhere.

    “Cedrenus names the Little Genesis as one of his sources.172His work abounds in references to the book, but most of them are taken from elsewhere.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 'Little Genesis' cited by Byzantine chroniclers is the book of Jubilees.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Pseudo-Eusthatius is a recently rediscovered minor tenth-century chronicle.

    “Yet another minor tenth-century chronicle is the recently rediscovered work of Pseudo-Eusthatius.140”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [140]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    All the other misattributed material comes from the life of Jacob: Abraham's blessing of Jacob (Jub.22:4-23:5); Jacob's declaration to his mother that he is still a virgin (Jub.25:9); the war between Jacob and Esau (Jub.37-38); Isaac's blessing of Levi and Judah (Jub.31:13-20); and Jacob's tithe of Levi (Jub.32:1-3).

    “All the other misattributed material comes from the life of Jacob: Abraham's blessing of Jacob (Jub.22:4-23:5);116 Jacob's declaration to his mother that he is still a virgin (Jub.25:9);117 the war between Jacob and Esau (Jub.37-38);118 Isaac's blessing of Levi and Judah (Jub.31:13-20);119 and Jacob's tithe of Levi (Jub.32:1-3).120”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [116]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [117]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [118]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Syncellus always misattributes Jubilees material to Josephus; he never attributes material from Josephus to Jubilees.

    “Syncellus always misattributes Jubilees material to Josephus; he never attributes material from Josephus to Jubilees.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Glycas often gives George (Syncellus? Hamartolos? Cedrenus?) as his authority, and true to his principles, he only cites traditions from these authors that are not attributed to Jubilees.

    “Glycas does not entirely dissimulate here, often giving”
    • Also stated in: § 6.2 Byzantine Historians · plain
      “True to his principles, he only cites traditions from these authors that are not attributed to Jubilees.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingreasoning
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Albert-Marie Denis adduced additional textual evidence for Jubilees from Zonaras's chronicle, citing a passage attributed to Josephus about the hardships endured by the Israelites under the Egyptians and comparing it to Jub. 46:14; the parallel is not convincing because the verse from Jubilees is already very close to Exod 1:11 and the text of Zonaras is a pale reflection of both, and it is a near

    “Albert-Marie Denis, in his collection of Greek citations of Jubilees, adduced additional textual evidence for Jubilees from Zonaras' chronicle, citing a passage attributed to Josephus about the hardships endured by the Israelites under the Egyptians and comparing it to Jub. 46:14.198”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Denis

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    The Selection of Histories (Ekloge historion) is an anonymous, incomplete ninth-century Byzantine world chronicle whose most notable relationship to Jubilees is the names of the wives of the patriarchs, although Cainan and the decline of civilization in the time of Serug are also incidentally mentioned.

    “The Selection of Histories (Ekloge historion) is an anonymous, incomplete ninth-century Byzantine world chronicle whose most notable relationship to Jubilees is the names of the wives of the patriarchs, although Cainan and the decline of civilization in the time of Serug are also incidentally mentioned.134”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [134]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    The dubious attributions in Symeon include a reference to Cain's natural disposition to evil (22.2) and Nimrod's role in the construction of Babel (26.5).

    “The dubious attributions include a reference to Cain's natural disposition to evil (22.2)158 and Nimrod's role in the construction of Babel (26.5).159”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    A lot of the intervening space in Peter of Alexandria's chronicle is dedicated to the Diamerismos, although the oath taken by the sons of Noah does not make an appearance.

    “A lot of the intervening space is dedicated to the Diamerismos, although the oath taken by the sons of Noah does not make an appearance.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    John Anagnostes (the Reader) is the last Byzantine writer to use Jubilees, and he lived in the final days of the empire; his most famous work is an eyewitness account of the fall of Thessaloniki to the Ottoman Turks in 1430.

    “John Anagnostes (”
    • Also stated in: § 6.2 Byzantine Historians · plain
      “His most famous work is an eyewitness account of the fall of Thessaloniki to the Ottoman Turks in 1430.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    The list of wives in the Selection of Histories includes Edna, the wife of Terah.

    “It includes, for example, Edna, the wife of Terah.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    In Pseudo-Eusthatius, Serug devises the Chaldaean arts, and Abraham burns his father's idols.

    “Serug devises the Chaldaean arts, and Abraham burns his father's idols.144”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [144]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Syncellus does so again on the very next page, adding only that Abraham was sixty-one when he burned the temple, against Jub.12:12-14, which says he was sixty.

    “He does so again on the very next page, adding only that Abraham was sixty-one when he burned the temple (against Jub.12:12-14, which says he was sixty).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    A newly identified manuscript (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale Grec 1336, ff.9a-111a) continues the history to the time of Alexander the Great.

    “A newly identified manuscript (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale Grec 1336, ff.9a-111a) continues the history to the time of Alexander the Great.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    In the first book, George the Monk names the daughters of Adam and Eve and mentions Seth's discovery of writing and astronomy and their rediscovery by Cainan.

    “For example, in the first book, he names the daughters of Adam and Eve127 and mentions Seth's discovery of writing and astronomy and their rediscovery by Cainan.128”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [127]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [128]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    The remaining parallels consist of widely reported traditions from Jubilees: the death of Cain via collapsing house (Jub.4:31); various traditions about the Tower of Babel (Jub.10:21.26); the oath among the sons of Noah and Canaan's violation of that oath (Jub.10:28-34); Cainan's rediscovery of Antediluvian lore (Jub.8:1-4); and two different anonymous reports about Abraham burning the temple ofid

    “They consist of widely reported traditions from the work.The relevant traditions are: the death of Cain via collapsing house (Jub.4:31);121 various traditions about the Tower of Babel (Jub.10:21.26);122 the oath among the sons of Noah and Canaan's violation of that oath (Jub.10:28-34);123 Cainan's rediscovery of Antediluvian lore (Jub.8:1-4);124 and two different anonymous reports about Abraham”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [121]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [122]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [123]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.3 Syriac Sources

    Syriac authors cite a Book of Jubilees that does not at all resemble the extant text, and both this phenomenon and the similar one in Hebrew literature appeared.

    “In other instances, Syriac authors cite a”
    • Also stated in: § 6.3 Syriac Sources · plain
      “Both phenomena also appeared in Hebrew literature.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § [12: 12]

    Brock's chronological tradition is attested in some ancient sources; he cites Jerome's Quaestiones Hebraicae in Genesim to Gen 12:4, where Jerome affirms that when Abraham left Ur of the Chaldaeans at age sixty, his days were counted anew.

    “Brock's chronological tradition is attested in some ancient sources.He cites Jerome's Quaestiones Hebraicae in Genesim to Gen 12:4, where Jerome affirms that when Abraham left Ur of the Chaldaeans at age sixty, his days were counted anew.233”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Brock

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Jerome

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § [12: 12]

    William Adler has challenged Brock's interpretation, correctly pointing out that Jacob's letter is not responding to any chronological problem and that Jacob seems unaware of any chronological problem if Terah dies on the eve of Abraham's seventy-fifth birthday.

    “William Adler has challenged Brock's interpretation in several articles.235He correctly points out that Jacob's letter is not responding to any chronological problem.In fact, Jacob seems unaware that any chronological problem is present if Terah dies on the eve of Abraham's seventy-fifth birthday.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Adler

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Denis claims that Anagnostes is the only witness for the material about Abraham and Joseph, but this is not accurate, as the chronology of Joseph is found in catenae and the material about Abraham is only questionably related to Jubilees, except for Abraham's blessing of Jacob, which is from Syncellus.

    “Denis claims that Anagnostes is the only witness for the material about Abraham and Joseph.This is not accurate, as the chronology of Joseph is found in catenae (no.2268 ad Gen 50:26), and the material about Abraham is only questionably related to Jubilees (except for Abraham's blessing of Jacob, which is from Syncellus).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Denis

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § [12: 12]

    Sebastian Brock drew attention to numerous discrepancies between Jacob's account and Jubilees, including attributing the crows to God rather than Mastema, the crow incident as Abraham's first encounter with God versus culture hero and inventor of a plough, and the causal link between burning the temple and flight to Harran.

    “Sebastian Brock drew attention to the numerous discrepancies between the two accounts.230Among the most significant differences are attributing the crows to the agency of God (so Jacob) rather than Mastema (so Jubilees).In Jacob, the crow incident is how Abraham first encounters God.In Jubilees, it is how Abraham becomes a culture hero, the inventor of a type of plough.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Brock

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.3 Syriac Sources

    Jacob of Edessa quotes a tradition similar to a passage from Jubilees but different enough to warrant further investigation.

    “In one instance, Jacob of Edessa quotes a tradition similar to a passage from Jubilees but different enough to warrant further investigation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § [12: 12]

    In Book I, chapter 6, Michael gives an account of the civil war that wiped out most of humanity prior to the Flood, omitting reference to fallen angels and giants.

    “In Book I, chapter 6, however, he gives an account of the civil war that wiped out most of humanity prior to the Flood, omitting all reference to the fallen angels and the giants in the process.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § [12: 12]

    Cainan's presence in the genealogical record contradicts the claim that the twenty-two generations from Adam to Jacob correspond to the twenty-two works of creation; Cainan would make twenty-three generations.

    “His presence in the genealogical record contradicts the stated claim that the twenty-two generations from Adam to Jacob correspond to the twenty-two works of creation (Jub.2:23); Cainan would make twenty-three generations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jub.2:23

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.3 Syriac Sources

    Jacob's story of Abraham's time in Ur only loosely resembles the story in Jub.11-12, and Jacob's only named sources are certain Jewish histories.

    “This background leads Jacob into a story of Abraham's time in Ur of the Chaldaeans that only loosely resembles the story in Jub.11-12.Jacob's only named sources are certain”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given
    § 6.3 Syriac Sources

    The author knows of no Syriac references to Jubilees prior to the Islamic period.

    “Strangely, I know of no Syriac references to Jubilees prior to the Islamic period.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § [12: 12]

    In Jubilees, Cainan is the brother of Kesed, the father of the Chaldaeans and co-founder of Ur.

    “A close reading of the genealogical information in Jubilees reveals that Cainan is also the brother of Kesed, the father of the Chaldaeans and the co-founder of Ur of the Chaldaeans (Jub.11:3).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jub.11:3

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given
    § [12: 12]

    Jacob introduces into the narrative the idol of Cainan, the son of Arpachshad, whom Jacob identifies as the father of the Chaldaeans.

    “Finally, Jacob introduces into the narrative the idol of Cainan, the son of Arpachshad, whom Jacob identifies as the father of the Chaldaeans.231”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § 6.3 Syriac Sources

    The beginning of Jacob of Edessa's thirteenth letter to John of Litarba contains an extensive narrative about Abraham which resembles Jub.8-12; Jacob begins with the partition of the world among Noah's sons and the Canaanites' squatting on the land following the dispersion at Babel, and only the children of Eber in Ur of the Chaldaeans retained the primordial language after Babel.

    “The beginning of his thirteenth letter to John of Litarba (d.737) contains an extensive narrative about Abraham which resembles Jub.8-12.227”
    • Also stated in: § 6.3 Syriac Sources · plain
      “Jacob begins at the beginning, with the partition of the world among Noah's sons (cf.Jub.8:10-30) and the Canaanites' squatting on the land following the dispersion of the nations at the tower of Babel (cf.Jub.10:28-34).Only the children of Eber in Ur of the Chaldaeans retained the primordial language after Babel.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given
    § 6.3 Syriac Sources

    Strictly speaking, there is no Syriac version of Jubilees.

    “Strictly speaking, there is no Syriac version of Jubilees.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § [12: 12]

    In Jacob of Edessa, Abraham's burning of the temple of idols and the consequent death of Haran are causally linked to the family's flight to Harran under threat of death, whereas in Jubilees Terah and family tarry a few years longer in Ur and Abraham's crime goes undiscovered.

    “In Jacob of Edessa, Abraham's burning of the temple of idols and the consequent death of Haran are causally linked to the family's flight to the city of Harran under threat of death.In Jubilees, this is not the case: Terah and family tarry a few years longer in Ur, and Abraham's crime goes undiscovered.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § [12: 12]

    The chronicler interwove material from Jubilees with the text of Cave of Treasures, which was not translated into Greek before the modern period.

    “In the case of Jubilees, however, the chronicler has interwoven material from that book with the text of Cave of Treasures-a work which was not translated into Greek before the modern period.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingcitation
    § [12: 12]

    Cainan writes down his discovery but tells no one.

    “He writes down his discovery but tells no one.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.3 Syriac Sources

    The Chronicle of 1234 contains lengthy excerpts from Jubilees in Syriac translation, but it has not yet been settled whether this came from an existing Syriac version of the book.

    “The Chronicle of 1234 contains lengthy excerpts from the book in Syriac translation, but it has not yet been settled whether this came from an existing Syriac version of the book.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given
    § 6.3 Syriac Sources

    There are traces of Jubilees before the Chronicle of 1234, notably a list of the wives of the patriarchs.

    “There are traces of Jubilees before this late chronicle, notably a list of the wives of the patriarchs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given
    § [12: 12]

    Jacob attributes the crows and the resulting famine to God.

    “He attributes the crows and the resulting famine to God.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § [12: 12]

    No such information is found in 1Enoch, but some could come from Jubilees.

    “No such information is found in 1Enoch, but some of the information could come from Jubilees.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning
    § 3. And Abraham took/received the customs/creatures and possessions of his ancestors.

    Jubilees did not manifest itself in Ethiopian culture until much later, when it played a key role in the theological reforms of Negus Zarʾa Yāʿqob following a century of controversy over Christian observance of the Sabbath.

    “However, Jubilees did not manifest itself in Ethiopian culture until much later, when it played a key role in the theological reforms of the Negus Zarʾa Yāʿqob (r.1434-1468) following a century of controversy over Christian observance of the Sabbath.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given
    § 6.5 Conclusion

    The Greek text of Jubilees did not survive, but many traditions from the work did.

    “While the Greek text of Jubilees did not survive, many traditions from the work evidently did.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § Additional information

    Hilkens made a table of all the parallels with the corresponding citations from Jean-Baptiste Chabot's edition of the chronicle and the chapter and verse numbers from Jubilees.

    “but he did make a table of all the parallels with the corresponding citations from Jean-Baptiste Chabot's edition of the chronicle and the chapter and verse numbers from Jubilees.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hilkens

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § Additional information

    Hilkens did not republish the text.

    “He did not republish the text”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hilkens

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Findingnone given
    § Additional information

    These themes are also found in Greek chronicles.

    “These themes are also found in Greek chronicles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given
    § Additional information

    All the Jubilees material from Michael's chronicle reappears in the Chronicle of 1234.

    “In fact, all the Jubilees material from Michael's chronicle reappears in the Chronicle of 1234.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given
    § 6.5 Conclusion

    This list only covers the wives of the patriarchs until Abraham.

    “This list only covers the wives of the patriarchs until Abraham.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingnone given
    § 6.5 Conclusion

    The most popular tradition by far is the list of the wives of the patriarchs, especially including partial lists like the names of Adam's daughters.

    “The most popular by far is the list of the wives of the patriarchs, especially if one includes partial lists like the names of Adam's daughters.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § 6.5 Conclusion

    The second list was initially published by Paul de Lagarde in Hebrew characters.

    “and was initially published by Paul de Lagarde in Hebrew characters.254”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Paul de Lagarde

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § Additional information

    Hilkens' table includes a list of Jubilees traditions that do not come from the book itself but from a source shared with Michael the Syrian.

    “This also include a list of Jubilees traditions that do not come from the book itself but from a source shared with Michael the Syrian.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hilkens

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data
    § Additional information

    The chronicler covers much of the extrabiblical material of Jubilees, including the Hexameron (Jub.2), the biography of Enoch (Jub.4:16-26), the Watchers and the birth of the giants (Jub.5), Cainan (Jub.8:1-4), the division of the earth among the sons of Noah and the transgression of the Canaanites (Jub.8:10-30 and 10:28-34), the stories of young Abraham (Jub.11-12), and the war between Jacob and

    “The chronicler covers much of the extrabiblical material of Jubilees, including the Hexameron (Jub.2), the biography of Enoch (Jub.4:16-26), the Watchers and the birth of the giants (Jub.5), Cainan (Jub.8:1-4), the division of the earth among the sons of Noah and the transgression of the Canaanites (Jub.8:10-30 and 10:28-34), the stories of young Abraham (Jub.11-12), and the war between Jacob and”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingcitation
    § References

    Tisserant proposed that the chronicler's source was a Syriac translation of Jubilees made from the original Hebrew.

    “and proposed that the chronicler's source was a Syriac translation of Jubilees made from the original Hebrew.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tisserant

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    James VanderKam doubted that the two books (Book of the Covenant and Jubilees) were identical due to the broadness of the traditions cited and substantive differences between them.

    “However, James VanderKam, who has translated the fragments, doubted that the two books were identical due to the broadness of the traditions cited and substantive differences between them.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [21]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 6 Jubilees in Christian Tradition

    The chronicles of Julius Africanus and the Alexandrians Panodorus and Annianus most likely contained much material inherited from Jubilees.

    “The chronicles of Julius Africanus and the Alexandrians Panodorus, and Annianus most likely contained much material inherited from Jubilees.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The final sentence in Severus' passage appears to be an allusion to the common Greek title of Jubilees, the Little Genesis (ἡ Λεπτή Γένεσις) or the Details of Genesis (τὰ λεπτὰ Γενέσεως).

    “The final sentence appears to be an allusion to the common Greek title of Jubilees, the Little Genesis (ἡ Λεπτή Γένεσις) or the Details of Genesis (τὰ λεπτὰ Γενέσεως)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Theodore of Tarsus could represent one channel for the transmission of this tradition from East to West.

    “Theodore of Tarsus could represent one channel for the transmission of this tradition from East to West.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    It is believed to be part of the apocryphal work known as the Assumption of Moses, commonly linked to a confrontation between Michael and Satan mentioned in Jude 9.

    “It is believed to be part of the apocryphal work known as the Assumption of Moses, commonly linked to a confrontation between Michael and Satan mentioned in Jude 9.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [48]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Epiphanius favors Jubilees simply because of its antiquity and, presumably, its place in early Christian tradition.

    “Epiphanius favors Jubilees simply because of its antiquity and, presumably, its place in early Christian tradition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The author of Jubilees did not know such a canon (and probably would have anticipated being included in it).

    “The author of Jubilees did not know such a canon (and probably would have anticipated being included in it).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The testimonies regarding the Book of the Covenant are contradictory, and there is no way to confirm the contents of the book.

    “The testimonies regarding the Book of the Covenant are therefore contradictory, and there is no way to confirm the contents of the book.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The comment 'Quoniam occidi uirum' refers to Lamech's boast about having killed a man (Gen 4:23-24).

    “This comment refers to Lamech's boast about having killed a man (Gen 4:23-24).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Although some scholars have questioned whether Epiphanius knew Jubilees firsthand, he has internalized much important material from the work.

    “Although some scholars have questioned whether Epiphanius knew Jubilees firsthand, 40 he has internalized much important material from the work.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [40]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The Gelasian Decree exerted a great influence on the canon of Scripture in the West.

    “It exerted a great influence on the canon of Scripture in the West.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The commentaries state that Enoch was transported from earth to the mountain of Paradise.

    “The commentaries state that Enoch was transported from earth to the mountain of Paradise (PentI 62; cf.Jub.4:23)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites PentI 62

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Jub.4:23

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The double title leaves in doubt whether the intended work was the entire book of Jubilees or merely an excerpt, such as a list of the wives of the patriarchs, which circulated in several languages, including Latin.

    “The double title leaves in doubt whether the intended work was the entire book of Jubilees or merely an excerpt, such as a list of the wives of the patriarchs, which circulated in several languages, including Latin.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    These little-known works provide a unique window into the transmission of Jubilees in Western Europe.

    “These little-known works provide a unique window into the transmission of Jubilees in Western Europe.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Bernhard Bischoff and Michael Lapidge, the editors of the scholia, point to two traditions that may have come from Jubilees.

    “Bernhard Bischoff and Michael Lapidge, the editors of the scholia, also point to two traditions that may have come from Jubilees.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bischoff and Lapidge

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Jerome seems to be thinking of the reference to stadia in Jubilees' account of the construction of the Tower of Babel (Jub.10:21).

    “Jerome seems to be thinking of the reference to stadia in Jubilees' account of the construction of the Tower of Babel (Jub.10:21).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 6 Jubilees in Christian Tradition

    If The Testament or The Covenant (ἡ Διαθήκη) is another name for Jubilees, as the paper has suggested above, then these lists might support a tradition of placing the Assumption of Moses after Jubilees.

    “If”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [54]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Both traditions are also quite common.

    “they are also quite common.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The short notice in number 857 can be contrasted with Syriac sources such as the Chronicle of 1234, which translates the entire passage from Jubilees, and the chronicle of Michael the Syrian (d.1199), who has a more extensive biography of Cainan, including information not found in Jubilees.

    “This short notice can be contrasted with Syriac sources discussed below, such as the Chronicle of 1234, which translates the entire passage from Jubilees, and the chronicle of Michael the Syrian (d.1199), who has a more extensive biography of Cainan, including information not found in Jubilees.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Chronicle of 1234

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Michael the Syrian

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Catenae normally draw upon the Church Fathers but will occasionally cite early Jewish sources, including Philo and Josephus.

    “They normally draw upon the Church Fathers but will occasionally cite early Jewish sources, including Philo and Josephus.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    The traditions Malalas reports are meager but became widespread, reappearing in numerous later chronicles.

    “The traditions he reports are meager but became widespread, reappearing in numerous later chronicles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    The staccato nature of Syncellus' rehearsal resembles the form of the Hypomnestikon of 'Josephus Christianus,' a fourth-century collection of Bible trivia.

    “The staccato nature of this rehearsal resembles the form of an unusual work, the Hypomnestikon of “Josephus Christianus,” a fourth-century collection of Bible trivia.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The scholia demonstrate that at one point the channels between Western Europe and Byzantium were sufficiently open that Latin Christians could import their clergy from the East, and with them knowledge of works like Jubilees.

    “In any case, the scholia demonstrate that at one point the channels between Western Europe and Byzantium were sufficiently open that Latin Christians could import their clergy from the East-and, with them, knowledge of works like Jubilees.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    The story of Jub.10:1-14 was not exclusive to Jubilees but was also found in the prologue to Sefer Asaph/Sefer Refuʾot, which was known to Christians, at least, in a Latin version.

    “As we saw in the last chapter, this story was not exclusive to Jubilees but was also found in the prologue to Sefer Asaph/Sefer Refuʾot, which was known to Christians, at least, in a Latin version.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The attribution to 'The Testament' or 'The Covenant' (ἡ Διαθήκη) is a possible reference to the Book of the Covenant mentioned by Didymus the Blind.

    “The attribution to”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Didymus the Blind

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The reference to Abraham's age and the new computation based on his newfound belief in the one God is an interpolation designed to resolve an exegetical issue about Abraham's departure from Harran relative to the death of his father.

    “The reference to Abraham's age and the new computation based on his newfound belief in the one God is an interpolation designed to resolve an exegetical issue about Abraham's departure from Harran relative to the death of his father.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    This issue (Abraham's departure from Harran relative to the death of his father) was of particular concern to Christians.

    “This issue was of particular concern to Christians.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    Both traditions (Enoch transported to the mountain of Paradise, Cain killed Abel with a stone) are found in Jubilees.

    “While both are found in Jubilees”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Jubilees

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    The commentaries state that Cain killed Abel with a stone.

    “and that Cain killed Abel with a stone (Gn-Ex-EvIa 7; cf.Jub.4:31).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Gn-Ex-EvIa 7

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Jub.4:31

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    By the end of the medieval period, Jubilees was held in low esteem, and its eventual disappearance is unsurprising.

    “By the end of this period, however, Jubilees was held in low esteem, and its eventual disappearance is unsurprising.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 6.1 Greek and Latin Fathers

    In Hebrew lists (Toledot Adam and the Farhi Bible), Cain has been excised and his wife given to Shelah.

    “In Hebrew lists (Toledot Adam and the Farhi Bible), Cain has been excised and his wife given to Shelah.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Toledot Adam

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Farhi Bible

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Syncellus' chronicle attests to the continued preservation of traditions from Jubilees beyond Late Antiquity, even if it is a poor witness to the text.

    “His chronicle attests to the continued preservation of traditions from Jubilees beyond Late Antiquity, even if it is a poor witness to the text.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Whoever initially gathered these passages together seems to have collected them like a florilegium and then misattributed them en bloc.

    “whoever initially gathered these passages together seems to have collected them like a florilegium and then misattributed them en bloc.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    George the Monk (d. ca. 875), also known as George Hamartolos, is the author of one of the more popular Byzantine chronicles.

    “George the Monk (d.ca.875), also known as George Hamartolos (”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [126]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Jubilees and Josephus' Antiquities have similar aims (an account of sacred history) and share many traditions.

    “since Jubilees and Josephus' Antiquities have similar aims (an account of sacred history) and share many traditions.110”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [110]

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Malalas, Syncellus, and George the Monk are probably the most significant tradents of Jubilees material.

    “While Malalas, Syncellus, and George the Monk are probably the most significant tradents of Jubilees material, certain traditions also popped up in minor chronicles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Cedrenus's dossier of traditions from Jubilees is quite full but extremely derivative.

    “For this reason, Cedrenus' dossier of traditions from Jubilees is quite full but extremely derivative:”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Zonaras's flat rejection of Jubilees represents a turning point in the Byzantine attitude to Jubilees, also reflected by the next author.

    “Zonaras' flat rejection of Jubilees represents a turning point in the Byzantine attitude to Jubilees, also reflected by the next author.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Josephus' Antiquities was better-known and more authoritative than Jubilees.

    “Josephus' Antiquities was better-known and more authoritative than Jubilees.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Both Rönsch and Charles cite Joel as part of the chain of transmission of Jubilees, but as an independent witness it does not have much to offer.

    “Both Rönsch and Charles cite Joel as part of the chain of transmission of Jubilees.217As an independent witness, it does not have much to offer.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Rönsch

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Charles

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 6.2 Byzantine Historians

    Even in the thirteenth century, Jubilees formed part of the backbone of Byzantine sacred history, but that does not mean Joel consulted Jubilees; his sources are already an indicator of what to expect.

    “Even in the thirteenth century, Jubilees formed part of the backbone of Byzantine sacred history.That does not mean that Joel, whoever he was, consulted Jubilees.On the contrary, his sources are already an indicator of what to expect.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § [12: 12]

    Syriac versions of Josephus were uncommon but existed.

    “Although Syriac versions of Josephus were uncommon, they did exist.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § [12: 12]

    Michael mentions Cainan in several other contexts, some attributed to Asaph.

    “Michael mentions Cainan in several other contexts, some of which are attributed to Asaph.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premiseown data
    § [12: 12]

    The first list includes wives before the Flood, after the Flood until Abraham, wives of the sons of Jacob, and the name of Pharaoh's daughter.

    “The first and better-known list includes the wives of the patriarchs before the Flood, the wives after the Flood (until Abraham), the wives of the sons of Jacob, and the name of the daughter of Pharaoh.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § [12: 12]

    No chronicler rewrites their source as extensively as Jacob would have needed to in order to produce the narrative in his letter.

    “no chronicler rewrites their source as extensively as Jacob would have needed to in order to produce the narrative in his letter.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 6.4 Other Languages

    Andrew Crislip drew attention to a solitary Coptic fragment of Jubilees, a florilegium of the fourth or fifth century.

    “Andrew Crislip has drawn attention to a solitary Coptic fragment of Jubilees, a florilegium of the fourth or fifth century (Yale University, P. CtYBR inv.4995.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Crislip

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premiseown data
    § [12: 12]

    Michael notes Cainan does not appear in Hebrew or Syriac Genesis and enumerates evils Cainan introduced.

    “After noting that this character does not appear in either the Hebrew or the Syriac text of Genesis, he enumerates the evils Cainan introduced into the world.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § [12: 12]

    Andronicus lived during the reign of Justinian and wrote an outline of history in the style of Eusebius' Chronicon.

    “who lived during the reign of Justinian (528-565) and wrote an outline of history in the style of Eusebius' Chronicon.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hilkens

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given
    § [12: 12]

    In Book II, chapter 3, Michael agrees with Jubilees that the Tower of Babel began in the days of Reu rather than Peleg.

    “In Book II, chapter 3, Michael agrees with Jubilees that the construction of the Tower of Babel began in the days of Reu rather than Peleg”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § [12: 12]

    Hilkens' reconstruction of Andronicus' history between the Flood and Abraham is similar to Jubilees but follows a more natural flow of ideas.

    “Hilkens' reconstruction of Andronicus' history between the Flood and Abraham is similar to Jubilees but follows a more natural flow of ideas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hilkens

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § [12: 12]

    In Sefer Asaph, remedies to ills are revealed by demons; in Jubilees, by angels.

    “Second, the remedies to the ills that beset humanity are revealed by demons in Sefer Asaph but by the angels in Jubilees.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § [12: 12]

    Michael cites Annianus, allegedly drawing from Enoch.

    “Michael cites Annianus immediately, allegedly drawing from Enoch.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § [12: 12]

    These passages supply information missing from Jubilees, such as the name Harran and the causal link between Cainan's discoveries and the notion of deterioration in Serug's generation.

    “These passages supply important information missing from Jubilees, such as the name of the city Cainan built (Harran) and the causal link between the discoveries of Cainan and the widespread notion that human civilization deteriorated in the generation of Serug.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § [12: 12]

    Both traditions are quite common and found in the Cave of Treasures.

    “Both traditions, however, are quite common.They are found, for instance, in the Cave of Treasures (24:11; 25:8), a native Syriac work.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Cave of Treasures 24:11

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites 25:8

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § [12: 12]

    Michael indirectly draws from Jubilees, apparent only via a synoptic table.

    “It is only apparent that Michael (indirectly) draws from Jubilees at all if one consults a synoptic table of the passages.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § [12: 12]

    Cainan is the figure inserted between Arpachshad and Shelah in the Greek rendition of Genesis and in Luke 3:36.

    “Cainan is the figure inserted between Arpachshad and Shelah in the Greek rendition of Genesis (and in the New Testament: Luke 3:36).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Luke 3:36

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationcitation
    § [12: 12]

    Adler instead reads Jacob's letter as a rewriting of the account in Jubilees, molded to better serve Christian exegetical needs.

    “Adler instead reads Jacob's letter as a rewriting of the account in Jubilees, which has been molded to better serve Christian exegetical needs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Adler

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § [12: 12]

    Michael is more conversant with the Book of the Watchers, from which he cites 1Enoch 6 and recites a euhemerized version from Annianus.

    “He is more conversant with the Book of the Watchers, from which he cites an entire chapter (1Enoch 6) and recites a euhemerized version of the story inherited from Annianus.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites 1Enoch 6

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § [12: 12]

    Jubilees rewrote an existing story about the downfall of humanity after the Flood and somewhat carelessly integrated it into the overall narrative.

    “I suspect Jubilees rewrote an existing story about the downfall of humanity after the Flood and somewhat carelessly integrated it into the overall narrative.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § [12: 12]

    Michael's work has been preserved in a unique Syriac manuscript and an Armenian abridgment.

    “His work has been preserved in a unique Syriac manuscript and an Armenian abridgment.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § [12: 12]

    Andronicus cites several otherwise unknown oriental sources, one of whom is Asaph.

    “Andronicus cites several otherwise unknown oriental sources, one of whom is a certain Asaph.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hilkens

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § [12: 12]

    Hilkens traces the tradition to the lost chronicle of Andronicus.

    “Andy Hilkens, in his detailed exposé of the sources of the Chronicle of 1234 (discussed below), traces the tradition to the lost chronicle of Andronicus”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hilkens

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning
    § [12: 12]

    Bar Hebraeus records the story, using Michael.

    “as does Bar Hebraeus (d.1286), who uses Michael (see below).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given
    § [12: 12]

    Jacob of Edessa's letter is cognate to Sefer Asaph.

    “In addition to Jacob of Edessa's letter, which is cognate to Sefer Asaph, Syriac literature has its own tradition of listing wives of the patriarchs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given
    § [12: 12]

    Portions of Josephus were translated into Syriac.

    “Yet portions of Josephus were translated into Syriac.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § [12: 12]

    In the days of Terah, the Chaldaean mysteries were adopted in Egypt, where they built a statue of Cainan.

    “In the days of Terah (Nahor's son), the Chaldaean mysteries were adopted in Egypt, where they too built a statue of Cainan.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § [12: 12]

    Michael's source is not Jubilees itself but a source shared with the Chronicle of 1234 and related to Jacob of Edessa's Scholion 10.

    “Michael's source is not Jubilees itself but a source shared with the Chronicle of 1234 and related to Jacob of Edessa's Scholion 10 on the giants (quoted in chapter ten).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given
    § [12: 12]

    For the generation of Peleg, the author includes a notice on the tower of Babel, including its height of 5,433 cubits.

    “For the generation of Peleg, the author includes a notice on the tower of Babel, including its height of 5,433 cubits (cf.Jub.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § [12: 12]

    Christian writers often offer tendentious readings of apocryphal sources.

    “Christian writers often offer tendentious readings of apocryphal sources-such as the catena passage cited above”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premiseown data
    § [12: 12]

    In Book II, chapter 2, Michael mentions Cainan.

    “In Book II, chapter 2, he mentions Cainan.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given
    § [12: 12]

    The story is commonly found in Armenian apocrypha about Abraham.

    “It is also commonly found in Armenian apocrypha about Abraham.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premiseown data
    § [12: 12]

    Michael names Jacob of Edessa as a source and cites Andronicus and Asaph.

    “At the same time, he names Jacob of Edessa as a source and cites Andronicus and his source, the mysterious Asaph.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 6.4 Other Languages

    The florilegium consists of six individual passages, interrupted by a private letter.

    “The florilegium consists of six individual passages, interrupted by a second text, a private letter.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Crislip

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premiseown data
    § [12: 12]

    The chronicler of 1234 demonstrates no other knowledge of Hebrew sources and uses numerous Greek sources.

    “Furthermore, the chronicler demonstrates no other knowledge of Hebrew sources, and his chronicle, though written in Syriac, uses numerous Greek sources, including Flavius Josephus, Hippolytus of Rome, Eusebius of Caesarea, Annianus of Alexandria, Socrates Scholasticus, Theodoret of Cyrrhus, John Malalas, and John of Ephesus.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning
    § [12: 12]

    Sefer Asaph knows of Cainan, his family relationship to Kesed, and his role in disseminating Chaldaean magic.

    “One, Sefer Asaph knows of Cainan, his family relationship to Kesed (though it is a slightly different relationship), and his role in disseminating Chaldaean magic.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given
    § [12: 12]

    Michael the Syrian was patriarch of the West Syrian church from 1166-1199.

    “Michael the Syrian, patriarch of the West Syrian church from 1166-1199 and the most famous Syriac historian.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 6.4 Other Languages

    The six passages are Jub.8:28-30; Jub.7:14-16; an unidentified passage about Abraham; a passage quoting Jub.15:3; a quotation of Gen 9:27a; and an allusion to Jub.4:33.

    “The six passages are: 1) Jub.8:28-30; 2) Jub.7:14-16; 3) an unidentified passage about Abraham; 4) a passage quoting Jub.15:3; 5) a quotation of Gen 9:27a (with an additional allusion to Jub. 8:30); and 6) an allusion to Jub. 4:33.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Crislip

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § 3. And Abraham took/received the customs/creatures and possessions of his ancestors.

    There is an Andəmta on Jubilees, but it has never been published.

    “There is indeed an Andəmta on Jubilees, but it has never been published.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning
    § Additional information

    The chronicler avoids their errors, such as attributing the war with Esau to Josephus.

    “Consequently, the chronicler avoids their errors, such as attributing the war with Esau to Josephus.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 6.4 Other Languages

    Most of the Coptic text deals with the division of the earth among the sons of Noah.

    “Most of the text deals with the division of the earth among the sons of Noah.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Crislip

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 6.5 Conclusion

    The recollection of the work became increasingly stereotyped, with the result that Jubilees material in George Cedrenus and Michael Glycas is a stultifying rehearsal of older chronicles.

    “The recollection of the work did become increasingly stereotyped, with the result that the Jubilees material found in (for example) George Cedrenus and Michael Glycas is a stultifying rehearsal of older chronicles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 6.4 Other Languages

    The wives of Noah and his sons are incidentally named in the Coptic text.

    “The wives of Noah and his sons are also incidentally named.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Crislip

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 3. And Abraham took/received the customs/creatures and possessions of his ancestors.

    Michael Stone has uncovered most of this material.

    “Michael Stone, a specialist of both Armenian and Second Temple literature, has uncovered most of this material.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stone

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 3. And Abraham took/received the customs/creatures and possessions of his ancestors.

    A very similar passage appears in the Book of Questions of Gregory of Tatev.

    “A very similar passage appears in the Book of Questions of the fourteenth-century writer Gregory of Tatev.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gregory of Tatev

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 3. And Abraham took/received the customs/creatures and possessions of his ancestors.

    Samuel of Ani names the twenty-two works of creation.

    “In a calendrical and cosmological work, the twelfth-century priest and historian Samuel of Ani, names the twenty-two works of creation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Samuel of Ani

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 3. And Abraham took/received the customs/creatures and possessions of his ancestors.

    All of these features are part of the Cave of Treasures.

    “All of these features are part of the Cave of Treasures (6:18-29).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cave of Treasures 6:18-29

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premiseown data
    § 3. And Abraham took/received the customs/creatures and possessions of his ancestors.

    The Ethiopian Commentary on the Book of Genesis is part of the Amharic Andəmta tradition.

    “This last work is part of the Amharic Andəmta (commentary) tradition.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § 3. And Abraham took/received the customs/creatures and possessions of his ancestors.

    The place of Jubilees in Ethiopian culture is little studied, even though the Ethiopian Church is responsible for the preservation of the text.

    “The place of Jubilees in Ethiopian culture is little studied, even though the Ethiopian Church is responsible for the preservation of the text.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 6.5 Conclusion

    James VanderKam has noted other Grecisms in the text, such as the word στάδιον.

    “Finally, James VanderKam has noted other Grecisms in the text, such as the word στάδιον ‫ܢ(‬ ‫152.)ܣܛܐܕܘ‬”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites VanderKam

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning
    § 6.5 Conclusion

    The memory of the book was never forgotten, as the material in this chapter covers the entire history of the Byzantine Empire.

    “The memory of the book was never forgotten, as the material in this chapter covers the entire history of the Byzantine Empire.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 3. And Abraham took/received the customs/creatures and possessions of his ancestors.

    Stone republished Lipscomb's list in parallel columns with four other examples.

    “Michael Stone republished Lipscomb's list in parallel columns with four other examples.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Stone

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 3. And Abraham took/received the customs/creatures and possessions of his ancestors.

    Several lists of the wives of the patriarchs circulated in Armenian.

    “Several lists of the wives of the patriarchs circulated in Armenian.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given
    § 3. And Abraham took/received the customs/creatures and possessions of his ancestors.

    The Ethiopic version of Jubilees was translated from a Greek text and was presumably made between the fourth and sixth centuries.

    “The Ethiopic version of Jubilees, which was translated from a Greek text, was presumably made between the fourth and sixth centuries.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 3. And Abraham took/received the customs/creatures and possessions of his ancestors.

    Lipscomb published an Armenian list from a fifteenth-century manuscript.

    “W. Lowndes Lipscomb published an Armenian list from a fifteenth-century manuscript along with a study of the tradition as a whole.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Lipscomb

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisereasoning
    § 3. And Abraham took/received the customs/creatures and possessions of his ancestors.

    The Ethiopian Church regards Jubilees as scripture and uses it for Trinitarian and Christological arguments.

    “Since the Ethiopian Church regards Jubilees as scripture, they use the book for theological purposes, that is, in support of Trinitarian and Christological arguments.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given
    § 3. And Abraham took/received the customs/creatures and possessions of his ancestors.

    The list of the wives of the patriarchs was the last gasp of an ancient tradition that was being overtaken by a newer one.

    “The list of the wives of the patriarchs was the last gasp of an ancient tradition that was being overtaken by a newer one.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § 3. And Abraham took/received the customs/creatures and possessions of his ancestors.

    Samuel of Ani also named the wives of the patriarchs in a chronicle.

    “Samuel of Ani also named the wives of the patriarchs in a chronicle.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Samuel of Ani

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation
    § 3. And Abraham took/received the customs/creatures and possessions of his ancestors.

    The list published by Lipscomb names wives from generations before and after the Flood; Stone only includes Antediluvian patriarchs' wives.

    “The list published by Lipscomb names the wives from the generations before and after the Flood; Stone only includes the wives of the Antediluvian patriarchs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Lipscomb

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Stone

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation
    § 3. And Abraham took/received the customs/creatures and possessions of his ancestors.

    Gregory Arsharuni correctly states the tradition of Adam's purification before entering Eden but adds the variant tradition of Elishe.

    “He correctly states the tradition of Adam's purification before entering Eden but then adds the variant tradition of Elishe, discussed above.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation
    § Additional information

    There is some controversy over the language of the author's Vorlage.

    “but there is some controversy over the language of the author's Vorlage.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tisserant

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given
    § 3. And Abraham took/received the customs/creatures and possessions of his ancestors.

    None of these works predate the fourteenth century.

    “None of these works predate the fourteenth century.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
276 of 276

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Similarities between a chronicle's content and Jubilees indicate that the chronicle used Jubilees or a related tradition.

    “Syncellus successfully though haphazardly documented nearly every extrabiblical element from Jubilees.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The extant manuscripts accurately represent the contents and attributions of the chronicles discussed.

    “A newly identified manuscript (Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale Grec 1336, ff.9a-111a) continues the history to the time of Alexander the Great.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 'Little Genesis' cited by Byzantine chroniclers is the book of Jubilees.

    “Symeon cites the Little Genesis by name at least once and at most four times.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Cainan does not appear in the Hebrew Bible.

    “Since Cainan does not appear in the Hebrew Bible, such a reference cannot be taken for granted.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Neither Cainan nor Kesed appear in the Hebrew lists of wives of the patriarchs.

    “Neither he nor Kesed appear in the Hebrew lists of wives of the patriarchs.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The Book of Jubilees is older than the Syriac sources that cite it.

    “While it seems astounding that Jacob of Edessa could have preserved a summary of a work older than Jubilees, similar documents have been partially preserved by Syriac writers”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A Syriac text would not have no Greek words whatsoever.

    “It would indeed be incredible if a Syriac text had no Greek words whatsoever.”
7 of 7

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Fourth and fifth Coptic passages are listed in the opposite order

    Minor

    The overview identifies passage 4 as quoting Jubilees 15:3 and passage 5 as quoting Genesis 9:27. The numbered translation assigns Genesis 9:27 to passage 4 and Jubilees 15:3 to passage 5.

1 of 1

Cites

The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.

Research works printed but not linked: 25

  1. On Origen and the apocrypha (but not Jubilees), see Joseph Ruwet, "Les 'Antilegomena' dans les œuvres d'Origène," Biblica 23 (1942): 18-42; 24 (1943): 18-58; 25 (1944): 143-173.
  2. J. T. Milik, "Recherches sur la version grecque du Livre des Jubilés," Revue Biblique 78 (1971): 545-57 (550).
  3. Christopher A. Hall, trans. Thomas P. Scheck (Downers Grove: IVP Academic, 2009), 13. 126 Neville, Byzantine Historical Writing, 87-92. 127
  4. Symeon the Logothete, The Chronicle, 28-29. Some other wives are named incidentally, such as Emma, the wife of Enosh (chapter 24.8, p. 29) and Edna, the wife of Terah (chapter 32.5, p. 35) 162
  5. William Wright, "Two Epistles of Mar Jacob, Bishop of Edessa," Journal of Sacred Literature 10 (1867): 430-60. For a French translation, see: François Nau, "Traductions des Lettres XII et XIII de Jacques d'Édesse," Revue de l'Orient Chrétien 10 (1905): 197-208, 258-82. Jacob refers to the same tradition in one of his scholia: Jacob of Edessa, Scholia on Passages of the Old Testament by Mar Jacob, Bishop of Edessa, ed. George Philips (London: Williams & Norgate, 1864), 3-6. 230
  6. Monger, "A Syriac List;" Sergey Minov, "A Syriac Tabula Gentium from the Early Abbasid Peri- od: Dawid Bar Pawlos on Genesis 10," Khristianskiy Vostok 9 (2021): 57-76. 253 Wright, Catalogue of Syriac Manuscripts, 2:803. 254
  7. Paul de Lagarde, Praetermissorum Libri Duo e Recognitione (Göttingen: Officina Academica Dieterichiana, 1879), 249. 255 The main edition is Michael the Syrian, Chronique de Michel le Syrien, ed. and trans. Jean-Baptiste Chabot, 4 vols. (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1899-1910). The first three volumes are a French translation, and the fourth is the Syriac text. I will be quoting from an English translation: Michael the Syrian, The Syriac Chronicle of Michael Rabo (the Great): A Universal History from the Creation, trans. Matti Moosa (Teaneck: Beth Antioch Press, 2014). 256 See Heinrich Gelzer, Sextus Julius Africanus und die byzantinische Chronographie, 2 vols. ( Leipzig: Teubner, 1898), 2: 249-97. 257 Werman, Book of Jubilees, 194; VanderKam, Jubilees: A Critical Text, 21-22. 258 Michael the Syrian, The Syriac Chronicle, 31. This section is not preserved in the Syriac manu- script but is in the Armenian abridgment and in the chronicle of Bar Hebraeus (discussed below). .( 259 Brock, "Enoch in Syriac." 260 Michael the Syrian, The Syriac Chronicle, 35. 261 See Hilkens, The Anonymous Syriac Chronicle, 61-64, and Eugene Tisserant, "Fragments syri- aques du Livre des Jubilés," Revue Biblique 30 (1921): 55-86, 206-32 (79-80). 262 Michael the Syrian, The Syriac Chronicle, 39. The Syriac text is quoted from Michael the Syrian, Chronique, 4:8. 263 From the Syriac text of Michael the Syrian, Chronique, 4:12. My translation. 264 Michael the Syrian, The Syriac Chronicle, 42. 265
  8. Brock, "Abraham and the Ravens," 151, considers the stories of Cainan and Serug to be com- peting narratives about the decline of civilization. Rather, I believe that they were originally linked, but Jubilees severed the connection. at least forty years (Jub. 10:18.26). He also mentions that, at this time, the Canaanites transgressed the boundaries established by Noah (in Book II, chapters 1 and 2; see Jub. 8:10-30 and 10:28-34). Michael then enters into a discussion about whether Hebrew or Syriac was the primitive language (cf. Jub. 12:26), deciding in favor of Syriac against the opinion of Jacob of Edessa, whom he cites by name. Like Jubilees, he attributes the destruction of the tower to a blast of wind (Jub. 10:26). Unlike Jubi- lees, Babel is linked to the reign of Nimrod (conspicuously absent from Jubilees).266 In Book II, chapter 6, Michael briefly mentions the story of Abraham and the ravens. Abraham asks God to chase off the ravens. Then, at age sixty, he burns down the temple of idols and leaves for Harran.267 This version is closer to the letter of Jacob of Edessa than Jub. 11-12. Michael does not name his source. One of the last great Syriac writers, Gregory Bar Hebraeus (d. 1286), used the chronicle of Michael the Syrian for the early part of his own historical work.268 All the traditions found in Michael reappear in Gregory, often in identical language. He even supplies a tradition missing from the unique Syriac manuscript of Michael: Esau and his children, along with the nations of Moab, Ammon, and Aram, attack Jacob and his children at Hebron after the death of Isaac.269 This is a transparent reference to the events of Jub. 37-38, often repeated in Byzantine chronicles. The most substantial extract from Jubilees in Syriac-or in any language-is found in the anonymous Chronicle of 1234.270 Eugène Tisserant was the first to dis- cover the chronicle's use of Jubilees.271 He documented seventeen parallels cover- ing 160 verses and proposed that the chronicler's source was a Syriac translation of Jubilees made from the original Hebrew. In his critical edition and translation, James VanderKam compiled a similar collection of Jubilees extracts from the chron- icle as part of the "Versional Evidence."272 VanderKam only published those pas- sages that are useful for textual criticism; this is not true of all of the Jubilees tra- ditions found in the chronicle. The most comprehensive list is now found in Andy 266 Michael the Syrian, The Syriac Chronicle, 38-40. 267 Michael the Syrian, The Syriac Chronicle, 43. 268
  9. Ernest A. Wallis Budge (Amsterdam: APA-Philo Press, 1932). 269 Text: Bar Hebraeus, Chronicon syriacum, 12. Translation: Bar Hebraeus, Chronography, 11. 270
  10. Theodore bar Koni, Liber scholiorum, ed. Addaï Scher, 2 vols. (Paris: E Typographeo Reipubli- cae, 1910-1912) 1:110-11, 114, and 253-55. For a French translation, see Theodore bar Koni, Livre des Scolies: Recension de Seert, trans. Robert Hespel and René Draguet, 2 vols. (Leuven: Peeters, 1982), 1:125, 128 and 223-24. 293 Ishoʿdad of Merv, Commentaire sur l'Ancien Testament 1: Genèse, ed. Jacques-Marie Vosté and Ceslas Van den Eynde (Leuven: Peeters, 1950), 134-35 and 139, and Ishoʿdad of Merv, Commentaire sur l'Ancien Testament 3: Livre des Sessions, ed. Ceslas Van den Eynde (Leuven: Peeters, 1962), 103 and 267. See also the French translations of these respective volumes: Ishoʿdad of Merv, Commen- taire sur l'Ancien Testament 1: Genèse, trans. Ceslas Van den Eynde (Leuven: Peeters, 1955), 146 and 151, and Ishoʿdad of Merv, Commentaire sur l'Ancien Testament 3: Livre des Sessions, trans. Ceslas Van den Eynde (Leuven: Peeters, 1962), 121 and 319.
  11. Finally, see Ishoʿdad of Merv, The Commen- taries of Ishoʿdad of Merv, ed. and trans. Margaret Dunlop Gibson, 3 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Pres, 1911), 1:155 (translation) and 3:14 (text), where he refers to a "Book of Jubilees" in his Commentary on Luke. 294
  12. R. Hugh Connolly, ed. and trans., Expositio officiorum Ecclesiae Georgio Arbelensi vulgo ad- scripta I, 2 vols. (Paris: E Typographeo Reipublicae, 1913), 1:38, 47, and 63 (Syriac text); 2:33, 40, and 52 (Latin translation). 296 Text: Ishoʿdad of Merv, Livre des Sessions, 103. Translation: Ishoʿdad of Merv, Livre des Ses- sions, 121. 297 Text: Ishoʿdad of Merv, Livre des Sessions, 267. Translation: Ishoʿdad of Merv, Livre des Ses- sions, 319. 298 Tisserant, "Fragments syriaques du Livre des Jubilés," 58. 299
  13. W. Lowndes Lipscomb, "A Tradition from the Book of Jubilees in Armenian," Journal of Jewish Studies 29 (1978): 149-63. 315 Stone, Adam and Eve, 89-91. In Arabic, practically the only material from Jubilees to have survived is the names of the wives of the patriarchs. It is found, however, in both Christian and Muslim sources. Although this chapter focuses on the Christian transmission of Jubilees, it is worth including Muslim references as well, both because of the intrin- sic interest of this information and because the most likely source is still probably a Christian list of the wives. The only study (to my knowledge) of Jubilees in Muslim literature is Giorgio Levi Della Vida's "Una traccia del Libro dei Giubilei nella letteratura araba musul- mana."316 He found three authorities from the formative period of Islam who recorded names of the wives of the patriarchs in different contexts. The most curious example is in the Kitab 'Uyūn al-Akhbār of Ibn Qutayba (d. 276AH/ 889 CE), who, in the name of Hishām ibn al-Kalbī (d. 204 AH/819 CE), reports the magical use of the names of the wives of Shem, Ham, and Japhet for, of all things, the purpose of nourishing pigeons.317 Levi Della Vida goes on to state that only the wives of Ham and Japhet are found in the extensive chronicle of the great historian Muḥammad ibn Jarīr al-Ṭabarī (d. 310 AH/923 CE), but this is untrue.318 Not only does Ṭabarī name Shem's wife, he gives the name of every patriarch's wife until the time of the Flood.319 Cain: Ashūt bt. Adam Seth: Ḥazūrah bt. Adam Enosh: Naʿamah bt. Seth Kenan: Dīnah bt. Barākīl Mahalalel: Simʿan bt. Barākīl Jared: Baraknā bt. Darmasīl Enoch: Hadānah or Adānah bt. Bāwīl Methusaleh: ʿAdnā bt. ʿAzrāʾīl Lamech: Batanūsh bt. Barākīl Noah: ʿAmzūrah bt. Barākīl Japheth: Arbasīsah bt. Marāzīl Ham: Naḥlab bt. Mārib Shem: Ṣalib bt. Batāwīl 316
  14. Giorgio Levi Della Vida, "Una traccia del Libro dei Giubilei nella letteratura araba musulma- na," Orientalia 1 (1932): 205-12. 317
  15. Levi Della Vida, "Libro dei Giubilei," 206-7. Both of these writers are discussed further in chapter nine. 318 Levi Della Vida, "Libro dei Giubilei," 208. 319 Muḥammad ibn Jarīr al-Ṭabarī, The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume I: General Introduction and From Creation to the Flood, trans. Franz Rosenthal (New York: SUNY Press, 1989), 335-47 (the patri- archs until Noah), and The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume II: Prophets and Patriarchs, trans.
  16. William M. Brinner (Albany: SUNY Press, 1987), 11-12 (the sons of Noah). This list, despite the expected corruptions, derives from the same tradition as the other lists of wives. In every case, without exception, Ṭabarī cites as his author- ity Muḥammad ibn Isḥāq (d. 150 AH/767 CE), the biographer of the Prophet, as the origin of the tradition. The first part of Ibn Isḥāq's biography recounted the creation of the world and the stories of the earlier prophets of Islam (the Kitāb al-Mubtadaʾ ). Unfortunately, the Mubtadaʾ is now lost, although there have been attempts at a reconstruction.320 In order to write such a work, Ibn Isḥāq must have been quite knowledgeable about biblical and extrabiblical material.321 Levi Della Vida suspects that he had access to a list of the wives of the patriarchs via a Syriac or Greek model, proposing that the corruptions in spelling reflect a specifically Syriac Vorlage.322 The final Muslim witness to the wives of the patriarchs is Muṭahhar ibn Ṭāhir al-Maqdisī (d. ca. 355 AH/965 CE), the author of a multivolume historical and philosophical encyclopedia, where he names Noah's daughters-in-law.323 He too cites Ibn Isḥāq as his source. Consequently, the names of the wives are similar to Ṭabarī's. Names of the wives also crop up in Christian Arabic literature. Albrecht Götze found a notable example in Eutychius of Alexandria (Saʿīd ibn Baṭrīq, d. 940), author of the chronicle The String of Gems (Naẓm al-Jawhar).324 For the wives of Cain and Abel he combines two competing traditions. First, he names Cain and Abel's sisters/ wives as "Azrun" ‫)ازرون(‬ and "Awain" ‫523.)اوين(‬ These are variants of the names in Jub. 4:1-11, but the narrative attached to the names is the one from the Cave of Treasures. In Jubilees, the daughters are not the twin sisters of their brothers, and neither is married to Abel. Hence, Cain does not kill Abel out of jealousy for his 320
  17. Gordon D. Newby, The Making of the Last Prophet: A Reconstruction of the Earliest Biography of Muhammad (Columbia: University of South Carolina Press, 1989). But see the critical review of Lawrence I. Conrad: "Recovering Lost Texts: Some Methodological Issues," Journal of the American Oriental Society 113 (1993): 258-63. 321
  18. Levi Della Vida, "Libro dei Giubilei," 208, cites the Yemenite scholar Wahb ibn Munabbih (d. 732 CE) as Ibn Isḥāq's source. He was a reputed master of such material. See, for example, Raif Georges Khoury, Wahb B. Munabbih, 2 vols. (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 1972) and Alfred-Louis de Prémare, "Wahb B. Munabbih, une figure singulière du premier islam," Annales. Histoire, Sciences Sociales 60 (2005): 531-49. 322 Levi Della Vida, "Libro dei Giubilei," 210-11. 323
  19. Muṭahhar ibn Ṭāhir al-Maqdisī, Le Livre de la Création et de l'Histoire, ed. and trans. Clément Huart, 6 vols. (Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1899-1919), 3: ✶ 27-✶ 28 (Arabic text) and 3:28-29 (French trans- lation). 324
  20. Albrecht Götze, "Die Nachwirkung der Schatzhöhle," Zeitschrift für Semitistik und verwandte Gebiete 2 (1923): 51-94; 3 (1924): 53-71, 153-77 (161-64). 325 Eutychius of Alexandria [Saʿīd ibn Baṭrīq], Annales, ed. Louis Cheikho, 2 vols. (Beirut: E Typog- rapheo catholico, 1906), 1:6. 326 Eutychius of Alexandria, Annales, 1:12;
  21. Paul de Lagarde, ed., Materialien zur Kritik und Geschichte des Pentateuchs, 2 vols. (Leipzig: Teubner, 1867), 2:48 and 71-72. 328 Lagarde, Materialien, 2:68. See Tal Ilan, "Biblical Women's Names in the Apocryphal Tradi- tions," Journal for the Study of the Pseudepigrapha 6 (1993): 3-67 (18). 329
  22. Sabine Fahl, Dieter Fahl, and Christfried Böttrich, eds., Die kurze chronographische Paleja: Kri- tische Edition mit deutscher Übersetzung, 2 vols. (Gütersloh: Gütersloher Verlagshaus, 2019), 2:6-46. 337 Taddesse Tamrat, Church and State in Ethiopia, 1270-1527 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1972), 206-47. See also Robert Beylot, "La Controverse sur le Sabbat dans l'Église éthiopienne," in La controverse religieuse et ses formes, ed. Alain Le Boulluec (Paris: Éditions du Cerf, 1995), 165-88. 338 VanderKam, "The Manuscript Tradition of Jubilees," 18. 339 For a brief overview, see Leslie Baynes, "Enoch and Jubilees in the Canon of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church," in A Teacher for All Generations: Essays in Honor of James C. Vanderkam, ed.
  23. Bakhayla Mikael, Le Livre des Mystères du Ciel et de la Terre, ed. and trans. Jules Perruchon (Paris: Librairie de Paris, 1903). The text has been translated into English: Bakhayla Mikael, The Book of the Mysteries of the Heavens and the Earth and Other Works of Bakhayla Mîkâʿêl (Zôsîmâs), trans. E. A. Wallis Budge (1935; repr., Berwick: Ibis Press, 2004). 341
  24. Roger W. Cowley, The Traditional Interpretation of the Apocalypse of St. John in the Ethiopian Orthodox Church (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 109 (a reference to Mastema and Jub. 10). 344 Mersha Alehegne, The Ethiopian Commentary on the Book of Genesis: Critical Edition and Translation (Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag, 2011). 345 Alehegne, Ethiopian Commentary on the Book of Genesis, 19. 346
  25. Wolf Leslau, trans., Falasha Anthology (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1951). 347

Authors
McDowell, G.
Corresponding author
Gavin McDowell
Venue
The Rewritten Bible in Late Antiquity
Publisher
De Gruyter
Published
2025-10-13
Pages
197-256
DOI
10.1515/9783111590776-006
OpenAlex
W4415675855
Cited by
0
References
0
FWCI
0.00
Type
book chapter
Open access
Licence
Locations
De Gruyter eBooks (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Religious studies › Biblical Studies and Interpretation
  • Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Religion, Theology, History, Judaism, Christianity
  • Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Classics › Medieval Literature and History
Keywords
Book of Jubilees, Christian tradition, Second Temple Judaism, reception history, Josephus, Pseudo-Clementines, Epiphanius, biblical retelling

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