Influence of length on acoustic time-of-flight (ToF) measurement in built-in structures of Norway spruce timber
Abstract
Time-of-flight (ToF) measurements were conducted on twelve 76×226-mm2 in cross-section, 4.52-m long specimens of Norway spruce timber pieces from a dismantled 19th-century building in Barcelona (Catalonia, Spain). Two commercially available acoustic devices were used: the USLab ultrasound device with conical 22 and 45 kHz sensors and the MicroSecond Timer (MST) stress wave device with spike sensors. ToF were obtained for the full-length (4.52 m) specimens in an end-to-end arrangement and for lengths of 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 3 and 4 m on the same surface and on opposite surfaces. The differences between the velocities obtained from end-to-end and semi-direct measurements were less than 4.5%. Apparent velocity dependence on length was observed in short-distance measurements. This could be corrected by determining a time lag (tL) from a linear regression between the ToF and the distance. Estimation of the modulus of elasticity (MOE) from the dynamic MOE (MOEdyn) is acceptable (r2=0.45–0.69) depending on the measurement procedure, and the best results for in situ timber are obtained in edge surface velocity. Although modulus of rupture (MOR) estimation from MOEdyn improves slightly when knottiness is included, it has low predictive capacity.
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In recovered timber of the same species as the present study, warp was also identified as the main parameter of rejection when grading recovered Norway spruce applying the same NFB standard.
“In recovered timber of the same species of the present study warp was also identified as the main parameter of rejection [30] for grading of recovered Norway spruce applying the same NFB standard.”
From Grading of recovered Norway spruce (Picea abies) timber for structural purposes (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
Non-destructive testing techniques are commonly used to estimate the mechanical properties of standing trees, logs, sawn timber and to evaluate existing timber structures.
“Non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques are commonly used to estimate the mechanical properties of standing trees, logs, sawn timber and to evaluate existing timber structures [25 -32].”
From Grading of recovered Norway spruce (Picea abies) timber for structural purposes (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
In previous studies, inclusion of knottiness parameters (CKDR) in the model increased the models R2.
“In previous studies, inclusion of knottiness parameters (CKDR) in the model increased the models R 2 [27,30]”
From Grading of recovered Norway spruce (Picea abies) timber for structural purposes (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
Our R2s (0.51-0.66) are similar to those reported by Arriaga et al. [30].
“which is similar to our R 2 s (0.51 -0.66).”
From Grading of recovered Norway spruce (Picea abies) timber for structural purposes (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
Arriaga et al. [30] found R2 between 0.53 and 0.62 in recovered Norway spruce timber using the ultrasound device USLab with 45 and 22 kHz to estimate MOE from Edyn.
“Arriaga et al. [30] using the ultrasound device USLab (Agricef, Campinas, Brazil) with two different frequencies (45 and 22 kHz) to estimate MOE from Edyn found R 2 be tween 0.53 and 0.62 in recovered Norway spruce timber”
From Grading of recovered Norway spruce (Picea abies) timber for structural purposes (2023) · cites this paper as [30]
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Grading of recovered Norway spruce (Picea abies) timber for structural purposes
Llana, D. F., Íñiguez-González, G., Plos, M., & Turk, G. (2023) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2023.132440 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citation
- Authors
- Arriaga, F., Montón, J., Bobadilla, I., & Llana, D. F.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ES)
- GICITED (Interdisciplinary Group on Building Science and Technology), Department of Architectural Technology , EPSEB (Barcelona School of Building Construction), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya , Barcelona , Spain
- Timber Construction Research Group, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
- Ollscoil na Gaillimhe – University of Galway (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Arriaga, Francisco
- Venue
- Holzforschung
- Publisher
- Walter de Gruyter GmbH
- Published
- 2018-10-17
- Volume
- 73
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 339-352
- ISSN
- 0018-3830 (ISSN-L)
- 1437-434X
- OpenAlex
- W2896241860
- Cited by
- 12
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Holzforschung (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Wood Treatment and Properties
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Structural Engineering and Materials Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanics of Materials › Ultrasonics and Acoustic Wave Propagation
- Keywords
- time-of-flight measurement, sound velocity, length dependence, elastic modulus, flexural strength, stress wave measurement
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