Grading of recovered Norway spruce (Picea abies) timber for structural purposes
Open accessAbstract
An increasing amount of timber is recovered from demolition and can be value-added through reuse or recycling for structural applications. This study investigates the possibilities of using visual and non-destructive parameters to estimate the mechanical properties of recovered timber so that it can be graded for new applications. A batch of nineteen recovered Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) rafters was studied. The application of two visual grading standards produced a rejection of 95% of the specimens. Estimation of modulus of elasticity was performed using ultrasound and vibration NDT techniques, with determination coefficients (R2) of 0.66 and 0.75 respectively. In the case of bending strength estimation, R2 were 0.60 and 0.77 respectively. Visual knottiness parameter was only a statistically significant variable in the estimation model of local modulus of elasticity. Density was estimated using drilling chips extraction and drilling penetration resistance with R2 of 0.66 and 0.58 respectively.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Nineteen recovered Norway spruce rafters from a 71-year-old roof were assessed for structural reuse; standard visual grading rejected 95% of specimens, while NDT methods estimated MOE, MOR, and density with moderate to good regressions. The batch was tentatively equivalent to strength class C24, but the authors caution that the small sample requires validation.
Key findings
- Visual strength grading with both NF B52001-1 and DIN 4074-1 rejected 95% of the recovered specimens; warp was the main rejection parameter, with all warp rejections caused by twist. Wanes and fissures were secondary causes, while knots caused 42% rejection under NFB but 0% under DIN.
- Destructive testing gave mean MOEglo12 = 11,306 N/mm², mean MOEloc12 = 12,653 N/mm², mean MOR = 44.13 N/mm², 5th-percentile MOR = 24.84 N/mm², mean density12 = 444 kg/m³, and 5th-percentile density = 354 kg/m³; the authors state the batch may be equivalent to C24, limited by MOR and density.
- NDT estimation of MOE reached R² = 0.66 with ultrasound and R² = 0.75 with vibration; MOR estimation reached R² = 0.60 with ultrasound and R² = 0.77 with vibration (including CKDR). Density estimation reached R² = 0.66 using drilling chips extraction and R² = 0.58 using drilling penetration resistance.
- The visual knottiness parameter CKDR was statistically significant only in the local MOE estimation model, not for MOR or global MOE.
Methods
- Sample: 19 recovered Norway spruce (*Picea abies*) rafters, average dimensions 95 × 145 × 2600 mm³, recovered from a roof structure at the University of Ljubljana after 71 years in service (1949–2020) under a light fiber-cement roof.
- Grading and NDT: visual grading according to DIN 4074-1 and NF B52001-1 plus CKDR; ultrasound with Pundit 200 (54 kHz longitudinal and 250 kHz shear waves) in EE, AB, and AC setups; STIG longitudinal vibration; RML Wood Extractor for drilling chips; Resistograph R650 for drilling resistance.
- Mechanical testing and analysis: four-point bending per EN 408 (span 2300 mm, loads 870 mm apart) to obtain MOEglo, MOEloc, and MOR; density and moisture content determined from slices; linear regression models, ANOVA, normality tests, and outlier tests.
Limitations
- Stated in the paper: the results come from a small sample of nineteen specimens and should be considered cautiously; validation with a larger sample is required. One density outlier was excluded from the estimation models, and the timber’s growth area is unknown, though likely Slovenian.
- Evident from the text: the study uses a single recovered batch from one roof, one species, and one service condition, so generalizability to other recovered timber sources is limited; comparisons with other studies involve different sample sizes, species, and cross-sections.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
14 of 62 cited sources checked · 6 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 4
Wanes have almost no significant effect on mechanical properties.
“Wanes are frequent in recovered timber, and have almost no significant effect on mechanical properties [54].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [54] [54] [F. Arriaga, M. Esteban, R. Argüelles, I. Bobadilla, G. ´ I ˜ niguez-Gonz ´ alez, The effect of wanes on the bending strength of solid timber beams, Mater. Construcc. 57 (288) (2007) 61 -76.](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0950-0618(23)02156-6/h0270) - source
The Results and Discussion report that 61% of the tested pieces had wanes and that nominal ultimate bending strength did not differ significantly between groups (P = 0.76). The Conclusions likewise say pieces with wanes had no lower bending strength. The study does not establish that wanes have almost no significant effect on mechanical properties generally; its reported significance test concerns bending strength in the tested timber. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 1
Most of these VSG standards tend to downgrade recovered timber.
“most of these VSG stan dards tend to downgrade recovered timber [20 -23].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 4 sources checked- cites [20] [20] [J.B. Davis, Suitability of Salvaged Timber in Structural Design, Master thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 2012, p. 42 p..](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0950-0618(23)02156-6/h0100) -
- cites [21] [21] H. Cruz, D. Yeomans, E. Tsakanika, N. Macchioni, A. Jorissen, M. Touza, M. Mannucci, P.B. Lourenço, Guidelines for on-site assessment of historic timber structures, Int. J. Archit. Herit. 9 (2015) 277 -289, https://doi.org/10.1080/ 15583058.2013.774070. - source
The available indexed passages are a title and bibliographic metadata (including an Abstract-labelled entry, with no page number), not discussion of visual strength grading. Searches for VSG, grading standards, and downgrading recovered or reclaimed timber found no passage that addresses the claim. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [22] [22] G. ´ I ˜ niguez-Gonz ´ alez, F. Arriaga, C. Osuna-Sequera, M. Esteban, D. Ridley-Ellis, Nondestructive measurements in reclaimed timber from existing structures, in: proceedings of the 21st International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium. September 24-27 2019. Freiburg im Breisgau, BW, Germany. Pp. 462-472. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [23] [23] F. Arriaga, C. Osuna-Sequera, M. Esteban, G. ´ I ˜ niguez-Gonz ´ alez, I. Bobadilla, In situ assessment of the timber structure of an 18th century building in Madrid, Spain, Constr. Build. Mater. 304 (2021) e124466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. conbuildmat.2021.124466. - source
- Premisecitation§ 3.4 Estimation of density · p. 8
When density was estimated using the Resistograph in new timber, R2 and StE are usually higher than in recovered timber.
“When density was estimated using the Resistograph in new timber, R 2 and StE are usually higher than in recovered timber as shown in several studies.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [71] [71] B. Içel, G. Güler, Nondestructive determination of spruce lumber wood density using drilling resistance (Resistograph) method, Turk. J. Agric. For. 40 (2016) 900 -907, https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1606-76. - source
The Results and discussion (p. 5) report that Resistograph data can predict spruce lumber density, and Table 3a (p. 6) gives an R² and a standard error of estimate for one model. The paper does not compare new with recovered timber or establish that either statistic is usually higher in new timber. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [72] [72] [A.M. Kloppenburg, Master Thesis, Density Determination of Tropical Hardwoods with the Resistograph 80 (2018) 80 p..](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0950-0618(23)02156-6/h0360)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Findingown data§ 1. Introduction · p. 1
Estimation of modulus of elasticity using vibration NDT technique had R2 = 0.75.
“Estimation of modulus of elasticity was per formed using ultrasound and vibration NDT techniques, with determination coefficients (R 2 ) of 0.66 and 0.75 respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 1. Introduction · p. 1
Visual knottiness parameter was the only statistically significant variable in the estimation model of local modulus of elasticity.
“Visual knottiness parameter was only a statistically significant variable in the estimation model of local modulus of elasticity.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data§ 1. Introduction · p. 1
Density estimation using drilling penetration resistance had R2 = 0.58.
“Density was estimated using drilling chips extraction and drilling penetration resistance with R 2 of 0.66 and 0.58 respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 1. Introduction · p. 1
Estimation of bending strength using vibration NDT technique had R2 = 0.77.
“In the case of bending strength estimation, R 2 were 0.60 and 0.77 respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 1. Introduction · p. 1
Application of two visual grading standards produced a rejection of 95% of the specimens.
“The application of two visual grading standards produced a rejection of 95% of the specimens.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 1. Introduction · p. 1
Density estimation using drilling chips extraction had R2 = 0.66.
“Density was estimated using drilling chips extraction and drilling penetration resistance with R 2 of 0.66 and 0.58 respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 1. Introduction · p. 1
Estimation of modulus of elasticity using ultrasound NDT technique had R2 = 0.66.
“Estimation of modulus of elasticity was per formed using ultrasound and vibration NDT techniques, with determination coefficients (R 2 ) of 0.66 and 0.75 respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 5
The fifth percentile of MOR is 24.84 N/mm2.
“and the fifth percentile of MOR is equal to 24.84 N mm 2”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 5
The fifth percentile of density is 354 kg/m3.
“and the fifth percentile of density is equal to 354 kg m 3”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 3
All rejections due to warp in the visual strength grading were produced by twist.
“Analyzing the four measurements included in warp (bow, spring, twist and cup), all re jections were produced by twist.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 5
The structure studied was under a low dead load (a light roof).
“the structure studied was under a low dead load (a light roof)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 4
When warp and wanes are disregarded from VSG, rejection is reduced to 53% using both standards.
“If warp and wanes are disregarded from VSG, it can be seen from Table 1 that rejection is reduced to 53% using both standards.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 4
Wanes are frequent in recovered timber.
“Wanes are frequent in recovered timber, and have almost no significant effect on mechanical properties [54].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 5
The average MOEloc12 is 12653 N/mm2.
“where the average MOE is 12653 N mm 2”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 3
Visual strength grading of the recovered Norway spruce timber specimens according to the NF B52001-1 and DIN 4074-1 standards resulted in a large percentage of rejection (95%).
“As shown in Table 1, there was a large percentage of rejection when using the NF B52001-1 and DIN 4074-1 standards (95 %).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 4
Secondary causes of rejection in visual strength grading were wanes and fissures, at between 30 and 40%.
“Secondary causes of rejection were wanes and fissures (between 30 and 40 %), while knots were the main cause of rejection in 42 % of the specimens in the case of the NFB standard and 0 % in the case of the DIN standard.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 3
The main parameter leading to rejection in visual strength grading of the recovered Norway spruce timber was warp.
“The main parameter leading to rejection was warp (Table 1)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 7
Our R2s (0.51-0.66) are similar to those reported by Arriaga et al. [30].
“which is similar to our R 2 s (0.51 -0.66).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] [30] F. Arriaga, J. Mont ´ on, I. Bobadilla, D.F. Llana, Influence of length on acoustic timeof-flight (ToF) measurement in built-in structures of Norway spruce timber, Holzforschung 73 (4) (2019) 339 -352, https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0122. - source
- Findingown data§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 7
There is a statistically significant difference between the mean velocities from one level of ANOVA to another at the 5% significance level.
“Since the p-value is less than 0.05, there is a statistically significant difference between the mean velocities from one level of ANOVA to another at the 5% significance level.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 7
Significant differences among velocities were found in the case of EE measurements.
“Significant differences among velocities were found in the case of EE measurements and in the case of AB measurements.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 6
The coefficient of variation (CV) for ultrasound 250 kHz shear wave sensors is higher than that of the others.
“and the coefficient of variation (CV) is also higher.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 7
No significant differences were found in AC measurements.
“However, no significant differences were found in AC measurements.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 6
One specimen density was identified as an outlier according to Grubb and Dixon tests.
“One specimen density was identified as an outlier according to Grubb and Dixon tests.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 6
In AB and AC measurements, velocities from ultrasound 54 kHz were slightly lower than those recorded using 250 kHz shear waves sensors.
“In the case of AB and AC measurements, velocities from ultra sound using 54 kHz sensors were slightly lower than those recorded using 250 kHz shear waves sensors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 6
Edyn of STIG is 13383 N/mm2.
“If Edyn of STIG 13383 N mm 2 shown in Table 3”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 6
Density was the only variable found to be non-normally distributed.
“The density was the only variable that was found to be non-normally distributed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingnone given§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 7
Better determination coefficients were found for MOEglo than for MOEloc.
“Better determination coefficients were found for MOEglo than for MOEloc.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingcitation§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 7
Higher R2 were found using vibration than ultrasound measurements.
“Higher R 2 were found using vibration than ultrasound measurements, as usually obtained in new timber [66,67].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 7
ANOVA found a p-value of less than 10^5.
“Furthermore, an Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out finding a p-value of less than 10 5 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingnone given§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 6
In EE measurement, mean velocity from ultrasound 54 kHz was higher than velocity from longitudinal vibration.
“in the case of End to End (EE) measurement, the mean velocity from ultrasounds with 54 kHz sensors was higher than the velocity measured from longitudinal vibration, as expected.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 7
Significant differences among velocities were found in the case of AB measurements.
“Significant differences among velocities were found in the case of EE measurements and in the case of AB measurements.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 6
The velocity of ultrasound 250 kHz shear wave sensors is lower than that of the others.
“However, the velocity of ultrasounds with 250 kHz shear wave sensors is lower than that of the others”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 6
When this specimen was removed, density could not be identified as non-normally distributed.
“When this specimen was removed, the density could not be identified as non-normally distributed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ 4. Conclusions · p. 8
Visual strength grading standards (French NF B52001-1 and German DIN 4074-1) applied to Norway spruce recovered timber produce 95% rejection.
“Visual strength grading standards (French NF B52001-1 and German DIN 4074-1) applied to Norway spruce recovered timber produce really high rejection (95%).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The tested recovered Norway spruce specimens are representative of recovered Norway spruce timber for the purpose of grading and strength class assignment.
- Findingown data§ 4. Conclusions · p. 8
Warp and wanes were the main parameters linked to rejection.
“Analyzing individual visual parameters, it was concluded that warp and wanes were the main parameters linked to rejection”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The tested recovered Norway spruce specimens are representative of recovered Norway spruce timber for the purpose of grading and strength class assignment.
- Findingown data§ 4. Conclusions · p. 8
Warp and wanes have little significant effect on mechanical properties.
“even though they have little significant effect on mechanical properties.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The tested recovered Norway spruce specimens are representative of recovered Norway spruce timber for the purpose of grading and strength class assignment.
- Interpretationown data§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 4
The presence of pith hardly influences the fiber deviation parameter.
“It looks like the presence of pith is hardly influencing the fiber deviation parameter.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2
Irregular cross-sections of much recovered timber make it difficult to calculate the exact volume.
“the irregular cross-sections of much of the recovered timber make it difficult to calculate the exact volume [36].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [36] [36] C. Osuna-Sequera, D.F. Llana, M. Esteban, F. Arriaga, Improving density estimation in large cross-section timber from existing structures by increasing the number of non-destructive measurements, Constr. Build. Mater. 211 (2019) (2019) 199 -206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.144. - source
- Premisecitation§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 5
Climate records from 1949 to 2020 showed that the snow load was low and short term.
“the climate records from 1949 to 2020 showed that the snow load was also low and short term [62]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [62] [62] Agency of the Republic of Slovenia for the Environment: National Meteorological Service - data on weather and climate website. https://meteo.arso.gov.si/met/en/ (accessed 30.12.2022). -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 4
Warp and wanes limitations fixed in the VSG standards are so strict in the case of recovered timber.
“From these results, it is concluded that warp and wanes limitations fixed in the VSG standards are so strict in the case of recovered timber.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 5
The specimen batch may be equivalent to strength class C24 according to EN 338.
“the specimen batch may be equivalent to a strength class C24 according to EN 338 [57]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites EN 338 [57]
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 4
The difference in knots rejection between the NFB and DIN standards is due to the NFB considering clusters of knots while the DIN only considers single knots for 'Kantholz'.
“This big difference in knots rejection between NFB and DIN standards is due to NFB considers clusters of knots when DIN only considers single knots in the case of ' Kantholz ' , that is the case of the present study.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 1. Introduction · p. 1
Direct reuse would avoid the poor yields associated with MTP manufacture.
“Direct reuse would avoid the poor yields associated with MTP manufacture.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 5
There is no big difference between new and recovered timber in this particular case.
“It looks like there is no big difference between new and recovered timber in this particular case.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 7
Arriaga et al. [30] found R2 between 0.53 and 0.62 in recovered Norway spruce timber using the ultrasound device USLab with 45 and 22 kHz to estimate MOE from Edyn.
“Arriaga et al. [30] using the ultrasound device USLab (Agricef, Campinas, Brazil) with two different frequencies (45 and 22 kHz) to estimate MOE from Edyn found R 2 be tween 0.53 and 0.62 in recovered Norway spruce timber”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] [30] F. Arriaga, J. Mont ´ on, I. Bobadilla, D.F. Llana, Influence of length on acoustic timeof-flight (ToF) measurement in built-in structures of Norway spruce timber, Holzforschung 73 (4) (2019) 339 -352, https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0122. - source
- Study design and conductown data§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 6
This specimen was excluded from the estimation models.
“Therefore, this specimen was excluded from the estimation models.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 6
Edyns of 10300 N/mm2 for C24, 12800 N/mm2 for C30, and 13700 N/mm2 for C35 were obtained in 1020 pieces of Slovenian Norway spruce and silver fir tested with STIG [33].
“Edyns of 10300 N mm 2 for C24, 12800 N mm 2 for C30 and 13700 N mm 2 for C35 obtained in 1020 pieces of Slovenian Norway spruce and silver fir tested with STIG [33]”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [33] [33] B. Fortuna, M. Plos, T. ˇ Suligoj, G. Turk, Strength grading of structural timber, in: The Proceedings of Common Foundations 2018 - uniSTem: 6 th Congress of Young Researchers in the Field of Civil Engineering and Related Sciences. Sept. 2018. Split, Croatia. 66-71. doi: 10.31534/CO/ZT.2018.09. - source
- Study design and conductown data§ 4. Conclusions · p. 8
The grading and assignment of C24 strength class is based on a small sample of nineteen specimens.
“This grading and assignment of strength class should be taken cautiously as is provided from a small sample of nineteen specimens.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data§ 4. Conclusions · p. 8
Norway spruce recovered timber could be reused as C24 strength class new timber according to mechanical properties obtained through destructive testing.
“According to the mechanical properties obtained through destructive testing, Norway spruce recovered timber could be reuse as C24 strength class new timber.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The tested recovered Norway spruce specimens are representative of recovered Norway spruce timber for the purpose of grading and strength class assignment.
- Interpretationown data§ 4. Conclusions · p. 8
VSG standards are not working properly to estimate mechanical properties on recovered Norway spruce.
“Therefore, VSG standards are not working prop erly to estimate mechanical properties on recovered Norway spruce.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The tested recovered Norway spruce specimens are representative of recovered Norway spruce timber for the purpose of grading and strength class assignment.
- Interpretationown data§ 4. Conclusions · p. 8
Non destructive testing techniques as ultrasound, longitudinal vibration, drilling chips extraction and drilling resistance are applicable and reliable on structural properties estimation of recovered timber.
“Non destructive testing techniques as ultrasound, longitudinal vi bration, drilling chips extraction and drilling resistance are applicable and reliable on structural properties estimation of recovered timber.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The tested recovered Norway spruce specimens are representative of recovered Norway spruce timber for the purpose of grading and strength class assignment.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 33
- May combine two claims. 29
- The quote only partly states this claim. 4
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 1A large amount of material waste is generated by the demolition sector, including timber that can be reused or recycled for structural purposes.
“A large amount of material waste is generated by the demolition sector, including timber that can be reused or recycled for structural purposes [1 -4].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 4 sources checked- cites [1] [1] K. H ¨ oglmeier, G. Weber-Blaschke, K. Richter, Potentials for cascading of recovered wood from building deconstruction - A case study for south-east Germany, Resour. Conserv. Recy. 117 (2017) 304 -314, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. resconrec.2015.10.030. - source
- cites [2] [2] R. Arbelaez, L. Schimleck, J. Dahlen, S. Wood, Evaluation of lumber from deconstructed Portland residential buildings, Wood Fiber Sci. 51 (4) (2019) 432 -440, https://doi.org/10.22382/wfs-2019-041. - source
The Abstract reports that salvaged lumber from deconstructed Portland dwellings is suitable for manufacturing structural cross-laminated timber. It does not establish that the demolition sector generates a large amount of material waste; searches for demolition waste quantities found no supporting passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [3] [3] B. Nasiri, C. Piccardo, M. Hughes, Estimating the material stock in wooden residential houses in Finland, Waste Manage. 135 (2021) 318 -326, https://doi. org/10.1016/j.wasman.2021.09.007. - source
The Introduction reports that construction and demolition generate substantial waste, including wood, and says recovered wood may be reused or recycled depending on its quality. Section 3.4 identifies substantial wood stock in structural parts of houses, but the paper does not establish that recovered timber is suitable for structural use specifically. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [4] [4] [P. Szichta, M. Risse, G. Weber-Blaschke, K. Richter, Potentials for wood cascading: A model for the prediction of the recovery of timber in Germany, Resour. Conserv. Recy. 178 (2022) e106101.](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0950-0618(23)02156-6/h0020) - source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2Some NDT techniques have been successfully used for density estimation, such as drilling chips extraction and drilling penetration resistance.
“Some NDT techniques have been successfully used for density estimation, such as Drilling chips extraction [37,38] and Drilling penetration resistance [39 -41].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 5 sources checked- cites [37] [37] R.D. Martínez, J. Calvo, F. Arriaga, I. Bobadilla, In situ density estimation of timber pieces by drilling residue analysis, Eur. J. Wood Prod. 76 (2018) 509 -515, https:// doi.org/10.1007/s00107-017-1214-7. - source
- cites [38] [38] R.D. Martínez, J.A. Balmori, D.F. Llana, I. Bobadilla, Wood density determination by drilling chips extraction in ten softwood and hardwood species, Forests 11 (4) (2020) 383, https://doi.org/10.3390/f11040383. - source
- cites [39] [39] [R.A. Mari ˜ no, M.E. Fern ´ andez, C. Fern ´ andez-Rodríguez, An ´ alisis comparativo de la densidad de la madera de Pinus sylvestris L. mediante la utilizaci ´ on del resist ´ ografo [Comparative analysis of Pinus sylvestris L. wood density using resistograph], Revista CIS-Madera 9 (2002) 60 -70.](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0950-0618(23)02156-6/h0195) -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [40] [40] L. Acu ˜ na, L.A. Basterra, M. Casado, G. L ´ opez, G. Ram ´ on, E. Relea, C. Martínez, A. Gonz ´ alez, Aplicaci ´ on del resist ´ ografo a la obtenci ´ on de la densidad y la diferenciaci ´ on de especies de madera [Application of resistograph to obtain the density and to differentiate wood species], Mater. Construcc. 61 (303) (2011) 451 -464, https://doi.org/10.3989/mc.2010.57610. - source
- cites [41] [41] M.J. Morales-Conde, J.S. Machado, Evaluation of cross-sectional variation of timber bending modulus of elasticity by stress waves. Constr. Build. Mater. 134 (2017) 617-625. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.188. - source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2Non-destructive testing techniques are commonly used to estimate the mechanical properties of standing trees, logs, sawn timber and to evaluate existing timber structures.
“Non-destructive testing (NDT) techniques are commonly used to estimate the mechanical properties of standing trees, logs, sawn timber and to evaluate existing timber structures [25 -32].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 8 sources checked- cites [25] [25] L. Krajnc, N. Farrelly, A.M. Harte, Evaluating timber quality in larger-diameter standing trees: rethinking the use of acoustic velocity, Holzforschung 73 (9) (2019) 797 -806, https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0232. - source
- cites [26] [26] A. Vega, L. Gonz ´ alez, I. Fern ´ andez, P. Gonz ´ alez, Grading and mechanical characterization of small-diameter round chestnut ( Castanea sativa Mill.) timber from thinning operations, Wood Mater. Sci. Eng. 14 (2) (2019) 81 -87, https://doi. org/10.1080/17480272.2017.1387174. - source
- cites [27] [27] [A. Vega, A. Dieste, M. Guaita, J. Majada, V. Ba ˜ no, Modelling of the mechanical properties of Castanea sativa Mill. structural timber by a combination of nondestructive variables and visual grading parametersModellierung der mechanischen Eigenschaften von Castanea sativa Mill. Bauholz durch eine Kombination von visuell und zerst ¨ orungsfrei bestimmten Parametern, Eur. J. Wood Prod. 70 (6) (2012) 839 -844.](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0950-0618(23)02156-6/h0135) - source
- cites [28] [28] V. Hunkov ´ a, Condition survey and repair of wooden bridges in the Czech Republic, in: Proceedings of the 18 th International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium. September 24-27 2013. Madison, WI, USA. Pp. 253-260. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [29] [29] A. Lozano, J.P. Fern ´ andez, D. Rubio-Melendi, D. Lorenzo, Primary results of the use of GPR coda wave interferometry in the estimation of biological deterioration of Glulam and Crosslam elements, in: Proceedings of the 21 st International Nondestructive Testing and Evaluation of Wood Symposium. September 24-27 2019. Freiburg im Breisgau, BW, Germany. Pp. 11-17. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [30] [30] F. Arriaga, J. Mont ´ on, I. Bobadilla, D.F. Llana, Influence of length on acoustic timeof-flight (ToF) measurement in built-in structures of Norway spruce timber, Holzforschung 73 (4) (2019) 339 -352, https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0122. - source
- cites [31] [31] C. Osuna-Sequera, D.F. Llana, G. ´ I ˜ niguez-Gonz ´ alez, F. Arriaga, The influence of cross-section variation on bending stiffness assessment in existing timber structures, Eng. Struct. 204 (2020), 110082, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. engstruct.2019.110082. - source
- cites [32] [32] F. Arriaga, C. Osuna-Sequera, I. Bobadilla, M. Esteban, Prediction of the mechanical properties of timber members in existing structures using the dynamic modulus of elasticity and visual grading parameters, Constr. Build. Mater. 322 (2022) e126512, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2022.126512. - source
Section 1.7 (NDT support; page unavailable) says NDT has been studied for grading new timber and, more recently, for assessing timber in existing structures. It does not address NDT use for standing trees or logs, so those parts of the claim are not supported by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 3Other authors have reported a high rejection by twist when grading pines of similar dimensions to the present study's timber.
“A high rejection by twist grading four pines of similar dimensions that the present study ' s timber, was also reported by other authors [52].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [52] [52] D.F. Llana, F. Arriaga, M. Esteban, G. ´ I ˜ niguez-Gonz ´ alez, Comparison between wet and dry timber visual strength grading according to the Spanish (UNE 56544) and German (DIN 4074 -1) standards, Mater. Construcc. 69 (2019) 336:e205, https:// doi.org/10.3989/mc.2019.03319. - source
Section 2.1 reports grading four pine species using 100 × 150 mm cross-section specimens. Section 3.2 reports high twist-related rejection for Scots, Salzmann and maritime pine (44%–80%), but low rejection for radiata pine (8%). The claim overstates the result if it means rejection was high for all four species; the cited paper also cannot establish the dimensions of the citing study’s timber. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 3.4 Estimation of density · p. 8Morales-Conde et al. [70] reported 0.70 R2 for recovered pine timber.
“Morales-Conde et al. [70] reported 0.70 R 2 for recovered pine timber.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [70] [70] [M.J. Morales-Conde, C. Rodríguez-Li ˜ n ´ an, J.S. Machado, Predicting the density of structural timber members in service. The combined use of wood cores and drill resistance data, Mater. Construcc. 64 (315) (2014) e029.](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0950-0618(23)02156-6/h0350) - source
The retrieved passages are chiefly references and article metadata; none reports an R² value for recovered pine timber. Searches for “0.70” and for the recovered-pine result found no passage that verifies the claim. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3.4 Estimation of density · p. 8The R2 for density estimation using RML was slightly lower than 0.70 reported by Llana et al. [68] for recovered Norway spruce and 0.76 reported by Osuna-Sequera et al. [36] for recovered Salzmann pine.
“In the case of RML, R 2 shown in Table 6 was slightly lower than R 2 equal to 0.70 for recovered Norway spruce reported by Llana et al. [68] and R 2 equal to 0.76 for recovered Salzmann pine ( Pinus nigra Arnold ssp. salzmannii (Dunal) Franco) reported by Osuna-Sequera et al. [36].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [68] [68] D.F. Llana, G. ´ I ˜ niguez-Gonz ´ alez, J. Mont ´ on, F. Arriaga, In-situ density estimation by four nondestructive techniques on Norway spruce from built-in wood structures, Holzforschung 72 (10) (2018) 871 -879, https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0027. - source
- cites [36] [36] C. Osuna-Sequera, D.F. Llana, M. Esteban, F. Arriaga, Improving density estimation in large cross-section timber from existing structures by increasing the number of non-destructive measurements, Constr. Build. Mater. 211 (2019) (2019) 199 -206, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.03.144. - source
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3.4 Estimation of density · p. 8Applying the mean chip mass from Table 5 to the estimation model proposed by Llana et al. [68] yields a specimen density of 410 kg/m3, lower than 452 kg/m3 obtained in the present study.
“If specimen density is calculated introducing the mean chips mass of Table 5 in the estimation model proposed by Llana et al. [68] for the same species that the present study, the result obtained is 410 kg m 3 . This result is lower than 452 kg m 3 obtained in the present study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [68] [68] D.F. Llana, G. ´ I ˜ niguez-Gonz ´ alez, J. Mont ´ on, F. Arriaga, In-situ density estimation by four nondestructive techniques on Norway spruce from built-in wood structures, Holzforschung 72 (10) (2018) 871 -879, https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0027. - source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 3.4 Estimation of density · p. 8Içel and Güler [71] reported 0.73 R2 and a StE of 24 kg/m3 in Norway spruce for density estimation using Resistograph.
“Içel and Güler [71] reported 0.73 R 2 and a StE of 24 kg m 3 in Norway spruce”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [71] [71] B. Içel, G. Güler, Nondestructive determination of spruce lumber wood density using drilling resistance (Resistograph) method, Turk. J. Agric. For. 40 (2016) 900 -907, https://doi.org/10.3906/tar-1606-76. - source
The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown data§ 1. Introduction · p. 1Estimation of bending strength using ultrasound NDT technique had R2 = 0.60.
“In the case of bending strength estimation, R 2 were 0.60 and 0.77 respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingreasoning§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 4Knots were the main cause of rejection in 42% of the specimens under the NFB standard and 0% under the DIN standard.
“Secondary causes of rejection were wanes and fissures (between 30 and 40 %), while knots were the main cause of rejection in 42 % of the specimens in the case of the NFB standard and 0 % in the case of the DIN standard.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown data§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 4Eighteen specimens contained pith.
“Eighteen specimens contained pith and in just one specimen the pith was outside the cross-section.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimThe quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown data§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 4The specimen with pith outside the cross-section was the only one rejected due to fiber deviation according to both standards.
“This specimen was the only one rejected due to fiber deviation (according to both standards).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown data§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 4In just one specimen the pith was outside the cross-section.
“Eighteen specimens contained pith and in just one specimen the pith was outside the cross-section.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 54 specimens failed in shear mode, with mean MOR 54 N/mm2.
“4 in shear mode (mean MOR 54 N mm 2 )”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 7The standard error estimating MOEglo12 from longitudinal vibration Edyn was 1026 N mm^-2 in this study, higher than 579 N mm^-2 reported by the same authors.
“and the standard error of 1026 N mm 2 was higher than the 579 N mm 2 reported by the same authors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] [31] C. Osuna-Sequera, D.F. Llana, G. ´ I ˜ niguez-Gonz ´ alez, F. Arriaga, The influence of cross-section variation on bending stiffness assessment in existing timber structures, Eng. Struct. 204 (2020), 110082, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. engstruct.2019.110082. - source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 6The specimen that failed due to high slope of grain was the only one with no pith inside.
“This specimen was the only one with no pith inside”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
Findingown data§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 8For eighteen specimens, mean full specimen density was 452 kg/m3 (CV 5.85%), mean RML chip mass 0.81 g (CV 10.53%), and mean Resistograph drilling resistance 336 (CV 5.17%).
“| 452 | 5.85 | 0.81 | 10.53 | 336 | 5.17 |”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3.4 Estimation of density · p. 8Density estimation using RML measurements achieved slightly higher R2 and lower StE than those obtained using drilling resistance.
“Table 6 shows that density estimation using RML measurements achieved slightly higher R 2 and lower StE than those obtained using drilling resistance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone given§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 7MOE local is higher than MOE global.
“MOE local is higher than MOE global as expected.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 7In the present study, knottiness parameters (CKDR) were not significant in the case of MOR or MOEglo12, but were significant in the case of MOEloc12.
“in the present study there were not significant in the case of MOR or MOEglo12, but were significant in the case of MOEloc12.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingcitation§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 7The R2 estimating MOEglo12 from longitudinal vibration Edyn was 0.71 in this study, lower than 0.87 reported for recovered structural Salzmann pine timber.
“the R 2 estimating MOEglo12 from longitudinal vibration Edyn (0.71) was lower than the 0.87 obtained in recovered structural Salzmann pine timber [31]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] [31] C. Osuna-Sequera, D.F. Llana, G. ´ I ˜ niguez-Gonz ´ alez, F. Arriaga, The influence of cross-section variation on bending stiffness assessment in existing timber structures, Eng. Struct. 204 (2020), 110082, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. engstruct.2019.110082. - source
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 514 specimens failed in tension mode, with mean MOR 40 N/mm2.
“14 specimens failed in tension mode (mean MOR 40 N mm 2 )”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingreasoning§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 6Some specimens presented brittle failure.
“Some specimens presented brittle failure”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 7For individual specimens, Edyn obtained from Pundit with 54 kHz sensors is higher than Edyn obtained by STIG and higher than Edyn from 250 kHz shear waves.
“In Fig. 5 is observed by individual specimen that Edyn obtained from Pundit with 54 kHz sensors is higher than Edyn obtained by STIG and higher than Edyn 250 kHz shear waves as expected.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone given§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 6Another specimen that failed due to tension also presented a small failure due to compression.
“However, another specimen that failed due to tension also presented a small failure due to compression.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 7The highest R2 and lowest StE were found using the velocity obtained by longitudinal vibration.
“The highest R 2 and lowest StE were found using the velocity obtained by longitudinal vibration.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 6One of the tension failures was due to high slope of the grain, and the specimen was completely broken into two pieces following the fiber.
“One of the tension failures was due to high slope of the grain, which means that the specimen was completely broken into two pieces following the fiber.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 7When density is incorporated in the model through Edyn or as a second independent variable, the results are similar and density is identified as a statistically non-significant variable.
“However, when density is incorporated in the model through Edyn or as a second independent variable, the results are similar and density is identified as a statistically non-significant variable.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 1The yield of recycling recovered timber in MTP is related to the size of timber recovered and varies from one country to another.
“This yield is related with the size of timber recovered [19] and varies from one country to another.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [19] [19] D.F. Llana, G. ´ I ˜ niguez-Gonz ´ alez, M. de Arana-Fern ´ andez, C. Uí Chúl ´ ain, C., A.M. Harte, Recovered wood as raw material for structural timber products. Characteristics, situation and study cases: Ireland and Spain, in: Proceedings of the 63rd International Convention of Society of Wood Science and Technology (SWST). July 13-15 2020. Online due to Covid-19. Pp. 117-123. - source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 1EU policies currently encourage circularity by reusing demolition materials.
“EU policies currently encourage circularity by reusing demolition materials, e.g. in the new Circular Economy Action Plan [5]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] [5] European Commission 2020. A new Circular Economy Action Plan. COM/2020/98 final. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 1Virgin timber prices have risen steeply in recent years due to demand.
“virgin timber prices have risen steeply in recent years due to demand [6].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] [6] Fortune website 2022. Why lumber prices have nearly tripled again since cratering a few months ago. Published 12 th January. https://fortune.com/2022/01/12/lu mber-prices-skyrocket-again-weather-sawmill-production-supply-chain/ (accessed 12.01.2023). -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 3In recovered timber of the same species as the present study, warp was also identified as the main parameter of rejection when grading recovered Norway spruce applying the same NFB standard.
“In recovered timber of the same species of the present study warp was also identified as the main parameter of rejection [30] for grading of recovered Norway spruce applying the same NFB standard.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] [30] F. Arriaga, J. Mont ´ on, I. Bobadilla, D.F. Llana, Influence of length on acoustic timeof-flight (ToF) measurement in built-in structures of Norway spruce timber, Holzforschung 73 (4) (2019) 339 -352, https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0122. - source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown data§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 5The results presented are from a small sample of nineteen specimens.
“This result should be taken cautiously as was obtained from a small sample of nineteen specimens.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 4The loss of cross-section area due to wanes is compensated because wood fibers are not cut, avoiding stress concentration around knots in sawn timber.
“There is also an advantage in mechanical properties, as the loss of cross-section area by wanes presence is compensated as wood fibers are not cut avoiding the concentration of stress around knots in sawn timber [55].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [55] [55] [R. Wolfe, Research challenges for structural use of small-diameter round timbers, For. Prod. J. 50 (2) (2000) 21 -29.](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0950-0618(23)02156-6/h0275) -
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 4The most common singularities affecting recovered timber are holes and damage, together with warp and fissures.
“Warp, wanes and fissures rejection in recovered timber, is in line with findings by other authors; the most common singularities affecting recovered timber being holes and damage [13], together with warp and fissures [23].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [13] [13] A. Stenstad, S. L ø nbro-Bertelsen, R. Modaresi, Comparison of strength tests for evaluating the secondary timber utilisation in Cross Laminated Timber (CLT), in: proceedings of the 16th World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2021). August 9-12, 2021. Santiago de Chile, Chile. Pp. 2201-2206. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [23] [23] F. Arriaga, C. Osuna-Sequera, M. Esteban, G. ´ I ˜ niguez-Gonz ´ alez, I. Bobadilla, In situ assessment of the timber structure of an 18th century building in Madrid, Spain, Constr. Build. Mater. 304 (2021) e124466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. conbuildmat.2021.124466. - source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 5The load effect history is probably not the cause of poor MOR in the present study, because the structure was under low dead load and snow load was low and short term.
“This is probably not the case in the present study, due to the fact that the structure studied was under a low dead load (a light roof) and the climate records from 1949 to 2020 showed that the snow load was also low and short term [62].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [62] [62] Agency of the Republic of Slovenia for the Environment: National Meteorological Service - data on weather and climate website. https://meteo.arso.gov.si/met/en/ (accessed 30.12.2022). -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 2The STIG device was approved in 2018 by CEN/TC124/WG2/TG1 according to standard EN14081-2 for grading new timber from Norway spruce and silver fir grown in Slovenia.
“It was approved in 2018 by CEN/TC124/WG2/TG1 according to standard EN14081-2 [35] for grading new timber from Norway spruce ( Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and silver fir ( Abies alba Mill.) grown in Slovenia.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [35] [35] European Standard (2018) EN 14081-2. Timber structures - Strength graded structural timber with rectangular cross section - Part 2: Machine grading; additional requirements for type testing. European Committee of Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 1. Introduction · p. 1VSG standards are developed for timber commonly found in the market from specific species and growth areas, and this information is difficult to obtain in the case of recovered timber, which may be from mixed species.
“VSG standards are developed for timber commonly found in the market from specific species and growth areas and this information is difficult to obtain in the case of recovered timber, which in some cases may also be from mixed species [24].”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] [24] M.J. Smith, 2013. Chapter 5: Use of Recycled and Reclaimed Timbers. In the book: Reuse of Materials and Byproducts in Construction. Springer-Verlag London. 149 p. - source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 4Wane can be particularly undesirable when nail plates or connectors are used or there is transverse compression.
“In case of wanes, according to EN 14081-1 [53] ' wane should be restricted for general building reasons. Wane can be particu larly undesirable when nail plates or connectors are used or there is transverse compression ' .”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [53] [53] European Standard (2019) EN 14081-1:2016 + A1. Timber Structures - Strength Graded Structural Timber with Rectangular Cross Section - Part 1: General Requirements. European Committee of Standardization (CEN), Brussels, Belgium. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 5Ranta-Maunus et al. [63] reported mean MOEglo 11300 N/mm2, mean MOR 43.70 N/mm2, 5th percentile MOR 23.10 N/mm2, mean density 445 kg/m3, and 5th percentile density 378 kg/m3 for 1163 new Norway spruce specimens from Slovenia.
“Ranta-Maunus et al. [63] studied 1163 specimens of new Norway spruce timber from Slovenia reporting a mean MOEglo of 11300 N mm 2 , mean MOR 43.70 N mm 2 , 5 th percentile MOR 23.10 N mm 2 , mean density 445 kg m 3 and 5 th percentile density 378 kg m 3 .”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [63] [63] A. Ranta-Maunus, J.K. Denzler, P. Stapel, 2011. Strength of European Timber. Part 2: Properties of spruce and pine tested in Gradewood project. VTT Working Papers no. 179, 115 p. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationcitation§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 4Warp, wanes and fissures rejection in recovered timber is in line with findings by other authors.
“Warp, wanes and fissures rejection in recovered timber, is in line with findings by other authors; the most common singularities affecting recovered timber being holes and damage [13], together with warp and fissures [23].”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [13] [13] A. Stenstad, S. L ø nbro-Bertelsen, R. Modaresi, Comparison of strength tests for evaluating the secondary timber utilisation in Cross Laminated Timber (CLT), in: proceedings of the 16th World Conference on Timber Engineering (WCTE 2021). August 9-12, 2021. Santiago de Chile, Chile. Pp. 2201-2206. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [23] [23] F. Arriaga, C. Osuna-Sequera, M. Esteban, G. ´ I ˜ niguez-Gonz ´ alez, I. Bobadilla, In situ assessment of the timber structure of an 18th century building in Madrid, Spain, Constr. Build. Mater. 304 (2021) e124466, https://doi.org/10.1016/j. conbuildmat.2021.124466. - source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 3.1. Visual strength grading (VSG) · p. 4If recovered timber is visually graded after planing, warp and wanes rejection will disappear, obtaining a different grading yield.
“In this case, if timber is visually graded after plane it, warp and wanes rejection will disappear obtaining a different grading yield.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: If recovered timber is used for new timber constructions, four faces will be planed.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 1. Introduction · p. 2The longitudinal vibration method should be appropriate for recovered timber as it is free of coactive stresses.
“However, it should be appropriate for recovered timber as it is free of coactive stresses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The longitudinal vibration method requires support-free conditions.
- Rests on an assumption: Recovered timber is free of coactive stresses.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 6As stated by Kránitz et al. [64], brittleness increases in old wood.
“as stated by Kr ´ anitz et al. [64] brittleness increases in old wood.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [64] [64] K. Kr ´ anitz, W. Sonderegger, C.T. Bues, P. Niemz, Effects of aging on wood: a literature review, Wood Sci. Technol. 50 (2016) 7 -22, https://doi.org/10.1007/ s00226-015-0766-0. - source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 6Climate records [62] in the area have shown temperatures above 30°C on average 37 days per year.
“Climate records [62] in the area has shown temperatures above 30 ◦ C on average 37 days per year”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [62] [62] Agency of the Republic of Slovenia for the Environment: National Meteorological Service - data on weather and climate website. https://meteo.arso.gov.si/met/en/ (accessed 30.12.2022). -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 7In previous studies, inclusion of knottiness parameters (CKDR) in the model increased the models R2.
“In previous studies, inclusion of knottiness parameters (CKDR) in the model increased the models R 2 [27,30]”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [27] [27] [A. Vega, A. Dieste, M. Guaita, J. Majada, V. Ba ˜ no, Modelling of the mechanical properties of Castanea sativa Mill. structural timber by a combination of nondestructive variables and visual grading parametersModellierung der mechanischen Eigenschaften von Castanea sativa Mill. Bauholz durch eine Kombination von visuell und zerst ¨ orungsfrei bestimmten Parametern, Eur. J. Wood Prod. 70 (6) (2012) 839 -844.](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0950-0618(23)02156-6/h0135) - source
- cites [30] [30] F. Arriaga, J. Mont ´ on, I. Bobadilla, D.F. Llana, Influence of length on acoustic timeof-flight (ToF) measurement in built-in structures of Norway spruce timber, Holzforschung 73 (4) (2019) 339 -352, https://doi.org/10.1515/hf-2018-0122. - source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 7In new Norway spruce timber, Edyn from ultrasound is higher than Edyn from longitudinal vibration, and Edyn from longitudinal vibration is higher than MOE.
“As reported by other authors in new Norway spruce timber [65] Edyn from ultrasounds is higher than Edyn from longitudinal vibration and this is higher that MOE.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [65] [65] D.W. Haines, J.M. Leban, C. Herb ´ e, Determination of Young ' s modulus for spruce, fir and isotropic materials by the resonance flexure method with comparisons to static flexure and other dynamic methods, Wood Sci. Technol. 30 (1996) 253 -263, https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00229348. - source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitation§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 5Ranta-Maunus et al. [63] studied specimens with a maximum thickness of 50 mm, most 50x150 mm2, while the present study used 95x145 mm2 and a different number of specimens.
“However, it should be taken into account that RantaMaunus et al. [63] studied specimens with a maximum thickness of 50 mm, most of them 50x150 mm 2 , while in the present study was 95x145 mm 2 and the number of specimens studied was so different.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [63] [63] A. Ranta-Maunus, J.K. Denzler, P. Stapel, 2011. Strength of European Timber. Part 2: Properties of spruce and pine tested in Gradewood project. VTT Working Papers no. 179, 115 p. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationreasoning§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 6The brittle failure in the present study could probably be explained by large changes in temperature under the roof.
“This brittle failure in the present study could probably be explained by the large changes in temperature under the roof.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Interpretationcitation§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 6The temperature under a light roof without insulation could be very high.
“so the temperature under a light roof without insulation could be very high.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 7Morales-Conde and Machado [41] reported a R2 of 0.73 using PUNDIT to estimate MOE from Edyn in clear specimens of maritime pine.
“Morales-Conde and Machado [41] using PUNDIT to estimate MOE from Edyn in clear specimens of maritime pine reported a R 2 of 0.73.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [41] [41] M.J. Morales-Conde, J.S. Machado, Evaluation of cross-sectional variation of timber bending modulus of elasticity by stress waves. Constr. Build. Mater. 134 (2017) 617-625. doi: 10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2016.12.188. - source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationcitation§ 3.2. Mechanical testing · p. 5The values in new timber reported by [63] are similar to values shown in Table 2 for recovered timber, except MOR is lower.
“The values in new timber reported by [63] are similar than values shown in Table 2 for recovered timber, only in the case of MOR are lower.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [63] [63] A. Ranta-Maunus, J.K. Denzler, P. Stapel, 2011. Strength of European Timber. Part 2: Properties of spruce and pine tested in Gradewood project. VTT Working Papers no. 179, 115 p. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ 3.4 Estimation of density · p. 8Casado et al. [69] reported 0.56 R2 estimated density for recovered Scots pine timber.
“Casado et al. [69] reported 0.56 R 2 estimated density for recovered Scots pine timber.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [69] [69] M. Casado, L.A. Basterra, L. Acu ˜ na, O. Pinazo, C. Martínez, E. Relea, I. Barranco, G. Ram ´ on, Determinaci ´ on de la capacidad resistente mediante m ´ etodos no destructivos. Aplicaci ´ on en viguetas de forjado de un edificio singular [Determination of resistance by non-destructive testing applied to structural timber joists from a singular building], in: Proceedings of the IV Congreso Forestal Espa ˜ nol. September 26-30 2005. Zaragoza, Spain. 7 p. -
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
The quote only partly states this claim.
Interpretationreasoning§ 3.3. Estimation of mechanical properties · p. 6Recovered timber from the present study could be allocated to C30 based on Edyn comparison.
“recovered timber from the present study could be allocated to C30.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ 3.4 Estimation of density · p. 8Kloppenburg [72] tested 34 specimens of dark red meranti and estimated density with a R2 of 0.89 and a StE of 31 kg/m3.
“Kloppenburg [72] tested 34 specimens of dark red meranti ( Shorea ssp.), a tropical hardwood species, using the Resisto graph (carrying out 3 measurements per specimen as has been also done”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [72] [72] [A.M. Kloppenburg, Master Thesis, Density Determination of Tropical Hardwoods with the Resistograph 80 (2018) 80 p..](http://refhub.elsevier.com/S0950-0618(23)02156-6/h0360)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Interpretationreasoning§ 4. Conclusions · p. 8If recovered timber were planed in four faces to fulfill tolerances and facilitate connections of new constructions, a visual grading after planing will significantly reduce the rejection by warp and wanes, obtaining different grading results.
“Furthermore, if recovered timber were planed in four faces to fulfill tolerances and facilitate connections of new constructions, a visual grading after planing will significantly reduce the rejection by warp and wanes, obtaining different grading results.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The tested recovered Norway spruce specimens are representative of recovered Norway spruce timber for the purpose of grading and strength class assignment.
The paper relies on this without support.
VSG standards are designed for new timber, where parameters such as cracks and distortion are less common than in recovered timber.
“However, Visual Strength Grading (VSG) standards are designed for new timber, where parameters such as cracks and distortion are less common than in recovered timber.”
The paper relies on this without support.
In order to reuse the timber for structural purposes it must first be graded.
“In order to reuse the timber for structural purposes it must first be graded.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Factors such as changes in forest management, common timber sizes or service lifetime can affect the properties of the timber.
“Furthermore, factors such as changes in forest manage ment, common timber sizes or service lifetime can affect the properties of the timber.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Mass measurement is slow and unpractical if large volumes of timber are to be graded.
“Additionally, mass measurement is slow and unpractical if large volumes of timber are to be graded.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The longitudinal vibration method requires support-free conditions.
“The longitudinal vibration method requires support-free conditions and it is therefore more commonly used to grade new timber than to estimate timber properties in existing structures.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Recovered timber is free of coactive stresses.
“However, it should be appropriate for recovered timber as it is free of coactive stresses.”
The paper relies on this without support.
If recovered timber is used for new timber constructions, four faces will be planed.
“If recovered timber will be used for new timber constructions, four faces will be probably planed in order to achieve a perfectly square cross-section, to make new connections and for tolerances of new construction.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The tested recovered Norway spruce specimens are representative of recovered Norway spruce timber for the purpose of grading and strength class assignment.
“This grading and assignment of strength class should be taken cautiously as is provided from a small sample of nineteen specimens.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
End-to-end regression is not always better than the AC regression
MinorFor local modulus of elasticity using 250 kHz ultrasound velocity, the AC regression has a higher R2 (0.43 versus 0.40) and a lower standard error (1968 versus 2023) than the end-to-end regression, contrary to the stated comparison.
“present higher determination coefficients (R 2 ) and lower Standard Errors (StE) than regressions from the AB and AC”
“| | VelEE250_12 | 4238 | 1.8054 | - | 0.40 | 2023 | | | VelAB250_12 | 6829 | 3.4044 | - | 0.22 | 2311 | | | VelAC250_12 | 9446 | 3.8290 | - | 0.43 | 1968 |”
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Strategies for salvaging and repurposing timber elements from existing buildings in the UK
Godina, M., Gowler, P., Rose, C. M., Wiegand, E., Mills, H. F., Koronaki, A., Ramage, M. H., & Shah, D. U. (2025) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2024.144629 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“Nevertheless, recent research (Dong et al., 2024; Llana et al., 2023a) have shown promising results using non-destructive tests for the estimation of the elastic modulus of reclaimed timber.”
Pasca, D. P., Aloisio, A., De Santis, Y., Burkart, H., & Øvrum, A. (2025) · Engineering Structures · doi:10.1016/j.engstruct.2024.119218 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Nasiri, B., Roy, S., & Hughes, M. (2025) · European Journal of Wood and Wood Products · doi:10.1007/s00107-024-02170-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“The findings of the current study are consis - tent with those of a Norwegian study by Llana et al. (2023), which also identified warp and wane as key factors leading to sample rejection.”
Evaluation of the Carbon Footprint of Wooden Glamping Structures by Life Cycle Assessment
Sebestyén, T. T. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16072906 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Böhm, F., Richter, K., & Risse, M. (2025) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.144675 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Adding Value to Wood-Based Products: A Systematic Literature Review on Drivers
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Assessing changes in the mechanical properties of wood recovered from demolished buildings
Moumakwa, N. L., & Hughes, M. (2025) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.144612 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Ranttila, H., Fink, G., Brandner, R., & Ridley-Ellis, D. (2025) · Wood Material Science & Engineering · doi:10.1080/17480272.2025.2517186 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Circulation of structural timber for structural purposes: a review of opportunities and challenges
Novais Passarelli, R., Chiletto, T. D. O., Brandner, R., & Ottenhaus, L.-M. (2025) · Wood Material Science & Engineering · doi:10.1080/17480272.2025.2493711 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Derikvand, M., & Khoshroodi, D. B. (2025) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2025.144613 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Alves, M., Mesquita, L. M. R., Piloto, P. A. G., et al. (2026) · Journal of Building Engineering · doi:10.1016/j.jobe.2026.115500 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Scalable AI-driven automation for visual lumber grading
Shi, A., Bergsagel, D., Owen, J., & Heisel, F. (2025) · Journal of Cleaner Production · doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2025.146986 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Mechanical strength characterization of recovered azobé timber boards for reuse
Kamath, A., Kumar, G. S. R. K. S., Ravenshorst, G., et al. (2025) · Case Studies in Construction Materials · doi:10.1016/j.cscm.2025.e04228 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
A study on deterioration and residual service life of recovered azobé (Lophira alata) sheet piles
Kamath, A., Mirra, M., Ravenshorst, G., et al. (2025) · European Journal of Wood and Wood Products · doi:10.1007/s00107-025-02283-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In addi - tion, the existing visual strength grading standards may not properly grade recovered timber (Llana et al. 2023).”
Vonk, N. H., Niederwestberg, J., & de Jong, J. D. (2026) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.145116 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Akbar, A., Lee, J. Y., Kim, J., & Jeong, M. Y. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app132413157 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“Vibration-based methods have also been used in the industry for defect detection; however, they are limited by their low sensitivity and accuracy, especially for small subjects [5].”
MethodFit by feedback: robot-centric local path warping for reclaimed-timber joinery
Adelzadeh, A., Tamke, M., & Thomsen, M. R. (2026) · Construction Robotics · doi:10.1007/s41693-026-00208-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“A recent study on Norway spruce reported 95% rejection when visual grading criteria were applied, largely due to geometric irregularities (Llana et al. 2023).”
Scharpenack, F., Kovryga, A., & van de Kuilen, J.-W. (2026) · Wood Material Science and Engineering · doi:10.1080/17480272.2026.2615820 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Huber, J. A. J., Svilans, T., Kauniste, M., Vonk, N. H., Broman, O., Tuhkanen, E., Wuyts, W., Just, A., Tamke, M., & Thomsen, M. R. (2026) · European Journal of Wood and Wood Products · doi:10.1007/s00107-026-02433-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Sebestyén, T. T. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-3357383/v1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Revisión de literatura sobre modelos de negocios circulares a base de fique y fibras naturales
Solarte, C. M. S., Solarte, M. L. S., & Rivadeneira, D. X. R. (2025) · Cuadernos Latinoamericanos de Administración · doi:10.18270/cuaderlam.4700
Challenges and Potentials for Circulating Structural Timber and Engineered Wood Products
Ranttila, H., Fink, G., Brandner, R., & Ridley-Ellis, D. (2025) · Springer tracts in civil engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-02098-7_30
A visual-based classification approach for regrading reclaimed timber
Aloisio, A., Pasca, D. P., Øvrum, A., & Fragiacomo, M. (2026) · Procedia Structural Integrity · doi:10.1016/j.prostr.2025.12.004
Rebhi, A., Coureau, J.-L., Garnesson, T., Galimard, P., Haeck, M. D., & Lanvin, J.-D. (2026) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.146554
Scharpenack, F., Kovryga, A., Khaloian-Sarnaghi, A., & van de Kuilen, J.-W. (2026) · European Journal of Wood and Wood Products · doi:10.1007/s00107-026-02431-3
“For unprocessed rafters, despite promising mechanical properties on a level of C24, the application of DIN 4074—1 was infeasible due to disproportionate rejections caused by pronounced twist and wane (Llana et al. 2023).”
Derikvand, M., Srejić, O., Schwarzkopf, M., & Mrissa, M. (2026) · Construction and Building Materials · doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2026.148132
Liu, H., Wu, Y., Li, A., et al. (2026) · Wood Material Science and Engineering · doi:10.1080/17480272.2026.2743176
Nanda, P., Zdziarska, K., O’Hagan, J., et al. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.7616066
- Authors
- Llana, D. F., Íñiguez-González, G., Plos, M., & Turk, G.
- Affiliations
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (ES)
- University of Ljubljana (SI)
- Corresponding author
- Llana, Daniel F.
- Venue
- Construction and Building Materials
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2023-09
- Volume
- 398
- Pages
- 132440
- ISSN
- 0950-0618 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W4384306056
- Cited by
- 28
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2
- FWCI
- 3.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- www.sciencedirect.com
- Licence
- Locations
- Construction and Building Materials (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Hispana (acceptedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UPM Digital Archive (Technical University of Madrid) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Repository of the University of Ljubljana (University of Ljubljana) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- European Commission (HORIZON2020, 773324, 101025786)
- Javna Agencija za Raziskovalno Dejavnost RS (P2-0260, 773324)
- Ministrstvo za Izobraževanje, Znanost in Šport (773324)
- Interreg
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Building and Construction › Wood Treatment and Properties
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Civil and Structural Engineering › Structural Engineering and Materials Analysis
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Bamboo properties and applications
- Keywords
- Norway spruce, timber grading, elastic modulus, flexural strength, non-destructive testing, ultrasound, vibration testing, density estimation, rafters
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-16.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-16.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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