Craig on Penal Substitution: A Critique

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Ames' account of divine justice has many demands.

“For, clearly, Ames' account of divine justice has all sorts of demands.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Penal substitution theorists make much of the fact that divine retribution for offenses against God are private legal affairs.

“Penal substitution theorists make much of the fact that divine retribution for offenses against God are private legal affairs.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Craig lays out five necessary conditions that he says Christ meets to justify judicial relaxation: common nature, consent, authority over life, power to bear punishment, and innocence.

“These five necessary conditions include: 1) the common nature of Christ's humanity and ours, 2) the consent of Christ's will to perform this substitutionary act, 3) the authority Christ has over his life to do with it what he will, 4) the substitute's power to successfully bear the punishment for the sin of others, and 5) the innocence of Christ.”

• cites C CRAIG RAIG, The Death of Christ, 134Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Craig's account of divine justice is reductionistic in the sense that bare retributivism does not suffice when one makes claims about a whole tradition of thinkers as Craig has.

“Craig's account of divine justice is reductionistic in the sense that bare retributivism simply doesn't cut it when you make claims about a whole tradition of thinkers as Craig has.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ames describes God's moral government, established by the moral law, as something specific to his rational creatures.

“Strictly speaking, Ames describes God's moral government, which he says is established by the moral law, as something specific to his rational creatures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Turretin offers, perhaps more than any other theologian of the period, a thoroughgoing exposition of Christ's death explicitly cast in terms of penal substitution.

“we can whole-heartedly agree with Craig that Turretin offers, perhaps more than any other theologian of the period, a thoroughgoing exposition of the work of Christ's death, explicitly cast in terms of what many contemporary theologians call penal substitution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The obviousness of the relation between kingdom, justice and atonement has been lost on most contemporary theologians.

“the obviousness of the relation between kingdom, justice and atonement has somehow been lost on most contemporary theologians.”

May combine two claims.

Ames belongs uniquely to both the early and high periods of the Protestant scholastic tradition and must be regarded as representative of Reformed opinion at the time.

“our appeal to Ames, who belongs uniquely to both the early and high periods must be no less regarded as representative of Reformed opinion at the time.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Ames is representative of Reformed opinion at the time.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Retributive justice is subordinated to a subcategory of Distributive justice.

“Subordinated to a subcategory of Distributive justicesomething we saw Craig draw attention to while expositing Turretin's doctrine”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Craig argues that Christ voluntarily bore the suffering that we were due as the punishment for our sins.

“That is to say, Christ voluntarily bore the suffering that we were due as the punishment for our sins.”

• cites C CRAIG RAIG, The Atonement, 37 ff; The Death of Christ, 125-7Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

There is a virtual mountain of scriptural evidence that warrants thinking that there is an intimate relationship between the kingdom of God, justice, and salvation.

“there is a virtual mountain of scriptural evidence that appears to warrant our thinking that there is an intimate relationship between the kingdom of God, justice, and salvation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Recent atonement literature reveals a growing trend accepting the thesis that the Reformer's doctrine just is the biblical doctrine of penal substitution.

“The recent atonement literature reveals a growing trend accepting the thesis that the Reformer's doctrine just is the biblical doctrine of penal substitution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Craig correctly states that the foundations of Turretin's atonement doctrine are laid in his treatment of divine justice.

“when he gets to Turretin's actual defense of penal substitution he clearly states that “the foundations of Turretin's atonement doctrine are laid in his treatment of divine justice.””

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Craig returns to his singular interest in the punitive aspect of justice.

“So stated, Craig (almost dismissively) returns to his singular interest in the punitive aspect of justice.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Turretin and Craig think that God can relax strict demands to make provision for a non-lawbreaker, Christ, to substitute himself for another and thereby be liable to punishment.

“Turretin (and Craig) thinks that God can relax these strict demands to make provision for a non-lawbreaker (i.e. Christ) to substitute himself for another and in so doing be liable to punishment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Craig privileges Turretin's more systematically detailed account over Calvin's.

“This helps explains at least some of the reason Craig privileges his more systematically detailed account over Calvin's.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Turretin is the go-to Reformed theologian for post-Reformation polemical defence of penal substitution.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

If realist penal substitution is not taken as a legitimate rationale for working around the legal fiction objection, then either Christ is not a penal substitute or he does not satisfy all the demands of divine justice related to individual debts of punishment.

“For, if something like realist penal substitution is not taken as one legitimate rationale for working around the legal fiction objection, then it seems to us that either Christ is not a penal substitute or he does not satisfy all the demands of divine justice related to individual debts of punishment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Turretin represents an argumentative backdrop for some of the mechanics of Craig's own view.

“So too does Turretin represents an argumentative backdrop for some the mechanics of Craig's own view.”

May combine two claims.

Realist penal substitution is a recent alternative to standard penal substitution theory that is part of contemporary theological discussion and has answered one of the standard view's most significant liabilities with a legitimate, albeit exotic, metaphysical innovation.

“The point of highlighting it here is to show that a recent alternative to the standard penal substitution theory is part of the contemporary theological discussion and that this alternative has answered one of the most significant liabilities of the standard view with a legitimate, albeit exotic, metaphysical innovation.”

• cites [77]Not matched

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• cites [78]Not matched

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• cites [79]Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

Craig's second claim is that the doctrine of penal substitution is the Reformer's doctrine.

“Simply put, Craig's second claim is that the doctrine of penal substitution is “the Reformer's doctrine.””

• cites C CRAIG RAIG, The Atonement, 37 ff; The Death of Christ, 125-7Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Ames defines the kingdom of God as a polity or state in which God has supreme power and men are subject so that from him they may secure their own good or eternal felicity.

“Ames defines the kingdom of God, “as a polity or state in which God has supreme power, and men are thus subject so that from him they may secure their own good, or eternal felicity.””

• cites Ames, MarrowNot matched

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Craig says that Turretin's nature of atonement involves (1) payment of a debt, (2) appeasement of divine wrath, and (3) expiation of guilt.

“Regarding the nature of atonement, Craig likewise says of Turretin, Satisfaction for sin must therefore involve (1) payment of a debt, (2) appeasement of divine wrath, and (3) expiation of our guilt.”

• cites C CRAIG RAIG, The Death of Christ, 133Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

Craig argues that the Protestant Reformers interpreted the satisfaction of God's justice in terms of penal substitution.

“The Protestant Reformers, while appreciative of Anselm's satisfaction theory and recognizing Christ's death as satisfying God's justice, interpreted the satisfaction of God's justice in terms of penal substitution.”

• cites C CRAIG RAIG, The Atonement, 37 ff; The Death of Christ, 125-7Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Scripture has a lot more to say about the kingdom of God and its peculiar judicial demands than many contemporary theologians, including Craig, are willing to make systematic or constructive room for.

“Scripture has a lot more to say about the kingdom of God and its peculiar judicial demands than many contemporary theologians, including Craig, are wont to make systematic or constructive room for”

May combine two claims.

There are other prominent voices in the Reformed tradition committed otherwise; William Ames is committed to some version of Anselm's Satisfaction theory of atonement.

“The first part is simply that there are other (prominent) voices in the Reformed tradition that are committed otherwise; case in point, William Ames, who is committed to some version of Anselm's Satisfaction theory of atonement.”

• cites Ames, MarrowNot matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The story of divine justice is far thicker than mere demands of retributivism.

“The story of divine justice is far thicker than mere demands of retributivism and neglecting it as such is much more than a mere crack in the argumentative fortress Craig thinks his appeal to Turretin aids him in building.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

William Lane Craig claims in recent works that the Reformer's doctrine just is the biblical doctrine of penal substitution.

“This is the claim of William Lane Craig in his recent works on the atonement.”

• cites Craig, The AtonementNot matched

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• cites Craig, The Death of ChristNot matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

These doctrinal constituents are common to most Reformed arguments for penal substitution.

“In part, these doctrinal constituents are common to most Reformed arguments for penal substitution and we somewhat anticipated them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

Craig argues that there is no longer any punishment due to those who are the beneficiaries of Christ's death.

“There is therefore no longer any punishment due to those who are the beneficiaries of Christ's death.”

• cites C CRAIG RAIG, The Atonement, 37 ff; The Death of Christ, 125-7Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The Moral Law has two parts: Distributive Justice, a giving to each his own, and Emendative or Remunerative Justice, a restoring to each his own.

“The Moral law, says Ames, also has two parts: 1) Distributive Justice, which Ames says is a “giving to each his own” (2.16.307) and Emendative (i.e. Remunerative) Justice, which is a “restoring to each his own” and are “remote ends of the law” (2.16.307).”

• cites Ames, Marrow, 2.16.307Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ames defines justice as an inseparable sign of true religion.

“Ames goes on to define justice as “an inseparable sign of true religion,””

• cites Ames, Marrow, 2.4.237Not matched

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May combine two claims.

Luther was at least committed to a theory of atonement far more nuanced than penal substitution and at most committed to something akin to a Christus Victor-heavy understanding of Anselmian Satisfaction.

“A close reading of the Augsburg confession relative to the articles on atonement (i.e. what they called [and we ought to henceforth call] “Satisfaction”), together with a cursory survey of Luther's sermons indicates that Luther was at least committed to a theory of atonement far more nuanced than what we are calling penal substitution theory here and at most committed to something more a kin to a”

• cites Defense of the Augsburg Confession, Article 6: Of Confessions and SatisfactionsNot matched

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• cites Sermons of Martin Luther, Vol. 2, 344Not matched

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Luther states that the death of Christ is a satisfaction not only for guilt, but also for eternal death.

“Luther himself states, “the death of Christ is a satisfaction not only for guilt, but also for eternal death””

• cites Defense of the Augsburg Confession, Article 6: Of Confessions and SatisfactionsNot matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Scripture's account of the divine justice motif is by no means exhausted by retributivism.

“we observe that Scripture's account of the divine justice motif is by no means exhausted by retributivism.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Craig's condemnation of Socinianism comes at the expense of any substantive engagement with Socinus on the subject of divine justice outside of retributivism.

“Craig's (rightful) condemnation of Socinianism comes at the expense of any substantive engagement with Socinus on the subject of divine justice outside of retributivism (i.e. punishment).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Ames argues that the moral law is the means by which God displays the righteousness of his self-love, making his moral perfection and holiness comprehensible to rational creatures and threatening those who despise his general benevolence and authority.

“Here, he argues that it is the moral law that is the means by which God displays the righteousness (i.e. rectitude) of his self-lovemaking his moral perfection and holiness comprehensible to these rational creatures and threatening those who despise his general benevolence and authority.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The kingdom of God is a central motif in Scripture.

“there is strong evidence that supports Sailhamer's claim that the kingdom of God is, in fact, a central motif in Scripture.”

• cites SailhamerNot matched

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The judicial economy of the kingdom of God is governed by judicial demands for which the Scriptures indicate we must all account, and from which Christ's work, his death in particular, is said to deliver us.

“the judicial economy of the kingdom of God is governed by judicial demands for which the Scriptures indicate we must all account, and from which Christ's workhis death in particularis said to deliver us.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The judicial economy of the divine kingdom may equally and directly impact how we make sense of the economy of salvation.

“consider that the judicial economy of this divine kingdom may equally and directly impact how we make sense of the economy of salvation.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Giving focused attention to retributivism, Craig takes little interest in developing the larger picture of divine justice.

“giving such focused attention to the subject of retributivism, Craig takes little interest in developing the larger picture of divine justice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

From relative rectitude issues the Moral Law.

“From this relative rectitude issues the Moral Lawwhat Ames calls “the revealed will of God, which is the rule for the moral life” (1.10.110-11).”

• cites Ames, Marrow, 1.10.110-11Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Turretin argues that Christ endured the punishment of desertion, involving suspension of the favorable presence of grace and the sense of divine wrath, but not a privation of righteousness.

“Defending the idea that Christ's endured what he calls the “punishment of desertion,” Turretin argues, for example, that, “But as to a participation of joy and felicity, God suspending for a little while the favorable presence of grace and the influx of consolation and happiness that he might be able to suffer all the punishment due to us”

• cites Institutes of Elenctic Theology, 14, i, viNot matched

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Luther's sermon on Luke 24:36-47, Luther states that God cannot remit punishment and wrath unless payment and satisfaction be made.

“if God's wrath is to be taken away from me and I am to obtain grace and forgiveness, some one must merit this; for God cannot be a friend of sin nor gracious to it, nor can he remit the punishment and wrath, unless payment and satisfaction be made.”

• cites Sermons of Martin Luther, Vol. 2, 344Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Ames, Rectoral Justice has two parts: Absolute Rectitude (Honor ad intra) and Relative Rectitude (Honor ad extra).

“According to Ames, Rectoral Justice (Divine Rectitude and Holiness) has two parts: 1) Absolute Rectitude (Honor ad intra) and 2) Relative Rectitude (Honor ad extra).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The kingdom of God has a thematic relation to justice and salvation.

“So too is the kingdom of God's thematic relation to justice and salvation, according to Sailhamer.”

• cites SailhamerNot matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The divine justice motif in Scripture is far more nuanced than can be reduced to a discussion of God's righteousness and retributivism.

“the divine justice motif in Scripture is, as we shall see in a moment, far more nuanced than can be reduced to a discussion of God's righteousness and retributivism.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Craig's argument is that Socinus has no room for God as judge in the sense that he makes provision for God to relax the strict demands of the law requiring lawbreakers to be liable to punishment.

“In other words, Craig's argument is that Socinus has no room for God as judge in the sense that he makes provision for God to relax the strict demands of the law that require lawbreakers be liable to punishment for offenses against the law.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

For simple debts, the representative is not absorbing a debt of punishment but paying a credit to satisfy the debt.

“For simple debts, the representative is not absorbing a debt of punishment but paying a credit to satisfy the debt.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Craig says that in God's role as judge, a certain forbearance can be admitted in relation to time, degree, or person by substitution.

“Craig says precisely this, explaining that, “[i]n God's role as judge a certain forbearance can be admitted, either in relation to the time by the delay of punishment or in relation to the degree by mitigation of the punishment or in relation to the person by a substitution.””

• cites C CRAIG RAIG, The Death of Christ, 134Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

On the satisfaction theory, Christ gives up his life to restore honor to God by paying a debt of honor, not a debt of punishment.

“Roughly, on the satisfaction theory, Christ gives up his life in order to restore honor to God by paying a debtnot of debt of punishment, mind you (as in the case of penal substitution), but of debt of honor.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Craig's account opens the door to consider alternative theories of atonement under the auspices of the judicial economy laid out in the paper.

“Craig's account appears to open the door to consider alternative theories of atonement under the auspices of the judicial economy we have just laid it out here.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Ames, the Lord demands two things from the servant: religion and justice.

“the Lord demands two things from the servant: 1) religion and 2) justice.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted).

Craig argues that God's wrath is propitiated by Christ's substitutionary death because the demands of divine justice have been met.

“God's wrath is propitiated by Christ's substitutionary death, for the demands of divine justice have been met.”

• cites C CRAIG RAIG, The Atonement, 37 ff; The Death of Christ, 125-7Not matched

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Consequentialism is a term of art Craig appropriated from ethical theory to parse out his moral variation of legal fiction.

“Consequentialism is a term of art that Craig appears to have appropriated from ethical theory as a way to parse out his moral variation of legal fiction.”

• cites [85]Not matched

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

According to Craig and his reading of Turretin, because God can do whatsoever he pleases, he can as judge modify strict legal demands to justifiably treat one person as if he were another, without moral protestation of the creature.

“In other words, according to Craig (and his reading of Turretin), because God can do whatsoever he pleases, he can (as judge) modify the strict legal demands of various legislation of which he himself is the author in order to justifiably treat one person as if he were another (i.e. legal fiction), and all this without worry of any sort of moral protestation of the creature.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Craig correctly observes that divine retribution is a dogmatic subcategory of Distributive justice.

“Craig also correctly (albeit only momentarily) observes that divine retribution is a dogmatic subcategory of what theologians of the period once commonly referred to as “Distributive justice.””

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Religion begins with honor because God's chief design for his moral creature is that they honor him, from which follows his command to honor one another.

“Religion begins with honor because God's chief design for his moral creature is that they honor him, from which follows his command to honor one another.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

According to Garry Williams and Oliver Crisp, Grotius' claims about the penal nature of the atonement find their most thorough explanation in terms of a broader Anselmian satisfaction theory.

“according to Garry Williams' unpublished and quite illuminating Oxford DPhil thesis, together with Oliver Crisp's recent exposition of the atonement theology of the younger Jonathan Edwards (and what he calls Edwards Jr.'s commitment to a Penal non-Substitution theory in JTS), Grotius' claims about the penal nature of the atonement find their most thorough explanation in terms of a broader Anselm”

• cites Garry W WILLIAMS ILLIAMS, "A Critical Exposition of Hugo Grotius's Doctrine of the Atonement in De Satisfactione Christi"Not matched

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• cites Oliver D. C CRISP RISP, "Penal Non-Substitution"Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Turretin represents a strong source of historical leverage for Craig's proposal that penal substitution is the Reformer's doctrine.

“In the end, Turretin represents a strong source of historical leverage, as it were, for Craig's proposal that penal substitution is “the Reformer's doctrine.””

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Divine justice is intimately related, if not altogether inseparable, from Scripture's kingdom of God motif.

“divine justice is a motif intimately related, if not, altogether inseparable from Scripture's kingdom of God motif.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Debts of punishment are logically tied to the individual(s) that accrue that specific debt.

“debts of punishment are logically tied to the individual(s) that accrue that specific debt in question.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Representationalism is a doctrine advanced by most federal or covenant theologians of the Reformed tradition.

“Representationalism is a doctrine advanced by most (federal or covenant) theologians of the Reformed tradition.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Craig attempts to avoid the legal fiction objection by limiting his attention to divine justice in terms of retributivism and Consequentialism.

“One of the ways that Craig attempts to avoid the legal fiction objection is, as we have already suggested, by limiting his attention to divine justice in terms of retributivism and what he calls Consequentialism.”

• cites [85]Not matched

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

On this way of thinking, Christ experiences suffering as a suitable equivalent to punishment rather than the actual punishment for specific sins due to actual, specific sinners.

“On this way of thinking, Christ experiences suffering as a suitable equivalent, as it were, to punishment rather than the actual punishment for specific sins that due to actual, specific sinners.”

May combine two claims.

The legal fiction objection developed in the paper shows that either Christ is not truly a penal substitute, though he may be a global substitute satisfying simple debts or a public debt, or Christ does not satisfy all the demands of the moral law for individual debts of punishment.

“And in the final analysis, the legal fiction objection we developed above shows that either Christ is not truly a penal substitute (although he may be a global substitute that satisfies various simple debts or a public debt) or Christ does not satisfy all the demands of the moral law for individual debts of punishment.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The moral law knows no partiality.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Penal substitution's promise is deliverance from owing a debt of punishment.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Mere consequences are not synonymous with debts of punishment logically or lawfully connected to the agent-violator.

“Mere consequences are not synonymous with debts of punishment logically or lawfully connected to the agent-violator.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Taking the consequentialist cue, Craig argues that Christ is actually able to make atonement as a penal substitute, though it seems oddly inaccurate to classify penal substitution apart from a fundamentally retributive understanding of substituting oneself for debts of punishment.

“Taking this consequentialist cue, Craig argues that Christ is then actually able to make atonement as a penal substitute, however much it seems oddly inaccurate to classify penal substitution apart from a fundamentally retributive understanding of how one might substitute oneself for debts of punishment.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

On nearly all atonement theories, Christ is a global substitute for humanity in that he takes their place in this world to satisfy some moral demand unmet by the rest of humanity.

“For on nearly all atonement theories, Christ is a global substitute for humanity in that he is taking their place (somehow) in this world to satisfy some moral demand unmet by the rest of humanity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

It is not clear what it would mean for a single individual to experience a spiritual death of every human being or even some number of human beings.

“Neither is it clear what would it mean for a single individual to experience a spiritual death of every human being or even some number of human beings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

On penal substitution, what needs satisfying are the debts of punishment logically connected to agent-violators of the moral law.

“This becomes important when we consider that on penal substitution what needs satisfying are the debts of punishment logically connected to agent-violators of the moral law.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Expressivism is a term of art in meta-ethics that measures states of affairs with language that functions to expose an evaluative state.

“Expressivism, like consequentialsim, is also a term of art in meta-ethics that measures states of affairs with language that functions to expose an evaluative state.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Craig conflates penal substitution as the biblical theory of the atonement, as if there is a theory of the atonement that falls right off the pages of Scripture.

“we showed first that Craig conflates penal substitution as the biblical theory of the atonement, as if there is a theory of the atonement that falls right off the pages of Scripture.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

On Craig's expressivist proposal, Christ gives exposure to the public offense against the moral law and satisfies that public offense by his death.

“On Craig's expressivist proposal, Christ gives exposure to the public offense that is against the moral law and satisfies that public offense by his death.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This move is how Craig thinks he can rebrand Grotius's theory of atonement as penal substitution rather than penal non-substitution (moral government) or penal example theory.

“This move is how Craig thinks he can simply rebrand Grotius's theory of atonement as penal substitution rather than what is commonly accepted as penal non-substitution (i.e. moral government) or what some have called the penal example theory.”

• cites [88]Not matched

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Craig suggests Christ could assume the penal consequences of sin by taking on suffering that would otherwise be due to the lawful violator.

“He suggests that Christ could assume the penal consequences of sin by taking on the suffering that would otherwise be due to the lawful violator.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

It is not clear that a singular individual could experience the cumulative weight of the debt of punishment of all individuals.

“For, it is not clear to us that a singular individual could experience the cumulative weight of the debt of punishment of all individuals.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Separating the agent causing the offense from the agent taking the offense to the agent-cause introduces ambiguity and provokes the question whether Christ can assume individual debts of punishment.

“By separating the agent causing the offense from the agent taking the offense to the agent-cause introduces a certain ambiguity and provokes the question of whether it is even possible that Christ can assume individual debts of punishment.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The second way Craig thinks he can avoid the legal fiction objection is by an expressivist view of penal substitution.

“The second way that Craig thinks he can avoid the legal fiction objection is by what he calls an expressivist view of penal substitution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

How this is distinct from penal non-substitution as outlined earlier, reflected prominently in Crisp and Williams, remains unclear.

“But how this is distinct from penal non-substitution as outlined earlier (reflected prominently in Crisp and Williams) remains unclear.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In Craig's view, the logic of penal debts found in retributive accounts of penal substitution is replaced with a theory that separates the satisfying of the effects of the agents from the causes.

“In this way, the logic of penal debts found in retributive accounts of penal substitution is replaced with a theory that separates the satisfying of the effects of the agents from the causes.”

May combine two claims.

Rather than eschewing legal fictions, Craig thinks expressivism is a way to make good use of them to explain the significance of Christ's death, at the expense of humanity's deliverance from owing a debt of punishment.

“Rather than eschewing legal fictions, Craig actually seems to think that expressivism is a way to actually make good use of them to explain the significance of Christ's death-and all this, at the expence of the very thing that advocates of penal substitution make so much noise about, namely, humanity's deliverance from owing a debt of punishment.”