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Comparing Memory for Handwriting versus Typing
Open accessAbstract
This is an investigation into the possible links between psychomotor action, in the activities of handwriting, and memory. A comparison of recall and recognition for common words demonstrates that memory is better for words when they have been written down rather than when they are typed. This provides additional support for the hypothesis that the additional context provided by the complex task of writing results in better memory. With the recent trend towards electronic note taking, the educational and practical implications of these findings would suggest that performance may be improved by using traditional paper-and-pen notes.
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“handwriting training has not only been found to improve spelling accuracy (Cunningham and Stanovich, 1990) and better memory and recall (Longcamp et al., 2006; Smoker et al., 2009; Mueller and Oppenheimer, 2014), but also to facilitate letter recognition and understanding (Longcamp et al., 2005, 2008; Li and James, 2016).”
From Handwriting but not typewriting leads to widespread brain connectivity: a high-density EEG study with implications for the classroom (2024) · cites this paper as Smoker et al., 2009
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The publisher hasn’t deposited this paper’s reference list.
Research works printed but not linked: 7
- 10.1016/S0022-5371(72)80001-X · DOI · Paper page
- Florida Department of Education, 2007, Florida Comprehensive Assessment Test (FCAT)
- 10.1080/14640747908400724 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1037/h0067338 · DOI
- 10.1162/jocn.2008.20504 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.1016/j.actpsy.2004.10.019 · DOI · Paper page
- 10.3758/BF03211399 · DOI
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Manwell, L. A., Tadros, M., Ciccarelli, T. M., & Eikelboom, R. (2022) · Journal of Integrative Neuroscience · doi:10.31083/j.jin2101028 · Cited by 122
Ose Askvik, E., van der Weel, F. R. (., & van der Meer, A. L. H. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01810 · Cited by 86
Van der Weel, F. R. (., & Van der Meer, A. L. H. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1219945 · Cited by 85
Ghanamah, R. (2025) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-025-10682-4 · Cited by 5
Gür, T. (2021) · Education Quarterly Reviews · doi:10.31014/aior.1993.04.03.325 · Cited by 4
Metadata
- Authors
- Smoker, T. J., Murphy, C. E., & Rockwell, A. K.
- Affiliations
- University of Central Florida (US)
- Venue
- Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2009-10
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 22
- Pages
- 1744-1747
- ISSN
- 0163-5182 (ISSN-L)
- 1071-1813
- 2169-5067
- OpenAlex
- W4240414933
- Cited by
- 11
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 0.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting (publishedVersion)
- Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Visual and Cognitive Learning Processes
- Social Sciences › Education › Writing and Handwriting Education
- Keywords
- handwriting, typing, memory, memory retrieval, recognition, word memory, note-taking
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- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Comparing Memory for Handwriting versus Typing. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.1518/107118109x12524444081755
- The paper
- Smoker, T. J., Murphy, C. E., & Rockwell, A. K. (2009). Comparing Memory for Handwriting versus Typing. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting. https://doi.org/10.1518/107118109x12524444081755
