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Chronological Age vs. Biological Maturation: Implications for Exercise Programming in Youth
Open accessAbstract
Biological maturation is associated with significant change to a number of physiological and structural processes throughout childhood and, in particular, adolescence. Mismatched rapid growth in the long bones relative to muscular lengthening may disrupt structure, neuromuscular function, and physical performance. Practitioners who work with school-age youth should be aware of the age-related changes that typically take place during a child's development to ensure that their strength and conditioning programming is as safe and effective as possible for enhancing performance and reducing injury risk. Although there are several methods available to assess biological maturation, practitioners who work with youth can benefit from assessment methods that are available and feasible, and that provide utility in the quantification of the degree and stages of biological maturation that affect motor performance in children and adolescents. This article synthesizes the relevant assessment methods and provides a rationale for understanding usable biological maturation assessment tools that can aid in the development of training program design for youth.
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“Of note, there is considerable developmental variability among young people of the same chronological age [112], which has important implications for mastery experiences during competitive activities, and subsequently on the development of physical self-concept.”
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“Terms such as “trained,” “highly trained,” and “well-trained” also seem to be highly subjective, with variations around the participants training load, training history, and the intent of the training commitment.3,4”
From Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
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“More recently, 2 reviews further developed cycling-based classification protocols, terminology, and performance indicators in both male 4 and female participants.3 These frameworks consist of 5 performance levels, which encompass untrained through to professional cyclists, and purposely use neutral terminology”
From Defining Training and Performance Caliber: A Participant Classification Framework (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Lloyd, R. S., Oliver, J. L., Faigenbaum, A. D., Myer, G. D., & De Ste Croix, M. B. A.
- Affiliations
- University of Gloucestershire (GB)
- Cardiff Metropolitan University (GB)
- The College of New Jersey (US)
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lloyd, Rhodri S.
- Venue
- Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
- Published
- 2014-05
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1454-1464
- ISSN
- 1064-8011 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2025474224
- Cited by
- 401
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 59 · 2025: 58 · 2024: 34 · 2023: 36 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 39 · 2019: 23 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 2.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- orcid.org
- Locations
- The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Repository (University of Gloucestershire) (acceptedVersion)
- Cardiff Metropolitan Research Repository (Cardiff Metropolitan University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Children's Physical and Motor Development
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Training Studies
- Keywords
- physiological maturity, chronological age, biological age, adolescent growth, longitudinal bone growth, muscle lengthening, training program design, injury risk, motor performance, elementary school students
- MeSH terms
- Age Determination by Skeleton, Age Factors, Body Height, Growth, Humans, Human Development, Exercise, Sexual Development, Physical Conditioning, Human
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