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Change in Lactate, Ammonia, and Hypoxanthine Concentrations in a 1-Year Training Cycle in Highly Trained Athletes: Applying Biomarkers as Tools to Assess Training Status
Abstract
Włodarczyk, M, Kusy, K, Słomińska, E, Krasiński, Z, and Zieliński, J. Change in lactate, ammonia, and hypoxanthine concentrations in a 1-year training cycle in highly trained athletes: applying biomarkers as tools to assess training status. J Strength Cond Res 34(2): 355–364, 2020—The aim was to determine changes in biomarker (LA, NH 3 , purine metabolites) blood concentration during graded exercise and recovery throughout an annual training cycle in highly trained athletes of different training profiles. The study included 12 sprinters (SP, 21–30 years), 11 triathletes (TR, 20–31 years), 12 futsal players (FU, 19–31 years), and 13 amateur runners (AM, 20–33 years). Purine metabolite (hypoxanthine, xanthine, uric acid), ammonia (NH 3 ), and lactate (LA) concentrations were determined at rest, during an incremental treadmill exercise test (every 3 minutes), and during recovery (5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 minutes postexercise) in 4 phases of an annual training cycle. Purine metabolite concentration was determined from plasma, whereas LA and NH 3 from whole blood. For LA during exercise and recovery, certain significant differences between training phases within groups were observed for FU, TR, and SP but not for AM. For NH 3 , the greatest differences between examination points were observed for SP and TR near maximal exercise and in the first few stages of recovery. For hypoxanthine (Hx), the largest amount of differences between examination points was observed for FU, TR, and FU throughout the entire exercise spectrum. Biomarker concentration dynamics change during an incremental exercise test and postexercise in an annual training cycle. Biomarker responses differ depending on training type and magnitude of training loads used in various phases of an annual training cycle. When assessing training status using an incremental exercise test throughout an annual training cycle, NH 3 and Hx concentration changes are more sensitive compared with LA.
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“As a byproduct of purine metabolism, Hx is considered a sensitive marker of exercise intensity and physiological adaptation, with increases reported following both submaximal efforts and those exceeding the anaerobic threshold38,40.”
From Impact of a single swimming session on inflammatory response and iron homeostasis in adolescent female athletes during the luteal phase (2025) · cites this paper as [40]
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Cited by
Mydłowska, M., Kasperska, A., Cichoń-Woźniak, J., Dziewiecka, H., Ostapiuk-Karolczuk, J., & Skarpańska-Stejnborn, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-29551-9 · Cited by 2
Metadata
- Authors
- Włodarczyk, M., Kusy, K., Słomińska, E., Krasiński, Z., & Zieliński, J.
- Venue
- Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
- Published
- 2020-02
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 355-364
- ISSN
- 1064-8011
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 2
- Language
- en
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