The DOI matches its Crossref record; 27 of the 28 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Reliability of a Computer Software Angle Tool for Measuring Spine and Pelvic Flexibility During the Sit-and-Reach Test
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability of a computer software angle tool that measures thoracic (T), lumbar (L), and pelvic (P) angles as a means of evaluating spine and pelvic flexibility during the sit-and-reach (SR) test. Thirty adults performed the SR twice on separate days. The SR test was captured on video and later analyzed for T, L, and P angles using the computer software angle tool. During the test, 3 markers were placed over T1, T12, and L5 vertebrae to identify T, L, and P angles. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) indicated a very high internal consistency (between trials) for T, L, and P angles (0.95-0.99); thus, the average of trials was used for test-retest (between days) reliability. Mean (±SD) values did not differ between days for T (51.0 ± 14.3 vs. 52.3 ± 16.2°), L (23.9 ± 7.1 vs. 23.0 ± 6.9°), or P (98.4 ± 15.6 vs. 98.3 ± 14.7°) angles. Test-retest reliability (ICC) was high for T (0.96) and P (0.97) angles and moderate for L angle (0.84). Both intrarater and interrater reliabilities were high for T (0.95, 0.94) and P (0.97, 0.97) angles and moderate for L angle (0.87, 0.82). Thus, the computer software angle tool is a highly objective method for assessing spine and pelvic flexibility during a video-captured SR test.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Previous literature evaluating sagittal plane kinematics with Kinovea uniformly reports robust reliability coefficients (ICC > 0.80) for hip, knee, and ankle angles, pelvic alignment, lumbar lordosis, and trunk tilt.
“previous literature evaluating sagittal plane kinematics with Kinovea, which uniformly reports robust reliability coefficients (ICC > 0.80) for hip, knee, and ankle angles [32], pelvic alignment [31], lumbar lordosis [46,47], and trunk tilt [48].”
From Intra-Rater and Test–Retest Reliability of Kinovea for the Kinematic Analysis of Squatting in Healthy Active Women (2026) · cites this paper as [46]
Citations
Cites
QUANTIFYING TEST-RETEST RELIABILITY USING THE INTRACLASS CORRELATION COEFFICIENT AND THE SEM
Weir, J. P. (2005) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/15184.1 · Cited by 4,864
Atkinson, G., & Nevill, A. M. (1998) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-199826040-00002 · Cited by 3,817
Esola, M. A., McClure, P. W., Fitzgerald, G. K., & Siegler, S. (1996) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-199601010-00017 · Cited by 464
Gajdosik, R. L., Albert, C. R., & Mitman, J. J. (1994) · Journal of Orthopaedic & Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.1994.20.4.213 · Cited by 168
Li, Y.-C., McClure, P. W., & Pratt, N. E. (1996) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/76.8.836 · Cited by 155
A comparison of the sit-and-reach test and the back-saver sit-and-reach test in university students.
López-Miñarro, P. Á., Andújar, P. S. D. B., & Rodrñguez-Garcña, P. L. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 139
Cornbleet, S. L., & Woolsey, N. B. (1996) · Physical Therapy · doi:10.1093/ptj/76.8.850 · Cited by 135
The association of low back pain, neuromuscular imbalance, and trunk extension strength in athletes
Renkawitz, T., Boluki, D., & Grifka, J. (2006) · The Spine Journal · doi:10.1016/j.spinee.2006.03.012 · Cited by 130
Flexibility and posture assessment in relation to hamstring injury.
Hennessey, L., & Watson, A. (1993) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsm.27.4.243 · Cited by 125
Lumbar Mobility and Low Back Pain During Adolescence
Kujala, U. M., TAIMELA, S. P., Oksanen, A., & Salminen, J. J. (1997) · The American Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1177/036354659702500316 · Cited by 124
Mayer, T. G., Kondraske, G. V., Beals, S., & Gatchel, R. J. (1997) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-199709010-00006 · Cited by 98
A comparison of the spine posture among several sit-and-reach test protocols
López-Miñarro, P. Á., de Baranda, P. S., García, P. L. R., & Ortega, E. (2007) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2006.10.003 · Cited by 92
Criterion Related Validity of the Sit-and-Reach Test
Liemohn, W. P., Sharpe, G. L., & Wasserman, J. F. (1994) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/00124278-199405000-00006 · Cited by 91
Hashemirad, F., Talebian, S., Hatef, B., & Kahlaee, A. H. (2008) · Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology · doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2008.02.004 · Cited by 90
Influence of hamstring muscle extensibility on spinal curvatures in young athletes
López-Miñarro, P. Á., & Alacid, F. (2009) · Science & Sports · doi:10.1016/j.scispo.2009.10.004 · Cited by 87
Reliability of Measurements of Lumbar Spine Sagittal Mobility Obtained With the Flexible Curve
Youdas, J. W., Suman, V. J., & Garrett, T. R. (1995) · Journal of Orthopaedic and Sports Physical Therapy · doi:10.2519/jospt.1995.21.1.13 · Cited by 70
Influence of the Hamstring Muscles on Lumbar Spine Curvature in Sitting
Stokes, I. A. F., & ABERY, J. M. (1980) · Spine · doi:10.1097/00007632-198011000-00007 · Cited by 68
The relationships between hamstring flexibility, lumbar flexion, and low back pain in rowers
Stutchfield, B. M., & Coleman, S. G. S. (2006) · European Journal of Sport Science · doi:10.1080/17461390601012678 · Cited by 61
Hip flexibility is the main determinant of the back-saver sit-and-reach test in adolescents
Chillón, P., Castro‐Piñero, J., Ruiz, J. R., Soto-Hermoso, V. M., Carbonell‐Baeza, A., Dafos, J., Vicente‐Rodríguez, G., Castillo, M. J., & Ortega, F. B. (2010) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640411003606234 · Cited by 60
López-Miñarro, P. Á., & García, P. L. R. (2010) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181c7c60d · Cited by 51
Kawano, M. M., Ambar, G., de Oliveira, B., Boer, M. C., Cardoso, A. P. R. G., & Cardoso, J. R. (2010) · Brazilian Journal of Physical Therapy · doi:10.1590/s1413-35552010000100003 · Cited by 47
Hip Joint Mobility and Spinal Angles in Standing and in Different Sitting Postures
Bridger, R. S., Wilkinson, D., & Houweninge, T. V. (1989) · Human Factors The Journal of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society · doi:10.1177/001872088903100210 · Cited by 43
Jones, M. A., Stratton, G., Reilly, T., & Unnithan, V. (2002) · Acta Paediatrica · doi:10.1111/j.1651-2227.2002.tb02831.x · Cited by 41
Mier, C. M. (2011) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2011.10599798 · Cited by 37
Self-citationYoudas, J. W., Krause, D. A., & Hollman, J. H. (2008) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31815f5b7d · Cited by 31
Does Short-Term Near-Maximal Intensity Machine Resistance Training Induce Overtraining?
Fry, A. C., Kraemer, W. J., Lynch, J. M., Triplett, N. T., & Koziris, L. P. (1994) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/1533-4287(1994)008 · Cited by 30
Current standards for measuring spinal range of motion for impairment
Cupon, L. N., & Jahn, W. T. (2003) · Journal of Chiropractic Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0899-3467(07)60067-6 · Cited by 12
Flagged first, then by citations
1 of the 28 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Cardoso, 2007, Intra and interobserver reliability of the angular kinematic analysis of the hip during the sit-and-reach test for measuring the length of hamstring muscles in university students., Rev Bras Fisioter, 11, 119
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The Case for Retiring Flexibility as a Major Component of Physical Fitness
Nuzzo, J. L. (2020) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-019-01248-w · Cited by 127
Moral-Muñoz, J. A., Esteban-Moreno, B., Arroyo‐Morales, M., Cobo, M. J., & Herrera‐Viedma, E. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000896 · Cited by 23
Ze, L., Nazari, G., MacDermid, J. C., Modarresi, S., & Killip, S. C. (2020) · Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation · doi:10.1016/j.apmr.2020.02.011 · Cited by 19
Effects of Acute Fatigue of the Hip Flexor Muscles on Hamstring Muscle Extensibility
Muyor, J. M., & Campos, F. M. A. (2016) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.1515/hukin-2016-0007 · Cited by 10
Kongtong, W., & Pongserm, S. (2026) · Physical Activity and Health · doi:10.5334/paah.572 · Cited by 1
Vicente-Loren, C., Lucha-López, M. O., Monti-Ballano, S., Hijazo-Larrosa, S., Vicente-Pina, L., Ferrández-Laliena, L., Tricás-Moreno, J. M., & Hidalgo-García, C. (2026) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s26123749
Metadata
- Authors
- Mier, C. M., & Shapiro, B. S.
- Affiliations
- Barry University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mier, Constance M.
- Venue
- Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 501-506
- ISSN
- 1064-8011 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2094348210
- Cited by
- 6
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 0.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Scoliosis diagnosis and treatment
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation › Physical Education and Training Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Keywords
- sit-and-reach test, spine flexibility, pelvic angle, video analysis, test-retest reliability, inter-rater reliability, intra-rater reliability, flexibility assessment
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Female, Humans, Lumbar Vertebrae, Male, Pelvic Bones, Posture, Software, Thoracic Vertebrae, Video Recording, Reproducibility of Results, Observer Variation, Range of Motion, Articular, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review