The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Effect of Squat Depth and Barbell Load on Relative Muscular Effort in Squatting
Abstract
Resistance training is used to develop muscular strength and hypertrophy. Large muscle forces, in relation to the muscle's maximum force-generating ability, are required to elicit these adaptations. Previous biomechanical analyses of multi-joint resistance exercises provide estimates of muscle force but not relative muscular effort (RME). The purpose of this investigation was to determine the RME during the squat exercise. Specifically, the effects of barbell load and squat depth on hip extensor, knee extensor, and ankle plantar flexor RME were examined. Ten strength-trained women performed squats (50-90% 1 repetition maximum) in a motion analysis laboratory to determine hip extensor, knee extensor, and ankle plantar flexor net joint moment (NJM). Maximum isometric strength in relation to joint angle for these muscle groups was also determined. Relative muscular effect was determined as the ratio of NJM to maximum voluntary torque matched for joint angle. Barbell load and squat depth had significant interaction effects on hip extensor, knee extensor, and ankle plantar flexor RME (p < 0.05). Knee extensor RME increased with greater squat depth but not barbell load, whereas the opposite was found for the ankle plantar flexors. Both greater squat depth and barbell load increased hip extensor RME. These data suggest that training for the knee extensors can be performed with low relative intensities but require a deep squat depth. Heavier barbell loads are required to train the hip extensors and ankle plantar flexors. In designing resistance training programs with multi-joint exercises, how external factors influence RME of different muscle groups should be considered to meet training objectives.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“In terms of the sagittal plane, however, the impact of stance width is conflicting.25–27”
From A Biomechanical Review of the Squat Exercise: Implications for Clinical Practice. (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Compared to a narrow/medium stance, the knee flexion moment during wide stance squatting has been reported to be higher (69%-80%),27 lower (11%),25 or not different.26”
From A Biomechanical Review of the Squat Exercise: Implications for Clinical Practice. (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“With respect to the frontal and transverse planes, a wide stance results in greater knee valgus moments (23%)25 and higher hip external rotation moments (19%-37%) when compared to narrow/medium stance squats.26”
From A Biomechanical Review of the Squat Exercise: Implications for Clinical Practice. (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“Similarly, the hip flexion moment during wide stance squatting has been reported to be higher (10%-48%)26,27 or not different compared to narrow/medium stance squatting.25”
From A Biomechanical Review of the Squat Exercise: Implications for Clinical Practice. (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
In the citing paper
“However, a squat stance that exceeds 150% shoulder width may result in elevated knee valgus moments.25”
From A Biomechanical Review of the Squat Exercise: Implications for Clinical Practice. (2024) · cites this paper as [25]
Citations
Cites
The Role of Resistance Exercise Intensity on Muscle Fibre Adaptations
Fry, A. C. (2004) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200434100-00004 · Cited by 649
Kukulka, C. G., & Clamann, H. P. (1981) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(81)90266-3 · Cited by 583
Knee biomechanics of the dynamic squat exercise
ESCAMILLA, R. F. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200101000-00020 · Cited by 570
Old Adults Perform Activities of Daily Living Near Their Maximal Capabilities
Hortobágyi, T., Mizelle, J. C., Beam, S., & DeVita, P. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/58.5.m453 · Cited by 381
The role of strength in rising from a chair in the functionally impaired elderly
Hughes, M. A., Myers, B. S., & Schenkman, M. L. (1996) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(96)80001-7 · Cited by 352
Anderson, D., Madigan, M. L., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2007) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.03.022 · Cited by 255
Terminology and Measurement in Exercise Performance
Knuttgen, H. G., & Kraemer, W. J. (1987) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/1533-4287(1987)001 · Cited by 218
A biomechanical comparison of back and front squats in healthy trained individuals
Gullett, J. C., Tillman, M. D., Gutierrez, G. M., & Chow, J. W. (2009) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31818546bb · Cited by 218
In vivo moment arm lengths for hip extensor muscles at different angles of hip flexion
Németh, G., & Ohlsén, H. (1985) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/0021-9290(85)90005-3 · Cited by 182
Manipulating Resistance Training Program Variables to Optimize Maximum Strength in Men: A Review
TAN, B. (1999) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/00124278-199908000-00019 · Cited by 154
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Schoenfeld, B. J., Peterson, M. D., Ogborn, D., Contreras, B., & Sonmez, G. T. (2015) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000958 · Cited by 418
Estimation of Relative Load From Bar Velocity in the Full Back Squat Exercise
Sánchez‐Medina, L., Pallarés, J. G., Pérez, C., Morán‐Navarro, R., & González‐Badillo, J. J. (2017) · Sports Medicine International Open · doi:10.1055/s-0043-102933 · Cited by 312
Effects of squat training with different depths on lower limb muscle volumes
Kubo, K., Ikebukuro, T., & Yata, H. (2019) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04181-y · Cited by 159
Type 1 Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy after Blood Flow-restricted Training in Powerlifters
BJØRNSEN, T., WERNBOM, M., KIRKETEIG, A., PAULSEN, G., SAMNØY, L., BÆKKEN, L., CAMERON-SMITH, D., BERNTSEN, S., & RAASTAD, T. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001775 · Cited by 115
Contreras, B. M., Vigotsky, A. D., Schoenfeld, B. J., Beardsley, C., & Cronin, J. B. (2015) · Journal of Applied Biomechanics · doi:10.1123/jab.2014-0301 · Cited by 106
Metadata
- Authors
- Bryanton, M. A., Kennedy, M. D., Carey, J. P., & Chiu, L. Z. F.
- Affiliations
- University of Alberta (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Chiu, Loren Z.F.
- Venue
- Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
- Published
- 2012-10
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 2820-2828
- ISSN
- 1064-8011 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W1967604583
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2
- FWCI
- 7.52
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
- Keywords
- squat depth, squatting, net joint moments, hip extensors, knee extensors, ankle plantar flexors, resistance training, multi-joint exercises, training load
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Ankle, Female, Hip, Humans, Isometric Contraction, Knee, Posture, Weight Lifting, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Strength, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
