Cited by 174Sports Performance and TrainingLower Extremity Biomechanics and PathologiesMuscle activation and electromyography studies

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 25 of the 25 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Effect of Squat Depth and Barbell Load on Relative Muscular Effort in Squatting

Bryanton, Megan A., Kennedy, Michael D., Carey, Jason P., Chiu, Loren Z.F.·2012·Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research

DOI 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31826791a7

Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Resistance training is used to develop muscular strength and hypertrophy. Large muscle forces, in relation to the muscle's maximum force-generating ability, are required to elicit these adaptations. Previous biomechanical analyses of multi-joint resistance exercises provide estimates of muscle force but not relative muscular effort (RME). The purpose of this investigation was to determine the RME during the squat exercise. Specifically, the effects of barbell load and squat depth on hip extensor, knee extensor, and ankle plantar flexor RME were examined. Ten strength-trained women performed squats (50-90% 1 repetition maximum) in a motion analysis laboratory to determine hip extensor, knee extensor, and ankle plantar flexor net joint moment (NJM). Maximum isometric strength in relation to joint angle for these muscle groups was also determined. Relative muscular effect was determined as the ratio of NJM to maximum voluntary torque matched for joint angle. Barbell load and squat depth had significant interaction effects on hip extensor, knee extensor, and ankle plantar flexor RME (p < 0.05). Knee extensor RME increased with greater squat depth but not barbell load, whereas the opposite was found for the ankle plantar flexors. Both greater squat depth and barbell load increased hip extensor RME. These data suggest that training for the knee extensors can be performed with low relative intensities but require a deep squat depth. Heavier barbell loads are required to train the hip extensors and ankle plantar flexors. In designing resistance training programs with multi-joint exercises, how external factors influence RME of different muscle groups should be considered to meet training objectives.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31826791a7

Cites

25 of 25 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

The Role of Resistance Exercise Intensity on Muscle Fibre Adaptations
Fry, A. C. (2004) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.2165/00007256-200434100-00004 · Cited by 649
Comparison of the recruitment and discharge properties of motor units in human brachial biceps and adductor pollicis during isometric contractions
Kukulka, C. G., & Clamann, H. P. (1981) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(81)90266-3 · Cited by 583
Knee biomechanics of the dynamic squat exercise
ESCAMILLA, R. F. (2001) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1097/00005768-200101000-00020 · Cited by 570
Old Adults Perform Activities of Daily Living Near Their Maximal Capabilities
Hortobágyi, T., Mizelle, J. C., Beam, S., & DeVita, P. (2003) · The Journals of Gerontology Series A · doi:10.1093/gerona/58.5.m453 · Cited by 381
The role of strength in rising from a chair in the functionally impaired elderly
Hughes, M. A., Myers, B. S., & Schenkman, M. L. (1996) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/s0021-9290(96)80001-7 · Cited by 352
Maximum voluntary joint torque as a function of joint angle and angular velocity: Model development and application to the lower limb
Anderson, D., Madigan, M. L., & Nussbaum, M. A. (2007) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2007.03.022 · Cited by 255
Terminology and Measurement in Exercise Performance
Knuttgen, H. G., & Kraemer, W. J. (1987) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/1533-4287(1987)001 · Cited by 218
A biomechanical comparison of back and front squats in healthy trained individuals
Gullett, J. C., Tillman, M. D., Gutierrez, G. M., & Chow, J. W. (2009) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31818546bb · Cited by 218
In vivo moment arm lengths for hip extensor muscles at different angles of hip flexion
Németh, G., & Ohlsén, H. (1985) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/0021-9290(85)90005-3 · Cited by 182
Manipulating Resistance Training Program Variables to Optimize Maximum Strength in Men: A Review
TAN, B. (1999) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/00124278-199908000-00019 · Cited by 154

Show all 24 references

Sorted by citations

Effects of Low- vs. High-Load Resistance Training on Muscle Strength and Hypertrophy in Well-Trained Men
Schoenfeld, B. J., Peterson, M. D., Ogborn, D., Contreras, B., & Sonmez, G. T. (2015) · Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000958 · Cited by 418
Estimation of Relative Load From Bar Velocity in the Full Back Squat Exercise
Sánchez‐Medina, L., Pallarés, J. G., Pérez, C., Morán‐Navarro, R., & González‐Badillo, J. J. (2017) · Sports Medicine International Open · doi:10.1055/s-0043-102933 · Cited by 312
Effects of squat training with different depths on lower limb muscle volumes
Kubo, K., Ikebukuro, T., & Yata, H. (2019) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-019-04181-y · Cited by 159
Type 1 Muscle Fiber Hypertrophy after Blood Flow-restricted Training in Powerlifters
BJØRNSEN, T., WERNBOM, M., KIRKETEIG, A., PAULSEN, G., SAMNØY, L., BÆKKEN, L., CAMERON-SMITH, D., BERNTSEN, S., & RAASTAD, T. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000001775 · Cited by 115
A Comparison of Gluteus Maximus, Biceps Femoris, and Vastus Lateralis Electromyographic Activity in the Back Squat and Barbell Hip Thrust Exercises
Contreras, B. M., Vigotsky, A. D., Schoenfeld, B. J., Beardsley, C., & Cronin, J. B. (2015) · Journal of Applied Biomechanics · doi:10.1123/jab.2014-0301 · Cited by 106
Understanding and Overcoming the Sticking Point in Resistance Exercise
Kompf, J. M., & Arandjelović, O. (2016) · Sports Medicine · doi:10.1007/s40279-015-0460-2 · Cited by 93
A Comparison of Gluteus Maximus, Biceps Femoris, and Vastus Lateralis Electromyography Amplitude in the Parallel, Full, and Front Squat Variations in Resistance-Trained Females
Contreras, B., Vigotsky, A. D., Schoenfeld, B. J., Beardsley, C., & Cronin, J. (2016) · Journal of Applied Biomechanics · doi:10.1123/jab.2015-0113 · Cited by 91
Gluteus Maximus Activation during Common Strength and Hypertrophy Exercises: A Systematic Review.
Neto, W. K., Soares, E. G., Vieira, T. L., Aguiar, R., Chola, T. A., Sampaio, V. D. L., & Gama, E. F. (2020) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 71
A Biomechanical Review of the Squat Exercise: Implications for Clinical Practice.
Straub, R. K., & Powers, C. M. (2024) · International journal of sports physical therapy · doi:10.26603/001c.94600 · Cited by 70
Quadriceps effort during squat exercise depends on hip extensor muscle strategy
Bryanton, M. A., Carey, J. P., Kennedy, M. D., & Chiu, L. Z. F. (2015) · Sports Biomechanics · doi:10.1080/14763141.2015.1024716 · Cited by 60
Self-citation
Kinematic and Electromyographic Activity Changes during Back Squat with Submaximal and Maximal Loading
Yavuz, H. U., & Erdağ, D. (2017) · Applied Bionics and Biomechanics · doi:10.1155/2017/9084725 · Cited by 68
Performance of Maximum Number of Repetitions With Cluster-Set Configuration
Iglesias‐Soler, E., Carballeira, E., Sánchez-Otero, T., Mayo, X., & Fernández‐del‐Olmo, M. (2014) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2013-0246 · Cited by 58
Characteristics of Lower Extremity Work During the Impact Phase of Jumping and Weightlifting
Moolyk, A. N., Carey, J. P., & Chiu, L. Z. F. (2013) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0b013e31828ddf19 · Cited by 50
Self-citation
Specificity and Transfer of Lower-Body Strength: Influence of Bilateral or Unilateral Lower-Body Resistance Training
Appleby, B. B., Cormack, S. J., & Newton, R. U. (2019) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002923 · Cited by 44
The Efficacy of Incorporating Partial Squats in Maximal Strength Training
Bazyler, C. D., Sato, K., Wassinger, C. A., Lamont, H. S., & Stone, M. H. (2014) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000465 · Cited by 42
The Effect of Squat Training and Leg Length in Increasing the Leg Power of Volleyball Extracurricular Participants
Nasrulloh, A., Deviana, P., Yuniana, R., & Pratama, K. W. (2021) · Physical Education Theory and Methodology · doi:10.17309/tmfv.2021.3.08 · Cited by 41
Electromyographic activity of selected trunk, core, and thigh muscles in commonly used exercises for ACL rehabilitation
Alizadehkhaiyat, O., & Norris, J. (2018) · Journal of Physical Therapy Science · doi:10.1589/jpts.30.642 · Cited by 41
Biomechanical, Anthropometric, and Psychological Determinants of Barbell Back Squat Strength
Vigotsky, A. D., Bryanton, M. A., Nuckols, G., Beardsley, C., Contreras, B. M., Evans, J., & Schoenfeld, B. J. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002535 · Cited by 45
Self-citation
Effects of 7-Week Hip Thrust Versus Back Squat Resistance Training on Performance in Adolescent Female Soccer Players
González‐García, J., Morencos, E., Balsalobre‐Fernández, C., Cuéllar-Rayo, Á., & Romero‐Moraleda, B. (2019) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports7040080 · Cited by 41
Muscle Activation in Unilateral Barbell Exercises: Implications for Strength Training and Rehabilitation
Mausehund, L., Skard, A. E., & Krosshaug, T. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002617 · Cited by 40
Hip and Knee Kinetics During a Back Squat and Deadlift
Choe, K. H., Coburn, J. W., Costa, P. B., & Pamukoff, D. N. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002908 · Cited by 41
Understanding Bench Press Biomechanics—The Necessity of Measuring Lateral Barbell Forces
Mausehund, L., Werkhausen, A., Bartsch, J., & Krosshaug, T. (2021) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003948 · Cited by 37
Biomechanical Methods to Quantify Muscle Effort During Resistance Exercise
Chiu, L. Z. F. (2017) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002330 · Cited by 41
Self-citation
The Increasing Role of the Hip Extensor Musculature With Heavier Compound Lower-Body Movements and More Explosive Sport Actions
Beardsley, C., & Contreras, B. M. (2014) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000047 · Cited by 34
Valid and Reliable Barbell Velocity Estimation Using an Inertial Measurement Unit
Held, S., Rappelt, L., Deutsch, J., & Donath, L. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18179170 · Cited by 34
Effects of load on good morning kinematics and EMG activity
Vigotsky, A. D., Harper, E. N., Ryan, D. R., & Contreras, B. M. (2015) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.708 · Cited by 31
The Effects of a Heel Wedge on Hip, Pelvis and Trunk Biomechanics During Squatting in Resistance Trained Individuals
Charlton, J. M., Hammond, C. A., Cochrane, C. K., Hatfield, G. L., & Hunt, M. A. (2016) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000001655 · Cited by 31
Optimizing Squat Technique—Revisited
Comfort, P., McMahon, J. J., & Suchomel, T. J. (2018) · Strength and conditioning journal · doi:10.1519/ssc.0000000000000398 · Cited by 43
Effects of barbell back squat stance width on sagittal and frontal hip and knee kinetics
Lahti, J., Hegyi, A., Vigotsky, A. D., & Ahtiainen, J. P. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine & Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.13305 · Cited by 30
New Insights About the Sticking Region in Back Squats: An Analysis of Kinematics, Kinetics, and Myoelectric Activity
Larsen, S., Kristiansen, E. L., & van den Tillaar, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.691459 · Cited by 28
Net joint moments and muscle activation in barbell squats without and with restricted anterior leg rotation
Chiu, L. Z. F., vonGaza, G. L., & Jean, L. M. Y. (2016) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2016.1154978 · Cited by 27
Self-citation
Knee Kinetics During Squats of Varying Loads and Depths in Recreationally Trained Women
Flores, V. A., Becker, J., Burkhardt, E., & Cotter, J. A. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002509 · Cited by 23
The Relationships between Hip and Knee Extensor Cross-Sectional Area, Strength, Power, and Potentiation Characteristics
Suchomel, T. J., & Stone, M. (2017) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports5030066 · Cited by 22
Adding the Load Just Above Sticking Point Using Elastic Bands Optimizes Squat Performance, Perceived Effort Rate, and Cardiovascular Responses.
Gené‐Morales, J., Gené‐Sampedro, A., Palmer, R. S., & Colado, J. C. (2020) · PubMed Central · Cited by 21
Effects of Stance Width and Barbell Placement on Kinematics, Kinetics, and Myoelectric Activity in Back Squats
Larsen, S., Kristiansen, E. L., Helms, E. R., & van den Tillaar, R. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.719013 · Cited by 21
Effects of barbell load on kinematics, kinetics, and myoelectric activity in back squats
Larsen, S., Kristiansen, E. L., Falch, H. N., Haugen, M. E., Fimland, M. S., & van den Tillaar, R. (2022) · Sports Biomechanics · doi:10.1080/14763141.2022.2085164 · Cited by 21
An investigation of movement dynamics and muscle activity during traditional and accentuated-eccentric squatting
Armstrong, R., Baltzopoulos, V., Langan‐Evans, C., Clark, D. R., Jarvis, J. C., Stewart, C. E., & O’Brien, T. D. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0276096 · Cited by 23
Muscle Forces During the Squat, Split Squat, and Step-Up Across a Range of External Loads in College-Aged Men
Kipp, K., Kim, H., & Wolf, W. I. (2020) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003688 · Cited by 20
Multi-joint rate of force development testing protocol affects reliability and the smallest detectible difference
Drake, D., Kennedy, R. A., & Wallace, E. S. (2019) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2019.1576258 · Cited by 20
Does depth of squat‐stand maneuver affect estimates of dynamic cerebral autoregulation?
Batterham, A. P., Panerai, R. B., Robinson, T. G., & Haunton, V. J. (2020) · Physiological Reports · doi:10.14814/phy2.14549 · Cited by 20
Determining concentric and eccentric force–velocity profiles during squatting
Armstrong, R., Baltzopoulos, V., Langan‐Evans, C., Clark, D., Jarvis, J., Stewart, C., & O’Brien, T. D. (2022) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-021-04875-2 · Cited by 26
Load-dependent mechanical demands of the lower extremity during the back and front squat
Krzyszkowski, J., & Kipp, K. (2020) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2020.1766738 · Cited by 18
The Use of Free Weight Squats in Sports: A Narrative Review—Squatting Movements, Adaptation, and Sports Performance: Physiological
Stone, M. H., Hornsby, G., Mizuguchi, S., Sato, K., Gahreman, D. E., Duca, M., Carroll, K. M., Ramsey, M. W., Stone, M. E., & Haff, G. G. (2024) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004838 · Cited by 19
How Are Squat Timing and Kinematics in The Sagittal Plane Related to Squat Depth?
Zawadka, M., Smółka, J., Skublewska‐Paszkowska, M., Łukasik, E., & Gawda, P. (2020) · PubMed Central · Cited by 18
Effects of Inertial Load on Sagittal Plane Kinematics of the Lower Extremity During Flywheel-Based Squats
Worcester, K. S., Baker, P. A., & Bollinger, L. M. (2020) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003415 · Cited by 17
Novice Female Exercisers Exhibited Different Biomechanical Loading Profiles during Full-Squat and Half-Squat Practice
Li, X., Adrien, N., Baker, J. S., Mei, Q., & Gu, Y. (2021) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10111184 · Cited by 18
MuscleMemory: Identifying the Scope of Wearable Technology in High Intensity Exercise Communities
Oakes, K., Siek, K. A., & MacLeod, H. (2015) · International Conference on Pervasive Computing Technologies for Healthcare · doi:10.4108/icst.pervasivehealth.2015.259162 · Cited by 17
Rehabilitation and Return to Play Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction
Panariello, R. A., Stump, T. J., & Allen, A. A. (2017) · Operative Techniques in Sports Medicine · doi:10.1053/j.otsm.2017.07.006 · Cited by 16
Effects of External Load on Sagittal and Frontal Plane Lower Extremity Biomechanics During Back Squats
Maddox, E. U., & Bennett, H. J. (2021) · Journal of Biomechanical Engineering · doi:10.1115/1.4049747 · Cited by 15
The Use of Free Weight Squats in Sports: A Narrative Review—Terminology and Biomechanics
Stone, M. H., Hornsby, W. G., Mizuguchi, S., Sato, K., Gahreman, D. E., Duca, M., Carroll, K. M., Ramsey, M. W., Stone, M. E., Pierce, K. C., et al. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14051977 · Cited by 19
Biomechanical comparisons of back and front squats with a straight bar and four squats with a transformer bar
Goršič, M., Rochelle, L. E., Layer, J. S., Smith, D. T., Novak, D., & Dai, B. (2020) · Sports Biomechanics · doi:10.1080/14763141.2020.1832563 · Cited by 18
The Limiting Joint During a Failed Squat
Flanagan, S. P., Kulik, J. B., & Salem, G. J. (2015) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000000979 · Cited by 14
Modified vector coding analysis of trunk and lower extremity kinematics during maximum and sub-maximum back squats
Maddox, E. U., Sievert, Z. A., & Bennett, H. J. (2020) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2020.109830 · Cited by 15
Elevating the Noninvolved Limb Reduces Knee Extensor Asymmetry During Squat Exercise in Persons With Reconstructed Anterior Cruciate Ligament
Jean, L. M. Y., & Chiu, L. Z. F. (2020) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003682 · Cited by 14
Self-citation
Evidence for the use of dynamic maximum normalization method of muscle activation during weighted back squats
Maddox, E. U., Bennett, H. J., & Weinhandl, J. T. (2022) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2022.111029 · Cited by 15
Biomechanical Differences Between the Bulgarian Split-Squat and Back Squat
Mackey, E. R., & Riemann, B. L. (2021) · International journal of exercise science · doi:10.70252/ciyt8956 · Cited by 13
Correlational Analysis between Joint-level Kinetics of Countermovement Jumps and Weightlifting Derivatives.
Kipp, K., Suchomel, T. J., & Comfort, P. (2019) · PubMed Central · Cited by 12
Resistance Training Practices of Brazilian Olympic Sprint and Jump Coaches: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Their Choices and Insights (Part III)
Loturco, I., Zabaloy, S., Pereira, L. A., Moura, T. B. M. A., Mercer, V. P., Fernandes, V. M. C., Zając, A., Matusiński, A., Freitas, T. T., & Bishop, C. J. (2024) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.5114/jhk/182888 · Cited by 14
Corticospinal and transcallosal modulation of unilateral and bilateral contractions of lower limbs
Škarabot, J., Perellón‐Alfonso, R., Cronin, N. J., Bon, J., Strojnik, V., & Avela, J. (2016) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-016-3475-y · Cited by 12
Kinetic Analysis of Isometric Back Squats and Isometric Belt Squats
Layer, J. S., Grenz, C., Hinshaw, T. J., Smith, D. T., Barrett, S. F., & Dai, B. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002854 · Cited by 15
Effects of progressive body-weight versus barbell back squat training on strength, hypertrophy and body fat among sedentary young women
Wei, W., Zhu, J., Ren, S., Jan, Y., Zhang, W., Su, R., & He, L. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-40319-x · Cited by 11
A comparison of muscle electromyographic activity during different angles of the back and front squat
Trindade, T. B., de Medeiros, J. A., Dantas, P. M. S., Neto, L. D. O., Schwade, D., Vieira, W. H. D. B., & Dantas, F. F. O. (2019) · Isokinetics and Exercise Science · doi:10.3233/ies-193142 · Cited by 13
Muscle activation varies between high-bar and low-bar back squat
Murawa, M., Fryzowicz, A., Kabaciński, J., Jurga, J., Gorwa, J., Galli, M., & Zago, M. (2020) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.9256 · Cited by 16
The Effects of a 9-Week Hip Focused Weight Training Program on Hip And Knee Kinematics and Kinetics in Experienced Female Dancers
Rajic, S., Legg, H. S., Maurus, P., Nigg, S., & Cleather, D. J. (2020) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/hukin-2020-0035 · Cited by 11
Impact of the deep squat on articular knee joint structures, friend or enemy? A scoping review
Rojas-Jaramillo, A., Cuervo, D., Quintero, J. D., Ascuntar-Viteri, J. D., Acosta-Arroyave, N., Ribas‐Serna, J., González‐Badillo, J. J., & Rodríguez‐Rosell, D. (2024) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2024.1477796 · Cited by 10
Muscle Force Dynamics Across Increasing Squat Intensity Conditions in Elite Powerlifters
Pürzel, A., Kaufmann, P. M., Koller, W., Pöhlmann, L., Baca, A., & Kainz, H. (2025) · Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports · doi:10.1111/sms.70058 · Cited by 10
Muscle Activation during the Squat Performed in Different Ranges of Motion by Women
Cabral, L. A., de Lima, L. C. R., Cabido, C. E. T., Fermino, R. C., de Oliveira, S. F. M., Medeiros, A. I. A., Barbosa, L. F., de Souza, T. M. F., Fernandes, T. L. B., & Assumpção, C. D. O. (2023) · Muscles · doi:10.3390/muscles2010002 · Cited by 13
Relationship Between Maximal Dynamic Force in the Deep Back Squat and Sprinting Performance in Consecutive Segments Up to 30 m
Möck, S., Hartmann, R., WIRTH, K. J., Rosenkranz, G., & Mickel, C. (2018) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002860 · Cited by 10
Hip and Knee Extensor Activation During the Hip Thrust and Rear-Foot–Elevated Split Squat in Trained Females
McCurdy, K. W., Walker, J. L., Kelly, C., & Polinski, M. (2021) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004035 · Cited by 9
Comparison of kinematics and electromyography in the last repetition during different maximum repetition sets in the barbell back squat
Falch, H. N., Gundersen, A. H., Larsen, S., Haugen, M. E., & van den Tillaar, R. (2024) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.16865 · Cited by 11
Effects of Intensity and Fatigue on the Kinetics and Kinematics of the Barbell Squat, Bench Press, and Deadlift in Experienced Lifters: A Systematic Review
Bakhshinejad, J. A., Ramer, J. D., Dunsmore, K. A., Pelton, L. M., & Berglund, L. (2025) · Sports Medicine - Open · doi:10.1186/s40798-025-00921-x · Cited by 9
The effect of back squat depth and load on lower body muscle activity in group exercise participants
O’Neill, K. E., & Psycharakis, S. G. (2021) · Sports Biomechanics · doi:10.1080/14763141.2021.1875034 · Cited by 12
Individual Muscle Contributions to the Acceleration of the Center of Mass During the Barbell Back Squat in Trained Female Subjects
Goodman, W. W., Helms, E. R., & Graham, D. (2023) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004506 · Cited by 9
Bilateral differences of isokinetic knee extensor strength are velocity- and task-dependent
Möck, S., & WIRTH, K. J. (2024) · Sports Biomechanics · doi:10.1080/14763141.2024.2315260 · Cited by 9
Support moment distribution during the back squat at different depths and loads in recreationally trained females
Goodman, W. W., Flores, V. A., Cotter, J. A., Graham, D., & Becker, J. (2023) · Journal of science and medicine in sport · doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2023.11.001 · Cited by 10
Effects of load increase on lower extremity kinetic and kinematic variables in the back squat exercise
Sohn, J.-H., & Koo, D. (2023) · Technology and Health Care · doi:10.3233/thc-236021 · Cited by 9
Physical fitness in older adults: Is there a relationship with the modified Functional Movement Screen™?
Dietze-Hermosa, M., Montalvo, S., Gonzalez, M., & Dorgo, S. (2020) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.11.019 · Cited by 8
Investigating the biomechanics of the biceps brachii muscle during dumbbell curl exercise: A comprehensive approach
Dereshgi, H. A. (2023) · European Mechanical Science · doi:10.26701/ems.1348070 · Cited by 7
Addition of Glute-Ham-Gastroc Raise to a Resistance Training Program: Effect on Jump Propulsion and Landing
Chiu, L. Z. F., Yaremko, A., & vonGaza, G. L. (2017) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000002065 · Cited by 7
Self-citation
Kinetics in lumbosacral and lower-limb joints of sprinters during barbell hip thrust compared to deadlift and back squat
Otsuka, M., Honjo, T., Nagano, A., & Isaka, T. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251418 · Cited by 8
Comparison of Joint and Muscle Biomechanics in Maximal Flywheel Squat and Leg Press
Sjöberg, M., Berg, H. E., Norrbrand, L., Andersen, M. S., Gutierrez-Farewik, E. M., Sundblad, P., & Eiken, O. (2021) · Frontiers in Sports and Active Living · doi:10.3389/fspor.2021.686335 · Cited by 12
Reliability and sensitivity of a novel dynamic balance test for alpine skiers
Panjan, A., Supej, M., Rošker, J., & Šarabon, N. (2016) · Measurement · doi:10.1016/j.measurement.2016.02.014 · Cited by 6
A Biomechanical Comparison Between a High and Low Barbell Placement on Net Joint Moments, Kinematics, Muscle Forces, and Muscle-Specific Moments in 3 Repetition Maximum Back Squats
Larsen, S., de Zee, M., Kristiansen, E. L., & van den Tillaar, R. (2024) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004790 · Cited by 6
Interaction effects of different orders of resistance exercises and rest intervals on performances by young athletes
Cardozo, D., Junior, R. F. S., de Salles, B. F., Marinho, D. A., Garrido, N. D., Miranda, F., Dias, I. B. F., & Willardson, J. M. (2020) · Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies · doi:10.1016/j.jbmt.2020.12.019 · Cited by 6
The Effect of Sex and Different Repetition Maximums on Kinematics and Surface Electromyography in the Last Repetition of the Barbell Back Squat
Gundersen, A. H., Falch, H. N., Fredriksen, A. B., & van den Tillaar, R. (2024) · Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology · doi:10.3390/jfmk9020075 · Cited by 6
Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Lower Extremity Maximum Dynamic Strength and Isokinetic Muscle Strength among Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Li, R., Chee, C. S., Kahar, J. B. A., Kamalden, T. F. T., Yang, K., & Gao, Z. (2025) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.5114/jhk/195726 · Cited by 5
Greater squat stance width alters three-dimensional hip moment demands
Hopkins, J. E., Hopkins, C. E., & Chiu, L. Z. F. (2024) · Journal of Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.jbiomech.2024.112391 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Biomechanical Analysis to Determine the Most Effective Posture During Squats and Shallow Squats While Lifting Weights in Women
Chen, Y., Xie, Z.-Y., Huang, K.-Y., Lin, H.-T., & Chang, J. (2020) · Journal of Medical and Biological Engineering · doi:10.1007/s40846-020-00513-y · Cited by 5
Influence of the Bar Position on Joint-Level Biomechanics During Isometric Pulling Exercises
Ahn, N., Kim, H., Krzyszkowski, J., Roche, S. M., & Kipp, K. (2021) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004017 · Cited by 5
Greater Hip Moments in Rear-Foot-Elevated Split Squats Than in Conventional Back Squats With the Same Relative Intensity of Loads
Arakawa, H., Mori, M., & Tanimoto, M. (2022) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004351 · Cited by 5
Squat and Countermovement Vertical Jump Dynamics Using Knee Dominant or Hip Dominant Strategies
Seki, K., Nagano, T., Aoyama, K., & Morioka, Y. (2023) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.5114/jhk/159285 · Cited by 5
First Insights in the Relationship between Lower Limb Anatomy and Back Squat Performance in Resistance-Trained Males and Females
Knopfli, C., Achermann, B. B., Oberhofer, K., & Lorenzetti, S. (2023) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering10070865 · Cited by 5
“Knees Out” or “Knees In”? Volitional Lateral vs. Medial Hip Rotation During Barbell Squats
Chiu, L. Z. F. (2023) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004655 · Cited by 5
Self-citation
Kinetics and Kinematics of the Squat and Step-up in Well-Trained Rugby Players
Appleby, B. B., Newton, R. U., & Cormack, S. J. (2019) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000003055 · Cited by 6
Krafttraining
Raeder, C., Vuong, J., & Ferrauti, A. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-58227-5_4 · Cited by 6
Identifying the Primary Kinetic Factors Influencing the Anterior–Posterior Center of Mass Displacement in Barbell Squats: A Factor Regression Analysis
Chen, D., Sun, D., Li, F., Wang, D., Zhou, Z., Gao, Z., & Gu, Y. (2025) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s25020572 · Cited by 4
Effect of Stance Width and Angles of Knee on Repetition, Total Work and EMG during Squat
Kim, K., He-Seong, C., & Ko, S.-S. (2017) · The Official Journal of the Korean Academy of Kinesiology · doi:10.15758/jkak.2017.19.3.27 · Cited by 4
Maximal strength in the deep back squat correlates with sprinting performance over short distances
Möck, S., Hartmann, R., Wirth, K., Rosenkranz, G., & Mickel, C. (2018) · IJASS(International Journal of Applied Sports Sciences) · doi:10.24985/ijass.2018.30.2.199 · Cited by 4
Knee Extensor Strength in Anterior Cruciate Ligament-Deficient Individuals Following Normal and Modified Squats: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Jean, L. M. Y., Gross, D. P., & Chiu, L. Z. F. (2021) · The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research · doi:10.1519/jsc.0000000000004165 · Cited by 4
Self-citation
Investigating the impact of external load on muscle synergies during bipedal squats
Kenville, R., Clauß, M., & Maudrich, T. (2024) · European Journal of Applied Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00421-024-05432-3 · Cited by 4

Authors: Bryanton, M. A., Kennedy, M. D., Carey, J. P., & Chiu, L. Z. F.
Affiliations: University of Alberta (CA)
Corresponding author: Chiu, Loren Z.F.
ORCID: Kennedy, Michael D.
Carey, Jason P.
Chiu, Loren Z.F.
Venue: Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research
Publisher: Ovid Technologies (Wolters Kluwer Health)
Published: 2012-10
Volume: 26
Issue: 10
Pages: 2820-2828
ISSN: 1064-8011 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31826791a7
OpenAlex: W1967604583
Cited by: 174
References: 24
Citations by year: 2026: 11 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 12 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 2
FWCI: 7.52
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Orthopedics and Sports Medicine › Sports Performance and Training
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Lower Extremity Biomechanics and Pathologies
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Muscle activation and electromyography studies
Keywords: squat depth, squatting, net joint moments, hip extensors, knee extensors, ankle plantar flexors, resistance training, multi-joint exercises, training load
MeSH terms: Adult, Ankle, Female, Hip, Humans, Isometric Contraction, Knee, Posture, Weight Lifting, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Strength, Young Adult

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Effect of Squat Depth and Barbell Load on Relative Muscular Effort in Squatting

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks