Guide for Thermal Performance Testing of Cryogenic Insulation Systems

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

If layers are combined into sub-blankets and joined, a parasitic delta heat leak can occur.

“If layers are combined into sub-blankets and joined, a parasitic delta heat leak can occur and must be recognized.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A seam joining method representative of the actual field installed system and applied similarly to the test specimen overwhelms the total heat load to be measured.

“An example with a blanket type MLI system is a seam joining method, representative of the actual field installed system and applied similarly to the test specimen, which overwhelms the total heat load to be measured.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The arrangement of the embedded heater apparatus allows variation of the temperature of the chamber and its contents well above that of a cryogen bath surrounding the vacuum can.

“This arrangement allows variation of the temperature of the chamber and its contents well above that of a cryogen bath surrounding the vacuum can.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

For nitrogen testing where no exit temperature is measured, the lack of measurement must be noted in the report.

“For cases of nitrogen testing where no exit temperature is measured, the lack of measurement shall be noted in the report”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Boiloff testing can be performed with a number of cryogens or refrigerants with normal boiling points below ambient temperature.

“Boiloff testing can be performed with a number of cryogens or refrigerants with normal boiling points below ambient temperature (29) .”

• cites [29] (29) Fesmire, J.E., Augustynowicz, S.D., Scholtens, B.E., and Heckle, K.W., 'Thermal performance testing of cryogenic insulation systems,' Thermal Conductivity 29 , DEStech Publications, Lancaster, PN, 2008, pp. 387-396. -Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

For boiloff measurements of hydrogen and helium using cylindrical calorimeters, measuring the boiloff gas temperature as it exits the test chamber verifies that all energy through the insulation goes into phase change rather than creating stratification in the vapor space.

“For boiloff measurements of hydrogen and helium using cylindrical calorimeters, the temperature of the boiloff gas shall be measured as it exits the test chamber to verify that all of the energy through the insulation goes into the phase change as opposed to creating small amounts of stratification in the vapor space (see Note 5).”

• cites Note 5Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Primary measurement temperature sensors should be calibrated with secondary standards at several temperature values over the full operating range.

“Calibrate the primary measurement temperature sensors with secondary standards at several temperature values over the full operating range.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Electrical power methods are indirect with respect to calculating effective thermal conductivity or heat flux.

“These methods are therefore indirect with respect to calculating effective thermal conductivity or heat flux.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Soft vacuum systems are generally between high vacuum and non-vacuum thermal conductivity extremes.

“Soft vacuum systems are generally between these two extremes (4) .”

• cites [4] (4) Augustynowicz, S.D., Fesmire, J.E., and Wikstrom, J.P., 'Cryogenic Insulation Systems,' 20th International Congress of Refrigeration , no. 2000-1147, International Institute of Refrigeration, Paris, 2000. -Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

A flat disk test specimen may be reduced in thickness to achieve minimal edge effect but then be less than representative of the typical field installed thickness.

“For example, a flat disk test specimen may be reduced in thickness in order to achieve minimal edge effect (parasitic heat) but then be less than representative of the typical field installed thickness.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The load cell or equivalent apparatus used to measure mechanical compressive pressures imposed on the test specimen should be calibrated over the full operating load range using secondary standard cells or dead weights, at the anticipated test temperature.

“Calibrate the load cell or equivalent apparatus that is used to measure mechanical compressive pressures imposed on the test specimen over the full operating load range using secondary standard cells or dead weights. Perform this calibration with the load cell at the anticipated test temperature.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

For flat plate apparatus, the system used to measure hot and cold boundary plate separation should be calibrated by placing precision-machined gauge blocks between the plate surfaces and raising or lowering the plates until solid contact is established.

“precision-machined gauge blocks between the plate surfaces.”

• Also stated in: § 8. Procedure · p. 12 · plain

  “For flat plate apparatus, calibrate the system used to measure the hot and cold boundary plate separation by placing Then raise or lower the plates until solid contact has been established.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The system, as tested under a given set of WBT, CBT, and CVP conditions, includes all components of the system, not only the foam material.

“The system, as tested under a given set of WBT , CBT , and CVP conditions, includes all of these components (not only the foam material).”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Even for a single component system such as a sheet of predominately closed-cell foam, the composition of the system will often include air, moisture, and blowing agents at different concentrations and physical states and morphologies throughout the material.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The low level of ullage vapor heating with liquid nitrogen systems means that the vapor correction is minimal or even negligible.

“The low level of ullage vapor heating with liquid nitrogen systems means that the vapor correction is minimal or even negligible.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

For absolute cylindrical boiloff methods and lower fill levels, the temperature of the gas exiting the test measurement tank should be measured and the change in sensible heat added to the energy from boiloff flow.

“For absolute cylindrical boiloff methods and lower fill levels (wetted surface area less than 75% for liquid nitrogen and at all times for liquid hydrogen or liquid helium), the temperature of the gas exiting the test measurement tank should be measured and the change in sensible heat added to the energy from boiloff flow (see Note 2 and Note 5).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

For flat plate apparatus, the plate separation calibration should be performed with hot and cold boundary surface temperatures initially representative of those to be used in actual testing, or with adequate compensation for thermal contraction based on documented mechanical calculations.

“Perform this calibration with hot and cold boundary surface temperatures initially representative of those to be used in actual testing or provide adequate compensation for thermal contraction based on documented mechanical calculations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

For an absolute test apparatus, parasitic heat leaks shall be essentially eliminated by the integrated design of the apparatus and test methodology.

“If an absolute test apparatus is to be devised, then the parasitic heat leaks shall be essentially eliminated by the integrated design of the apparatus and test methodology.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

For nitrogen testing where no exit temperature is measured, hfg can be used in lieu of the enthalpy difference in Eq 1.

“the heat of vaporization (hfg) can be used in lieu of the enthalpy difference in Eq 1.”

• cites Eq 1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The higher the level of thermal performance (and usually the higher level of vacuum), the lower the total heat load and thus the parasitic portion shall be near zero.

“The higher the level of performance (and usually the higher level of vacuum), the lower the total heat load and thus the parasitic portion shall be near zero.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Sufficient lengths of tubing between the apparatus and the flow meter ensure that the accounting for gas temperature is complete.

“Sufficient lengths of tubing between the apparatus and the flow meter will further ensure that the accounting for gas temperature is complete.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The design approach and specific dimensional details must be sufficiently identified and understood for accurate thermal conductivity and heat flux determinations to be made.

“The design approach and specific dimensional details must be sufficiently indentified and understood for accurate thermal conductivity and heat flux determinations to be made.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The thermometer data should be changing by no more than the intrinsic uncertainty of the sensors over a 1 h period.

“In addition, the thermometer data should be changing by no more than the intrinsic uncertainty of the sensors over a 1 h period.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

A large differential temperature imposed on generally low density, high surface area materials can cause drastic changes in the composition and states of interstitial species through the thickness of the system.

“The imposition of a large differential temperature in generally low density, high surface area materials means that the composition and states of the interstitial species can have drastic changes through the thickness of the system.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Differences between test samples and full-sized insulation may result in differences between data and actual performance of an insulation system.

“As differences between test samples and full-sized insulation may result in differences between data and actual performance of an insulation system, all aspects of the test specimen design configuration, preparation, and installation must be carefully considered.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Bulk-fill materials may be tested using a containment sleeve that does not thermally connect with the cold mass assembly.

“Bulk-fill materials may be tested by using a containment sleeve that does not thermally connect with the cold mass assembly (33) .”

• cites [33] (33) Scholtens, B.E., Fesmire, J.E., Sass, J.P., and Augustynowicz, S.D., 'Cryogenic thermal performance testing of bulk-fill and aerogel insulation materials,' Advances in Cryogenic Engineering , Vol. 53A, American Institute of Physics, New York, 2008, pp. 152-159. -Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

For a comparative apparatus, parasitic heat leaks must be reduced to a level that is an acceptable fraction of the total heat load to be measured.

“For a comparative apparatus, the parasitic heat leaks must be reduced to a level that is an acceptable fraction of the total heat load to be measured.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Calibrating the apparatus instrumentation and data recording equipment ensures that the required measurement accuracies are being achieved.

“Calibrate the apparatus instrumentation and data recording equipment to ensure that the required measurement accuracies are being achieved.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Placing the isothermal copper hot plate between the two halves of the test specimen assures that all heat passes through the specimen, except for heat conducted along the heater wires that are thermally linked to a cryogen bath.

“The center of each test specimen half is machined to make room for the isothermal copper hot plate which is placed in between the two halves, thus assuring that all of the heat passes through the specimen, except for that conducted along the heater wires which are thermally linked to a cryogen bath.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Properties based on specimens tested under the specified conditions may not be representative of installed performance if end use conditions differ substantially from the test conditions.

“Properties based on specimens tested under the conditions specified may not be representative of the installed performance if the end use conditions differ substantially from the test conditions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A stable state of the system is indicated by slight oscillation of the temperature sensors with no overall trend in their average value.

“A stable state of the system is indicated by slight oscillation of the temperature sensors with no overall trend in their average value.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The flowmeter should be calibrated by comparison of its output at flow rate over the entire anticipated range, using the gas to be measured during the test, with a secondary standard flowmeter.

“Calibrate the flowmeter by comparison of its output at flow rate over the entire anticipated range, using the gas to be measured during the test with that from a secondary standard flowmeter.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

For a comparative apparatus, the parasitic portion of the heat shall be consistent and repeatable for a given test condition.

“And most importantly, for the comparative apparatus, the parasitic portion of the heat shall be consistent and repeatable for a given test condition.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The entire apparatus should be calibrated by introducing known quantities of thermal energy which simulate heat flux values over the anticipated range for actual tests and by comparing these energy values with those calculated from steady-state measured data.

“Calibrate the entire apparatus by introducing known quantities of thermal energy which simulate heat flux values over the anticipated range for actual tests and by comparing these energy values with those calculated from steady-state measured data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Documentation of all installation and preparation steps, along with consistent execution of these steps, is the key to reliable and comparable results among similar MLI systems.

“Documentation of all installation and preparation steps, along with consistent execution of these steps, is the key to reliable and comparable results among similar MLI systems (11) .”

• cites [11] (11) Fesmire, J.E. and Johnson, W.L., 'Thermal Performance Data for Multilayer Insulation Systems Tested between 293 K and 77 K,' Space Cryogenics Workshop , Alyeska, AK, June 2013. -Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

For steady-state measurement to be achieved all liquid masses must be either stratified or mixed; this condition is reached only by the inherent design of the cold mass assembly.

“For steady-state measurement to be achieved all liquid masses must be either stratified or mixed; this condition is reached only by the inherent design of the cold mass assembly.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: The variation in boiloff flow rate is primarily determined by the states of the liquid masses in each of the cold mass chambers.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The thermal performance test can be performed by the cryogen boiloff method following the same general principles as given in this Guide.

“The thermal performance test can be performed by the cryogen boiloff method following the same general principles as given in this Guide.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Heavy-wall stainless steel construction along with natural stratification of the cryogen improves thermal stability and repeatability.

“Heavy-wall stainless steel construction is used along with natural stratification of the cryogen to improve thermal stability and repeatability.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The test continues until equilibrium conditions have been effectively achieved over a sufficient period of time to confirm the final boil-off flow rate.

“The test continues until equilibrium conditions have been effectively achieved over a sufficient period of time to confirm the final boil-off flow rate.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The flow-through method requires the measurement of the inlet and outlet temperatures of the cryogenic process fluid as well as the mass flow rate through the pipeline.

“The flow-through method requires the measurement of the inlet and outlet temperatures of the cryogenic process fluid as well as the mass flow rate through the pipeline.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A heat sink is necessary at the cold plate to maintain the temperature gradient.

“A heat sink is necessary at the cold plate to maintain the temperature gradient.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

Heavy-wall stainless steel construction and natural stratification avoid several difficulties encountered previously, such as boiloff vapor condensation.

“This avoids several difficulties encountered previously, such as boiloff vapor condensation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A combination of monolithic aerogel disks and radiation shields (or other suitable high performance, stable insulation system) provides thermal guarding of the ends of the test chamber.

“A combination of monolithic aerogel disks and radiation shields (or other suitable high performance, stable insulation system) provides thermal guarding of the ends of the test chamber.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The heat transfer caused by slightly different liquid temperatures within the cold mass is minimized by having independently filled chambers, combined with the method of thermal stabilization.

“The heat transfer caused by slightly different liquid temperatures within the cold mass is minimized by having independently filled chambers, combined with the method of thermal stabilization.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

This calorimeter can be used for a wide range of materials and conditions.

“This calorimeter can be used for a wide range of materials and conditions.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The approaches, techniques, and methodologies given in this guide can be adapted for use in the cryogenic thermal performance testing of cryogenic pipelines (38).

“The approaches, techniques, and methodologies given in this guide can be adapted for use in the cryogenic thermal performance testing of cryogenic pipelines (38) .”

• cites [38] (38) Fesmire, J.E., Augustynowicz, S.D., and Nagy, Z.F., 'Apparatus and Method for Thermal Performance Testing of Pipelines and Piping Systems,' US Patent 6,715,914 April 6, 2004. ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentioned in this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the risk of infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility. This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical commNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

By adding a known heat flux to the hot plate, a temperature gradient within the insulation specimen is formed.

“By adding a known heat flux to the hot plate, a temperature gradient within the insulation specimen is formed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The measure of heat flow rate is fundamentally different between boiloff and electrical power methods.

“The measure of heat flow rate is fundamentally different between boiloff and electrical power methods.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

System insulation materials provide additional thermal stability for testing over a wide range of environmental conditions.

“System insulation materials provide additional thermal stability for testing over a wide range of environmental conditions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Providing the basis for calculating the total heat load to the pipeline, the temperature rise must be large enough for practical measurement.

“Providing the basis for calculating the total heat load to the pipeline, the temperature rise must be large enough for practical measurement.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The thickness of the test specimen, as-tested, must be carefully measured or calculated with explanations of any assumptions taken.

“The thickness, as-tested, must be carefully measured or calculated with explanations of any assumptions taken.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

This arrangement allows variation of the temperature of the specimen chamber and its contents well above that of the cryogen bath surrounding the vacuum can (liquid nitrogen or liquid helium) if necessary.

“This arrangement allows variation of the temperature of the specimen chamber and its contents well above that of the cryogen bath surrounding the vacuum can (liquid nitrogen or liquid helium) if necessary.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Calculations of effective thermal conductivity (ke) or system thermal conductivity (ks) are highly sensitive to the thickness of the test specimen.

“Calculations of k e or k s are highly sensitive to the thickness of the test specimen.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Temperature sensors should be thermally anchored and located to provide visibility as to temperature stability through the thickness and minimal transverse temperature gradients.

“Temperature sensors should be thermally anchored and located to provide visibility as to temperature stability through the thickness and minimal transverse temperature gradients.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The center of each test specimen half is machined to make room for the isothermal copper hot plate which is placed in between the two halves, thus assuring that all of the heat passes through the specimen, except for that conducted along the heater wires which are sunk to the cryogen bath (4.2 K for liquid helium).

“The center of each test specimen half is machined to make room for the isothermal copper hot plate which is placed in between the two halves, thus assuring that all of the heat passes through the specimen, except for that conducted along the heater wires which are sunk to the cryogen bath (4.2 K for liquid helium).”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The approaches, techniques, and methodologies given in this guide can be adapted for use in the cryogenic thermal performance testing of cryogenic tanks (28).

“The approaches, techniques, and methodologies given in this guide can be also be adapted for use in the cryogenic thermal performance testing of cryogenic tanks (28) .”

• cites [28]Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Continue the test until equilibrium conditions have been effectively achieved.

“Continue the test until equilibrium conditions have been effectively achieved.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Close-out strips of fiberglass, MLI blankets, aerogel blankets, aerogel bulk-fill, or other materials are typically required for optimum performance of the test apparatus.

“Close-out strips of fiberglass, MLI blankets, aerogel blankets, aerogel bulk-fill, or other materials are typically required for optimum performance of the test apparatus.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Peripheral insulation materials provide for stability and control of the test.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: These features are especially important when using a single apparatus for a test series over a wide range of heat flux or vacuum levels.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The rate of heat transfer through the insulation system into the cold mass is directly proportional to the heater electrical power as shown by Eq 5.

“The rate of the heat transfer through the insulation system into the cold mass is directly proportional to the heater electrical power as shown by Eq 5.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The method works by creating axial heat transfer through the insulation specimen(s).

“The method works by creating axial heat transfer through the insulation specimen(s).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Use of the boiloff method follows the same general principles as given in this Guide.

“Use of the boiloff method follows the same general principles as given in this Guide.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The close-out materials and techniques must be documented and repeated for the specific laboratory procedure being performed.

“The close-out materials and techniques must be documented and repeated for the specific laboratory procedure being performed.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Two sets of radiation shield rings, together with bulk-fill aerogel, provide thermal guarding of the side of the cold mass.

“Two sets of radiation shield rings, together with bulk-fill aerogel, provide thermal guarding of the side of the cold mass.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The subsequent calculation of thermal properties is basically the same for boiloff and electrical power methods, according to the respective geometries (cylindrical or flat plate).

“The subsequent calculation of thermal properties is basically the same, according to the respective geometries (cylindrical or flat plate).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

For cylindrical geometries, the effective heat transfer area (Ae) is the mean area between the two concentric cylinders, and thus the heat flux is the mean heat flux.

“For cylindrical geometries, the effective heat transfer area ( Ae ) will be the mean area between the two concentric cylinders and thus the heat flux in this case is in fact the mean heat flux.”