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Neither Dichotomous nor Split, but Schema-Related Negative Interpersonal Evaluations Characterize Borderline Patients
Abstract
Cognitive models explain extreme thoughts, affects, and behaviors of patients with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD) by specific mal-adaptive schemas and dichotomous thinking. Psychodynamic theories ascribe these to splitting. This study expanded the study of Veen and Arntz (2000) and investigated whether extreme evaluations in BPD are (1) dichotomous, negativistic, or split; (2) limited to specific (schema-related) interpersonal situations; and (3) related to traumatic childhood experiences. BPD (n = 18), cluster C personality disorder (n = 16), and nonpatient (n = 17) groups were asked to judge 16 characters portrayed in film fragments in a specific or nonspecific context and with negative, positive, or neutral roles on visual analogue scales. These scales were divided in negative-positive trait opposites related to BPD schemas, negative-positive trait opposites unrelated to BPD schemas, and neutral trait opposites. Interpersonal evaluations of patients with BPD were (1) negativistic; (2) schema related; and (3) partially related to traumatic childhood experiences. Negative evaluations of caring characters in an intimate context particularly characterized BPD. No evidence was found for dichotomous thinking or splitting in BPD.
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BPD patients make more extreme responses on structured response formats than controls.
“BPD patients also make more extreme responses on structured response formats than controls (e.g., Moritz et al., 2011; Napolitano & McKay, 2007; Sieswerda, Barnow, Verheul, & Arntz, 2013; Veen & Arntz, 2000).”
From In an Absolute State: Elevated Use of Absolutist Words Is a Marker Specific to Anxiety, Depression, and Suicidal Ideation (2018) · cites this paper as Sieswerda et al., 2013
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Dichotomous Thinking in Borderline Personality Disorder
Napolitano, L. A., & McKay, D. (2007) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-007-9123-4 · Cited by 44
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Al-Mosaiwi, M., & Johnstone, T. (2018) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617747074 · Cited by 304
Metadata
- Authors
- Sieswerda, S., Barnow, S., Verheul, R., & Arntz, A.
- Affiliations
- Heidelberg University (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Personality Disorders
- Publisher
- Guilford Publications
- Published
- 2013-02
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 36-52
- ISSN
- 0885-579X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2035846974
- Cited by
- 25
- References
- 1
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 3.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Personality Disorders (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychoanalysis and Psychopathology Research
- Keywords
- borderline personality disorder, interpersonal evaluation, schema therapy, dichotomous thinking, splitting, negative evaluation, childhood trauma, cluster C personality disorders, cognitive models, psychodynamic theory
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Borderline Personality Disorder, Emotions, Female, Humans, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales
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