The DOI matches its Crossref record; 42 of the 42 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 38 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control
Open accessAbstract
Stress modulates instrumental action in favor of habitual stimulus-response processes that are insensitive to changes in outcome value and at the expense of goal-directed action-outcome processes. The neuroendocrine mechanism underlying this phenomenon is unknown. Here, we tested the hypothesis that concurrent glucocorticoid and noradrenergic activity bias instrumental behavior toward habitual performance. To this end, healthy men and women received hydrocortisone, the alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonist yohimbine or both orally before they were trained in two instrumental actions leading to two distinct food outcomes. After training, one of the outcomes was devalued by inviting participants to eat that food to satiety. A subsequent extinction test revealed whether instrumental performance was goal-directed or habitual. Participants that received hydrocortisone or yohimbine alone decreased responding to the devalued action in the extinction test, i.e., they behaved goal-directed. The combined administration of hydrocortisone and yohimbine, however, rendered participants' behavior insensitive to changes in the value of the goal (i.e., habitual). These findings demonstrate that the concerted action of glucocorticoids and noradrenergic activity shifts instrumental behavior from goal-directed to habitual control.
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41 Own result · 24 Not checked yet · 9 Own interpretation · 7 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“pleasantness ratings decreased sharply after feeding for the devalued but not for the valued outcome (time ϫ value interaction: F (1,63) ϭ 30.76, p Ͻ 0.001, 2 ϭ 0.33).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Selective outcome devaluation remains unaffected by cortisol and yohimbine
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“In neutral trials, however, subjects did not chose the high-probability action more often than the low-probability action showing that they were indifferent as to whether they received the effectively neutral liquid or not.”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Cortisol and yohimbine do not affect learning curves
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All participants favored the valued high-probability action over its lowprobability counterpart in the first extinction block (*p Ͻ 0.05).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On average, they reached 4.28 points (SEM: 0.23; maximum score: 6 points) in the free recall test and 8.04 points (SEM: 0.13; maximum score: 9 points) in the cued recall test.”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Explicit action-outcome knowledge is not influenced by cortisol or yohimbine
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this change in instrumental responding came without changes in explicit task knowledge”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“we found here no effect of cortisol or noradrenergic activation on action-outcome knowledge”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This analysis revealed a four-way interaction effect (F (1,63) ϭ 4.25, p Ͻ 0.05, 2 ϭ 0.06).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Concurrent cortisol and noradrenergic activity render instrumental behavior insensitive to outcome devaluation
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the intake of hydrocortisone (i.e., cortisol) resulted in a significant increase in salivary cortisol.”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Salivary cortisol
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and preferred the valued but not the devalued high-probability action over the respective low-probability action in the first 15-trial block (valued: both t values Ͼ5.71, both p values Ͻ0.001; devalued: both t values Ͻ1.55, both p values Ͼ0.14).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Concurrent cortisol and noradrenergic activity render instrumental behavior insensitive to outcome devaluation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Our results indicate that a combination of high cortisol concentrations and increased noradrenergic activity renders individuals' behavior insensitive to changes in goal value.”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: Yohimbine-induced increases in blood pressure reflect increased noradrenergic activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the first 15-trial block, before they could know that the rewards were not presented any longer, they favored the val-ued high-probability action over its low-probability counterpart (binomial test, t (14) ϭ 8.05, p Ͻ 0.001).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Concurrent cortisol and noradrenergic activity render instrumental behavior insensitive to outcome devaluation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 20
- Probably not a substantial claim. 15
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no effect of yohimbine on salivary cortisol, nor was there a cortisol ϫ yohimbine interaction (all p Ͼ 0.13).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Salivary cortisol
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and diastolic blood pressure (both F values Ͼ5.46, both p values Ͻ0.03, both 2 Ͼ 0.08) (Fig. 1C).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Blood pressure
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“reaction times decreased significantly across the extinction session (F (4,252) ϭ 3.69, p ϭ 0.01, 2 ϭ 0.06)”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > No effect of cortisol, yohimbine, or outcome devaluation on reaction times
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This led to a significant drop in subjective hunger ratings from 61.6 (SEM: 3.1) before the learning session and 58.4 (SEM: 3.5) immediately before outcome devaluation to 36.3 (SEM: 3.4) after outcome devaluation.”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Selective outcome devaluation remains unaffected by cortisol and yohimbine
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Follow-up ANOVAs showed a significant cortisol ϫ yohimbine interaction for devalued (F (1,63) ϭ 4.87, p Ͻ 0.05, 2 ϭ 0.07) but not for valued trials (F (1,63) ϭ 0.00, p ϭ 0.97, 2 ϭ 0.00).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Concurrent cortisol and noradrenergic activity render instrumental behavior insensitive to outcome devaluation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cortisol had no effect on systolic or diastolic blood pressure (all p Ͼ 0.16).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Blood pressure
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“There was no effect of cortisol or yohimbine on explicit actionoutcome knowledge, nor was there a significant cortisol ϫ yohimbine interaction (all p Ͼ 0.15).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Explicit action-outcome knowledge is not influenced by cortisol or yohimbine
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No such trend was found for the devalued high-probability action.On the contrary, participants in the plac group tended even to avoid the high-probability action associated with the devalued outcome in the first extinction block (t (14) ϭ 1.91, p ϭ 0.08).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Concurrent cortisol and noradrenergic activity render instrumental behavior insensitive to outcome devaluation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Elevated cortisol or stimulation of the noradrenergic system alone did not affect sensitivity to outcome devaluation.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“In line with these data, we show here that (acute) increases in cortisol alone do not lead to more habitual instrumental responding.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“GCs or noradrenergic activation alone were not able to operate this switch.”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Yohimbine-induced increases in blood pressure reflect increased noradrenergic activity.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“only participants who had received both cortisol and yohimbine chose the high-probability action associated with the devalued outcome more often than the referring low-probability action ( # p Ͻ 0.05), indicating that their responding was insensitive to changes in the value of the outcome (i.e., habitual).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Yohimbine-induced increases in blood pressure reflect increased noradrenergic activity.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Follow-up tests indicated that there was a time ϫ cortisol ϫ yohimbine interaction in devalued (F (1,63) ϭ 4.67, p Ͻ 0.05, 2 ϭ 0.07) but not in”
- Also stated in: § Concurrent cortisol and noradrenergic activity render instrumental behavior insensitive to outcome devaluation · plain
“valued trials (F (1,63) ϭ 0.00, p ϭ 0.99, 2 ϭ 0.00).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Concurrent cortisol and noradrenergic activity render instrumental behavior insensitive to outcome devaluation
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Concurrent cortisol and noradrenergic activity render instrumental behavior insensitive to outcome devaluation · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“subjects ate on average 2.09 cups of chocolate pudding (SEM: 0.19) or 2.07 oranges (SEM: 0.14).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Selective outcome devaluation remains unaffected by cortisol and yohimbine
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cortisol and yohimbine had no influence on learning curves.”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Stress modulates instrumental action in favor of habitual stimulus-response processes that are insensitive to changes in outcome value and at the expense of goal-directed action-outcome processes.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
“Recent evidence indicates that stress may alter the contribution of goal-directed and habitual processes to instrumental behavior.”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dias-Ferreira et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Schwabe and Wolf, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the basolateral part of the amygdala has been identified as a locus of the GC-noradrenaline interaction and as a modulator of memory processes in other brain areas, such as the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex (McGaugh and Roozendaal, 2002;Roozendaal et al., 2006b).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites McGaugh and Roozendaal, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Roozendaal et al., 2006b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We used a double-blind, placebocontrolled between-subjects design in which participants were randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“GCs have been assigned a key role in stress effects on learning and memory processes (Lupien and McEwen, 1997;Joe ¨ls et al., 2006;Schwabe et al., 2010).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lupien and McEwen, 1997
- Not checked yetcites Joe ¨ls et al., 2006
- Not checked yetcites Schwabe et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Similar effects have been reported for prefrontal cortex-dependent working memory (Roozendaal et al., 2004a).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Roozendaal et al., 2004a
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indicates that cortisol or yohimbine alone did not change instrumental responding.”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Concurrent cortisol and noradrenergic activity render instrumental behavior insensitive to outcome devaluation
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“administration of the -adrenergic antagonist propranolol blocked the effects of GCs on memory (Roozendaal et al., 2004b;de Quervain et al., 2007).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Roozendaal et al., 2004b
- Not checked yetcites de Quervain et al., 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Stress effects on declarative memory necessitate a cooccurrence of glucocorticoids (GCs; mainly cortisol in humans), the steroid hormones that are released from the adrenal cortex in response to stress, and arousal-induced noradrenergic activation (for review, see Roozendaal et al., 2006bRoozendaal et al., , 2009;;Wolf, 2009).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Roozendaal et al., 2006b
- Not checked yetcites Roozendaal et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Wolf, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The biologically active, free fraction of the stress hormone cortisol was analyzed from saliva using an immunoassay (IBL).Inter-and intra-assay coefficients of variance were below 9%.”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Saliva sampling and cortisol measurement.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These findings may have important implications for our understanding of drug addiction and other compulsive disorders that are viewed as endpoints of a transition from initial goal-directed to habitual control of behavior (Berke and Hyman, 2000;Everitt and Robbins, 2005) and can be triggered by stress and GCs (Piazza and Le Moal, 1998).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Berke and Hyman, 2000
- Not checked yetcites Everitt and Robbins, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Piazza and Le Moal, 1998
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“chronic stress causes atrophy in the prefrontal cortex but hypertrophy in the dorsolateral striatum and these structural changes are paralleled by a shift toward habit behavior (Dias-Ferreira et al., 2009).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dias-Ferreira et al., 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This demonstrated clearly that stress and GCs may facilitate habitual responding without affecting instrumental learning.”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schwabe and Wolf, 2010
boostedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“an intact endogenous opioid system, implicated in reward processing, is required for goal-directed learning and opioid receptor blockade enhances habitual action (Wassum et al., 2009).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wassum et al., 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“During stressful experiences, numerous hormones and neurotransmitters, in addition to GCs and noradrenaline, are released (Joe ¨ls and Baram, 2009).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Joe ¨ls and Baram, 2009
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“prelearning stress reduced action-outcome knowledge while pre-retrieval stress did not (Schwabe andWolf, 2009, 2010)”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schwabe and Wolf, 2009
- Not checked yetcites Schwabe and Wolf, 2010
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the (explicit) memory component of the instrumental learning task was rather undemanding and the test of action-outcome knowledge not very sensitive for possible mnemonic effects of the treatments.”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Discussion
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Yohimbine intake resulted in significantly higher systolic (B) and diastolic (C) blood pressure indicating increased activation of the autonomic nervous system.”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Discussion
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Yohimbine-induced increases in blood pressure reflect increased noradrenergic activity.
In the paper
“increased dopaminergic activity has been related to an accelerated transition from goal-directed to habitual performance (for review, see Wickens et al., 2007).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wickens et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we had no direct measures of noradrenaline availability; noradrenergic activity was indirectly measured via blood pressure.”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The neuroendocrine mechanism behind stress-induced modulation of goal-directed and habitual action is unknown.
“The neuroendocrine mechanism underlying the stress-induced modulation of goal-directed and habitual action is unknown.”
“The neuroendocrine mechanism underlying this phenomenon is unknown.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Yohimbine-induced increases in blood pressure reflect increased noradrenergic activity.
“Yohimbine intake resulted in significantly higher systolic (B) and diastolic (C) blood pressure indicating increased activation of the autonomic nervous system.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“The effects of stress on promoting habitual behaviour again appear mediated by stress hormones and can be prevented by the administration of an adrenergic receptor antagonist (Schwabe et al., 2010, Schwabe et al., 2011).”
From The role of habit in compulsivity (2016) · cites this paper as Schwabe et al., 2010
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Concurrent cortisol and noradrenergic activity render instrumental behavior insensitive to outcome devaluation
“Participants in the cortϩyoh group did not prefer the valued highprobability action over the devalued high-probability action (F (1,19) ϭ 0.19, p ϭ 0.67, 2 ϭ 0.01).”
§ Concurrent Glucocorticoid and Noradrenergic Activity Shifts Instrumental Behavior from Goal-Directed to Habitual Control > Materials and Methods
“(4) oral hydrocortisone and yohimbine (10 men, 9 women; Cortϩyoh).”
Citations
Cites
Neural systems of reinforcement for drug addiction: from actions to habits to compulsion
Everitt, B. J., & Robbins, T. W. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1579 · Cited by 3,785
The role of the basal ganglia in habit formation
Yin, H. H., & Knowlton, B. J. (2006) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1919 · Cited by 2,402
On the relationship between emotion and cognition
Pessoa, L. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2317 · Cited by 2,350
Stress, memory and the amygdala
Roozendaal, B., McEwen, B. S., & Chattarji, S. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2651 · Cited by 1,760
Joëls, M., & Baram, T. Z. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2632 · Cited by 1,521
Yin, H. H., Knowlton, B. J., & Balleine, B. W. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03095.x · Cited by 1,226
Addiction, Dopamine, and the Molecular Mechanisms of Memory
Berke, J. D., & Hyman, S. E. (2000) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81056-9 · Cited by 1,184
The role of the dorsomedial striatum in instrumental conditioning
Yin, H. H., Ostlund, S. B., Knowlton, B. J., & Balleine, B. W. (2005) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2005.04218.x · Cited by 1,099
The acute effects of corticosteroids on cognition: integration of animal and human model studies
LUPIEN, S., & MCEWEN, B. (1997) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(97)00004-0 · Cited by 1,024
Learning under stress: how does it work?
Joëls, M., Pu, Z., Wiegert, O., Oitzl, M. S., & Krugers, H. J. (2006) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2006.02.002 · Cited by 947
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Dynamic adaptation of large-scale brain networks in response to acute stressors
Hermans, E. J., Henckens, M. J. A. G., Joëls, M., & Fernández, G. (2014) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2014.03.006 · Cited by 988
Stress effects on memory: An update and integration
Schwabe, L., Joëls, M., Roozendaal, B., Wolf, O. T., & Oitzl, M. S. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.07.002 · Cited by 714
Self-citationLearning and memory under stress: implications for the classroom
Vogel, S., & Schwabe, L. (2016) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/npjscilearn.2016.11 · Cited by 543
Self-citationStress, glucocorticoids and memory: implications for treating fear-related disorders
de Quervain, D., Schwabe, L., & Roozendaal, B. (2017) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2016.155 · Cited by 484
Self-citationThe effects of neural gain on attention and learning
Eldar, E., Cohen, J. D., & Niv, Y. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3428 · Cited by 402
Metadata
- Authors
- Schwabe, L., Tegenthoff, M., Hoffken, O., & Wolf, O. T.
- Affiliations
- Ruhr University Bochum (DE)
- BG University Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum (DE)
- Venue
- Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2010-06-16
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 24
- Pages
- 8190-8196
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6634579
- OpenAlex
- W2007129325
- Cited by
- 150
- References
- 42
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 6.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SCHW1357/2-1)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Keywords
- glucocorticoids, noradrenergic activity, instrumental behavior, goal-directed behavior, habitual behavior, stress, outcome devaluation, extinction, cortisol, yohimbine, alpha2-adrenoceptor antagonism, food reward, action-outcome learning
- MeSH terms
- Adrenergic alpha-Antagonists, Adult, Analysis of Variance, Blood Pressure, Conditioning, Operant, Drug Interactions, Female, Glucocorticoids, Goals, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Memory, Motivation, Norepinephrine, Reaction Time, Saliva, Yohimbine, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-05, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-05 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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