The neuro-symphony of stress
Open accessAbstract
The impact of stress on brain function is increasingly recognized. Various substances are released in response to stress and can influence distinct neuronal circuits, but the functional advantages of having such a diversity of stress mediators remain unclear. Individual neurotransmitter, neuropeptide and steroid stress mediators have specific spatial and temporal niches, but these niches also overlap. In addition, the effects of individual mediators on neuronal function and plasticity are integrated, and emerging evidence suggests that there is crosstalk between them. Together, this results in the stress instruments producing an orchestrated 'symphony' that enables fine-tuned responses to diverse challenges.
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Stress can be classified into "good stress," "bearable stress," and "toxic stress," and has acute, delayed and long-term effects on the body.
“In fact, stress can be classified into “good stress,” “bearable stress,” and “toxic stress” (78), and has acute, delayed and long-term effects on the body (79).”
From Epigenetic Modifications in Stress Response Genes Associated With Childhood Trauma (2019) · cites this paper as [79]
The citation to this paper is attached to the claim about acute, delayed and long-term effects, not to the three stress categories. The ‘Temporal niches’ section describes effects beginning within seconds and others emerging hours later; ‘A need for multiple mediators’ describes prolonged changes after chronic stress. These passages focus chiefly on brain and neuronal responses, so they do not fully support the broader claim about effects on the body. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe physiological effects of acute stress in the brain are long-lasting, with genomic cortisol remaining elevated for hours after a stressful event.
“The physiological e ff ects of acute stress in the brain are long-lasting, with genomic cortisol remaining elevated for hours after a stressful event has taken place (Joëls & Baram, 2009; Joëls et al., 2011; Quaed fl ieg & Schwabe, 2018).”
From The effects of acute stress on eyewitness memory: An integrative review for eyewitness researchers (2021) · cites this paper as Joëls & Baram, 2009
In “Steroids” (page unavailable), the paper says genomic corticosteroid effects on neurons can take at least an hour to develop and last hours to days. “Temporal niches” (page unavailable) likewise describes molecular effects beginning one to two hours after stress. These passages support long-lasting effects, but not the claim that cortisol itself remains elevated for hours after the event. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredStress-related hormones mediate the stress response to induce changes in heart rate, blood pressure, metabolism, and immune function.
“These stress-related hormones mediate the stress response (92) to induce changes in heart rate, blood pressure, metabolism (93), and immune function (94).”
From Epigenetic Modifications in Stress Response Genes Associated With Childhood Trauma (2019) · cites this paper as [92]
There is a complex relationship between the gut microbiota, HPA axis, and cognitive processes.
“Given the well-established relationship between glucocorticoids and memory formation, studies like this suggest a complex relationship between the GM, HPA axis and cognitive processes (386).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [386]
This modulation is achieved via the effect of glucocorticoid hormones and other components of the HPA axis.
“This modulation is achieved via the effect of glucocorticoid hormones and other components of the HPA axis [46-48, 50].”
From Predictive modeling of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to acute and chronic stress (2011) · cites this paper as [46]
Chronic stress may alter receptor localization, rates of chemical reactions and transporting processes in different brain regions such as hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex, causing altered patterns of activity observable by PET, fMRI, MEG or EEG.
“chronic stress may alter receptor localization, rates of chemical reactions and transporting processes in different brain regions, such as the hippocampus, amygdala and prefrontal cortex [44-47]”
From Predictive modeling of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to acute and chronic stress (2011) · cites this paper as [46]
Stress induces changes in immune system function.
“It is also well known that stress induces changes in the immune system function.”
From Predictive modeling of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response to acute and chronic stress (2011) · cites this paper as [46]
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- Authors
- Joëls, M., & Baram, T. Z.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- University of California, Irvine (US)
- Venue
- Nature Reviews Neuroscience
- Published
- 2009-04-02
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 459-466
- ISSN
- 1471-003X (ISSN-L)
- 1471-0048
- PMC
- PMC2844123
- OpenAlex
- W2064910482
- Cited by
- 1,521
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 88 · 2025: 90 · 2024: 87 · 2023: 93 · 2022: 92 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 121 · 2019: 82 · 2018: 80 · 2017: 89 · 2016: 109 · 2015: 83 · 2014: 97 · 2013: 112 · 2012: 77
- FWCI
- 3.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Nature reviews. Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH73136, R01MH073136)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS028912, NS29012)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuropeptides and Animal Physiology
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- stress, stress mediators, neuroendocrine stress response, neurotransmitters, neuropeptides, steroid hormones, neuroplasticity, neural circuits
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Brain Mapping, Homeostasis, Humans, Nerve Net, Neuronal Plasticity, Stress, Psychological, Neurotransmitter Agents
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