The DOI matches its Crossref record; 40 of the 40 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Dopamine D2, but not D3or D4, Receptor Subtype is Essential for the Disruption of Prepulse Inhibition Produced by Amphetamine in Mice
Open accessAbstract
Brain dopamine (DA) systems are involved in the modulation of the sensorimotor gating phenomenon known as prepulse inhibition (PPI). The class of D2-like receptors, including the D2, D3, and D4 receptor subtypes, have all been implicated in the control of PPI via studies of DA agonists and antagonists in rats. Nevertheless, the functional relevance of each receptor subtype remains unclear because these ligands are not specific. To determine the relevance of each receptor subtype, we used genetically altered strains of “knock-out” mice lacking the DA D2, D3, or D4 receptors. We tested the effects of each knock-out on both the phenotypic expression of PPI and the disruption of PPI produced by the indirect DA agonist d-amphetamine (AMPH). No phenotypic differences in PPI were observed at baseline. AMPH significantly disrupted PPI in the D2 (+/+) mice but had no effect in the D2 (−/−) mice. After AMPH treatment, both DA D3 and D4 receptor (+/+) and (−/−) mice had significant disruptions in PPI. These findings indicate that the AMPH-induced disruption of PPI is mediated via the DA D2 receptor and not the D3 or D4 receptor subtypes. Uncovering the neural mechanisms involved in PPI will further our understanding of the substrates of sensorimotor gating and could lead to better therapeutics to treat gating disorders, such as schizophrenia.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Studies in mice have indicated that administration of direct-acting DA agonists (such as apomorphine) and indirect DA agonists (such as cocaine) to mice disrupt PPI primarily via D1 receptors [369], whereas D2 receptors seem to modulate amphetamine-induced PPI deficits [370].”
From Reward circuitry dysfunction in psychiatric and neurodevelopmental disorders and genetic syndromes: animal models and clinical findings (2012) · cites this paper as [370]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Sokoloff, P., Bruno Giros, A., Martres, M., Bouthenet, M.-L., & Schwartz, J. (1990) · Nature · doi:10.1038/347146a0 · Cited by 2,608
Dopamine Receptor Binding Predicts Clinical and Pharmacological Potencies of Antischizophrenic Drugs
Creese, I., Burt, D. R., & Snyder, S. H. (1976) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.3854 · Cited by 2,220
Crawley, J. N., Belknap, J. K., Collins, A. C., Crabbe, J. C., Frankel, W. N., Henderson, N. D., HITZEMANN, R. J., Maxson, S. C., Miner, L. L., Silva, A. J., et al. (1997) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130050327 · Cited by 1,389
Gating and Habituation of the Startle Reflex in Schizophrenic Patients
Braff, D. L. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820030038005 · Cited by 1,027
Dopamine receptor pharmacology
Seeman, P. M., & Tol, H. H. M. V. (1994) · Trends in Pharmacological Sciences · doi:10.1016/0165-6147(94)90323-9 · Cited by 969
Assessing the Validity of an Animal Model of Deficient Sensorimotor Gating in Schizophrenic Patients
Swerdlow, N. R. (1994) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1994.03950020063007 · Cited by 708
Dopaminergic stimulation disrupts sensorimotor gating in the rat
Mansbach, R. S., Geyer, M. A., & BRAFF, D. L. (1988) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/bf00212846 · Cited by 606
Self-citationMice Lacking Dopamine D4 Receptors Are Supersensitive to Ethanol, Cocaine, and Methamphetamine
Rubinstein, M., Phillips, T. J., Bunzow, J. R., Falzone, T. L., Dziewczapolski, G., Zhang, G., Fang, Y., Larson, J. L., McDougall, J. A., Chester, J. A., et al. (1997) · Cell · doi:10.1016/s0092-8674(00)80365-7 · Cited by 473
Self-citationA targeted mutation of the D3 dopamine receptor gene is associated with hyperactivity in mice.
Accili, D., Fishburn, C. S., Drago, J., Steiner, H., Lachowicz, J. E., Park, B.-H., Gauda, E. B., Lee, E.-C., Cool, M. H., Sibley, D. R., et al. (1996) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.93.5.1945 · Cited by 466
Startle response models of sensorimotor gating and habituation deficits in schizophrenia
Geyer, M. A., Swerdlow, N. R., Mansbach, R. S., & Braff, D. L. (1990) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/0361-9230(90)90241-q · Cited by 456
Self-citation
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Corbin, 1997, Effects of dopamine (DA) D4 antagonists on prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle and amphetamine-stimulated locomotion in rats., Soc Neurosci Abstr, 23, 2417
- Peng, 1990, A D2 dopamine receptor agonist disrupts sensorimotor gating in rats., Neuropsychopharmacology, 3, 211
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 101–176 of 176
Khoja, S., Asatryan, L., Jakowec, M. W., & Davies, D. L. (2019) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2019.00331 · Cited by 28
Zhang, M., Ballard, M. E., Kohlhaas, K. L., Browman, K. E., Jongen-Rêlo, A.-L., Unger, L., Fox, G. B., Groß, G., Decker, M. W., Drescher, K. U., et al. (2005) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300985 · Cited by 26
Sevak, R. J., Owens, W. A., Koek, W., Galli, A., Daws, L. C., & France, C. P. (2007) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2006.04358.x · Cited by 25
Chang, W.-L., Breier, M. R., Yang, A., & Swerdlow, N. R. (2011) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2011.06.002 · Cited by 27
Li, Q., Wong, J. H., Lü, G., Antonio, G. E., Yeung, D. K. W., Ng, T. B., Forster, E. L., & Yew, D. T. W. (2009) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular Basis of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.bbadis.2009.05.006 · Cited by 25
Sotoyama, H., Namba, H., Tohmi, M., & Nawa, H. (2023) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom13020372 · Cited by 24
Mihali, A., Subramani, S., Kaunitz, G. J., Rayport, S., & Gaisler‐Salomon, I. (2012) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1586/ern.12.60 · Cited by 22
Sun, X., Gou, H., Li, F. R., Lu, G.-Y., Song, R., Yang, R., Wu, N., Su, R., Cong, B., & Li, J. (2016) · Acta Pharmacologica Sinica · doi:10.1038/aps.2015.105 · Cited by 22
Martin-Iverson, M. T., & Else, D. (2000) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s002130000483 · Cited by 22
Banjaw, M. Y., Fendt, M., & Schmidt, W. (2005) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2005.01.002 · Cited by 21
Role of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors in CRF-induced disruption of sensorimotor gating
Vinkers, C. H., Risbrough, V. B., Geyer, M. A., Caldwell, S., Low, M. J., & Hauger, R. L. (2007) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2007.01.018 · Cited by 21
Self-citationHorsley, R. R., Lhotková, E., Hájková, K., Feriančiková, B., Himl, M., Kuchař, M., & Páleníček, T. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00144 · Cited by 21
Rhudy, J. L., Guereca, Y. M., Kuhn, B. L., Palit, S., & Flaten, M. A. (2018) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2018.04.012 · Cited by 22
Culm, K. E., Lim, A. M., Onton, J., & Hammer, R. P. (2003) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/s0006-8993(03)02880-4 · Cited by 21
The effects of pramipexole on prepulse inhibition and locomotor activity in C57BL/6J mice
Chang, W.-L., Geyer, M. A., Buell, M. R., Weber, M., & Swerdlow, N. R. (2010) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e328337be7e · Cited by 20
Self-citationBay-Richter, C., O’Callaghan, M. J., Mathur, N., O’Tuathaigh, C. M. P., Heery, D. M., Fone, K. C. F., Waddington, J. L., & Moran, P. M. (2013) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2013.50 · Cited by 19
Sotoyama, H., Namba, H., Takei, N., & Nawa, H. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-006-0595-9 · Cited by 20
O'Sullivan, G. J., Kinsella, A., Grandy, D. K., Tighe, O., Croke, D. T., & Waddington, J. L. (2005) · Synapse · doi:10.1002/syn.20225 · Cited by 19
Self-citationVuillermot, S., Feldon, J., & Meyer, U. (2011) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.07.008 · Cited by 18
Osuch, E. A., Ursano, R. J., He, L., Webster, M. J., Hough, C., Fullerton, C. S., & Leskin, G. A. (2004) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1521/psyc.67.4.353.56565 · Cited by 18
Gαz regulates BDNF-induction of axon growth in cortical neurons
Hultman, R. C., Kumari, U., Michel, N., & Casey, P. J. (2013) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2013.12.004 · Cited by 18
Family 1 G protein-coupled receptor function in the CNS Insights from gene knockout mice
Karasinska, J. M. (2003) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(02)00221-7 · Cited by 18
Bassi, M., Bilel, S., Tirri, M., Corli, G., Rosa, F. D., Gregori, A., Alkilany, A. M., Rachid, O., Roda, E., Luca, F. D., et al. (2024) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2024.06.014 · Cited by 17
Giakoumaki, S. G., Roussos, P., Frangou, S., & Bitsios, P. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-007-0843-7 · Cited by 17
Using prepulse inhibition to detect functional D3 receptor antagonism: Effects of WC10 and WC44
Weber, M., Chang, W.-L., Durbin, J. P., Park, P. E., Luedtke, R. R., Mach, R. H., & Swerdlow, N. R. (2009) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2009.04.022 · Cited by 17
Kawabe, K. (2017) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2017.06.009 · Cited by 14
Structural Analysis of the Mammalian D2, D3 and D4 Dopamine Receptors
Neve, K. A., DuRand, C. J., & Teeter, M. M. (2003) · CRC Press eBooks · doi:10.1201/b15280-4 · Cited by 14
Molecular Genetic Models Related to Schizophrenia and Psychotic Illness: Heuristics and Challenges
O’Tuathaigh, C. M. P., Desbonnet, L., Moran, P. M., Kirby, B. P., & Waddington, J. L. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2010_111 · Cited by 13
Dopamine — Glutamate Interactions
Konradi, C. L., Cepeda, C., & Levine, M. S. (2002) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-06765-9_4 · Cited by 13
Oliveros, A., Heckman, M. G., Corena-McLeod, M. D. P., Williams, K., Boules, M., & Richelson, E. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Biology · doi:10.1242/jeb.046318 · Cited by 12
Assessment of Movement Disorders in Rodents
Jinnah, H. A., & Hess, E. J. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-405195-9.00004-4 · Cited by 12
Differential Effects of AGS3 Expression on D2L Dopamine Receptor-Mediated Adenylyl Cyclase Signaling
Conley, J. M., & Watts, V. J. (2013) · Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s10571-013-9925-8 · Cited by 11
Effects of Neonatal Dexamethasone Exposure on Adult Neuropsychiatric Traits in Rats
Yates, N. J., Robertson, D., Rodger, J., & Martin-Iverson, M. T. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0167220 · Cited by 12
Modelos experimentais de esquizofrenia: uma revisão
Salgado, J. V., Hetem, L. A. B., & Sandner, G. (2006) · Brazilian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1590/s1516-44462006000200012 · Cited by 11
Pharmacological and proteomic analyses of neonatal polyI:C-treated adult mice
Kitagawa, K., Nagai, T., & Yamada, K. (2018) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2018.10.007 · Cited by 10
Spencer, J. R., Darbyshire, K. M. E., Boucher, A. A., & Arnold, J. C. (2012) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.07.014 · Cited by 10
The chakragati mouse shows deficits in prepulse inhibition of acoustic startle and latent inhibition
Verma, V., Tan, C. H., Ong, W., Grigoryan, G. A., Jones, C. A., Stolzberg, D. J., Salvi, R., Gross, K. W., Ratty, A. K., & Dawe, G. S. (2007) · Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2007.11.007 · Cited by 10
The role of ephrin-A2 and ephrin-A5 in sensorimotor control and gating
Yates, N. J., Martin-Iverson, M. T., & Rodger, J. (2014) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.061 · Cited by 9
Onogi, H., Nakagawasai, O., Sato, A., Mitazaki, S., Nakaya, K., Watanabe, K., Yaoita, F., Tan–No, K., Arai, Y., Kikuchi, T., et al. (2011) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2011.06.002 · Cited by 9
Dopamine — Its Role in Behaviour and Cognition in Experimental Animals and Humans
Robbins, T. W., & Everitt, B. J. (2002) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-06765-9_7 · Cited by 11
Zhao, X., Huang, Y., Chen, K., Li, D., Han, C., & Kan, Q. (2015) · Asia-Pacific Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/appy.12206 · Cited by 9
Mandell, A. J., Selz, K. A., Owens, M. J., Kinkead, B. L., Shlesinger, M. F., Gutman, D. A., & Arguragi, V. (2003) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1300134 · Cited by 9
Mutant Mouse Models in Evaluating Novel Approaches to Antipsychotic Treatment
O’Tuathaigh, C. M. P., Desbonnet, L., & Waddington, J. L. (2012) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-25758-2_5 · Cited by 8
Functional changes in prefrontal cortex following frequency-specific training
Bach-Morrow, L., Boccalatte, F. E., DeRosa, A., Devos, D., García‐Sánchez, C., Inglese, M., & Droby, A. (2022) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-022-24088-7 · Cited by 7
Susceptibility Genes for Schizophrenia: Mutant Models, Endophenotypes and Psychobiology
O’Tuathaigh, C. M. P., Desbonnet, L., Moran, P. M., & Waddington, J. L. (2011) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2011_194 · Cited by 8
Onogi, H., Nakagawasai, O., Tan–No, K., Mitazaki, S., Sato, A., Nakaya, K., Niijima, F., Arai, Y., Kikuchi, T., & Tadano, T. (2010) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.06.005 · Cited by 7
Montiel-Herrera, F., Batanero-Geraldo, A., López, J. C., Vargas, J. P., Quintero, E., & Díaz, E. (2024) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2024.114526 · Cited by 5
The Dopamine D3 Receptor and Its Implication in Neuropsychiatry Disorders and Their Treatments
Sokoloff, P., & Schwartz, J. (2002) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-56051-4_7 · Cited by 5
Developing Therapeutics for Bipolar Disorder (BPD): From Animal Models to the Clinic
Large, C. H., Einat, H., & Mahableshwarkar, A. R. (2008) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-373861-5.00009-6 · Cited by 4
Assessment of Movement Disorders in Rodents
Jinnah, H. A., & Hess, E. J. (2005) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012088382-0/50006-2 · Cited by 4
Study of Dopamine Receptor and Dopamine Transporter Networks in Mice
Gorgievski, V., Tzavara, E. T., & Giros, B. (2014) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2196-6_17 · Cited by 3
Unraveling the Role of Dopamine Receptors In Vivo: Lessons from Knockout Mice
Tirotta, E., Mei, C. D., Iitaka, C., Ramos, M., Holmes, D., & Borrelli, E. (2009) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60327-333-6_12 · Cited by 3
Promises and Limitations of Transgenic and Knockout Mice in Modeling Psychiatric Symptoms
Holmes, A., & Crawley, J. N. (2000) · Neurobiological foundation of aberrant behaviors · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4860-4_5 · Cited by 3
Interactions of Cannabis and Amphetamine-Type Stimulants
Tambaro, S., & Bortolato, M. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2294-9_16 · Cited by 4
Caine, S. B., & Ralph, R. J. (2002) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/00008877-200209000-00006 · Cited by 3
Self-citationChen, C.-K., & Murray, R. (2004) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511735103.016 · Cited by 3
Hogarth, S. J., Jaehne, E. J., Xu, X., Schwarz, Q., & van den Buuse, M. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11082290 · Cited by 2
Chapter VII Role of cortical and striatal dopamine in cognitive function
Robbins, T. W. (2005) · Handbook of chemical neuroanatomy · doi:10.1016/s0924-8196(05)80011-9 · Cited by 2
Behavioral Phenotypes of Genetic Mouse Models
Moran, P. M. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801829-3.00029-x · Cited by 2
Behavioural Pharmacology of Dopamine D2 and D3 Receptors: Use of the Knock-out Mice Approach
Depoortère, R., Boulay, D., Perrault, G., & Sanger, D. J. (2002) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-06765-9_9 · Cited by 2
Osuch, E. A., Ursano, R. J., Li, H., Webster, M. J., Hough, C., Fullerton, C. S., & Leskin, G. A. (2022) · Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/00332747.2022.2068916 · Cited by 1
Mathur, N. (2012) · Nottingham ePrints (University of Nottingham) · Cited by 1
Novel Modulation of Adenylyl Cyclase Type 2
Conley, J. M. (2013) · Purdue e-Pubs (Purdue University System) · Cited by 1
Molecular Knockout Approach to the Study of Brain Dopamine Function
Koob, G. F., Caine, S. B., & Gold, L. H. (2002) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-06765-9_8
Analysis of Dopamine D4 Receptor Function in Gene Knockout Mice: A Role in Cortical Excitability
Low, M. J., Grandy, D. K., & Rubinstein, M. (2002) · Advances in behavioral biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-3538-3_39 · Cited by 1
Self-citationGenetically Altered Mice as Models for Understanding Brain Disorders
Caron, M. G., & Gainetdinov, R. R. (2003) · Research and perspectives in neurosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-55543-5_5
Self-citationThe Role of Galphaz in Neuron Development and CNS Biology
Hultman, R. C. (2011)
Studying the Role of D 4 Receptors in Psychiatric Illnesses and Related Functions With L-745,870
Ciano, P. D., & Foll, B. L. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.96846-6
Prepulse Inhibition and Vulnerability to Cocaine Addiction
Arenas, M. C., Pujante-Gil, S., & Manzanedo, C. (2021) · Neuromethods · doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-1748-9_3
Prepulse Inhibition as a Cross-Species Model of Sensorimotor Gating Deficits in Schizophrenia
Geyer, M. A. (2000) · Neurobiological foundation of aberrant behaviors · doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4860-4_7
Self-citationD2 Dopamine Receptor-Deficient Mutant Mice
Levine, M. S., Cepeda, C., Hurst, R. S., Ariano, M. A., Low, M. J., & Grandy, D. K. (2002) · Advances in behavioral biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-0179-4_51
Self-citationCilia, J., Guillermin, O., McCreary, A. C., Virley, D. J., & Li, J. (2026) · Journal of Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1177/02698811261456216
BindingDB Entry 50036996: Current and novel approaches to the drug treatment of schizophrenia.
BindingDB (2012) · UC San Diego · doi:10.7270/q24q7vqh
Metadata
- Authors
- Ralph, R. J., Varty, G. B., Kelly, M. A., Wang, Y.-M., Caron, M. G., Rubinstein, M., Grandy, D. K., Low, M. J., & Geyer, M. A.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Vollum Institute (US)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (AR)
- Oregon Health & Science University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 1999-06-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 4627-4633
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6782596
- OpenAlex
- W2100216270
- Cited by
- 174
- References
- 38
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 1 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 5.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- National Institute of Mental Health (K05-MH01228, F31MH012086)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Keywords
- prepulse inhibition, sensorimotor gating, dopamine D2 receptor, dopamine D3 receptor, dopamine D4 receptor, amphetamine, receptor knockout mice, schizophrenia
- MeSH terms
- Acoustic Stimulation, Amphetamine, Animals, Mice, Mutant Strains, Neural Inhibition, Receptors, Dopamine, Reflex, Startle, Dopamine Agents, Receptors, Dopamine D2, Mice, Knockout, Receptors, Dopamine D3, Receptors, Dopamine D4, Mice
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review