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Orbitofrontal Cortex and Representation of Incentive Value in Associative Learning
Open accessAbstract
Clinical evidence indicates that damage to ventromedial prefrontal cortex disrupts goal-directed actions that are guided by motivational and emotional factors. As a consequence, patients with such damage characteristically engage in maladaptive behaviors. Other research has shown that neurons in the corresponding orbital region of prefrontal cortex in laboratory animals encode information regarding the incentive properties of goals or expected events. The present study investigates the effect of neurotoxic orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) lesions in the rat on responses that are normally influenced by associations between a conditioned stimulus (CS) and the incentive value of reinforcement. Rats were first trained to associate a visual CS with delivery of food pellets to a food cup. As a consequence of learning, rats approached the food cup during the CS in anticipation of reinforcement. In a second training phase, injection of LiCl followed consumption of the food unconditioned stimulus (US) in the home cage, a procedure used to alter the incentive value of the US. Subsequently, rats were returned to the conditioning chamber, and their responding to the CS in the absence of the food US was tested. Lesions of OFC did not affect either the initial acquisition of a conditioned response to the light CS in the first training phase or taste aversion learning in the second training phase. In the test for devaluation, however, OFC rats exhibited no change in conditioned responding to the visual CS. This outcome contrasts with the behavior of control rats; after devaluation of the US a significant decrease occurred in approach to the food cup during presentation of the CS. The results reveal an inability of a cue to access representational information about the incentive value of associated reinforcement after OFC damage.
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“These findings are consistent with animal studies showing the importance of the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) in extinction of fear conditioning in animals with repeated exposure to empty threat (Gallagher et al. 1999).”
From The Adolescent Brain (2008) · cites this paper as Gallagher et al. 1999
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“The OFC plays a role in learning stimulus-reinforcement associations and conditioning (118,119), supports conditioned-cue-elicited feeding (120) and probably contributes to overeating irrespective of hunger signals (121).”
From Obesity and addiction: Neurobiological overlaps (2013) · cites this paper as [119]
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“The OFC plays a role in learning stimulus-reinforcement associations and conditioning (Cox et al 2005;Gallagher et al 1999), supports conditioned-cue elicited feeding (Weingarten 1983), and probably contributes to overeating irrespective of hunger signals (Ogden and Wardle 1990).”
From Food and Drug Reward: Overlapping Circuits in Human Obesity and Addiction (2011) · cites this paper as Gallagher et al 1999
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Metadata
- Authors
- Gallagher, M., McMahan, R. W., & Schoenbaum, G.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 1999-08-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 6610-6614
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6782791
- OpenAlex
- W1762920573
- Semantic Scholar
- 337020f17344dadc2793ccfbcca4102ffa88505b
- Cited by
- 593
- References
- 27
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 19 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 24
- FWCI
- 7.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (1k05mh001149-01a1, 5k08ag000882-02)
- National Institute on Aging (Z01AG000882, K08-AG00882-01)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH053667, AG00882, K05MH01149)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- orbitofrontal cortex, incentive value, associative learning, currency devaluation, taste aversion, conditioned responding, approach behavior, lithium chloride, rats
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Association Learning, Avoidance Learning, Brain Mapping, Conditioning, Classical, Feeding Behavior, Frontal Lobe, Male, Orbit, Reinforcement, Psychology, Lithium Chloride, Rats, Long-Evans, Rats
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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