Neuroethics guiding principles for the NIH BRAIN initiative
Open accessAbstract
Neuroscience presents important neuroethical considerations. Human neuroscience demands focused application of the core research ethics guidelines set out in documents such as the Belmont Report. Various mechanisms, including institutional review boards (IRBs), privacy rules, and the Food and Drug
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Informing participants of potential risks has difficulties with complex research studies.
“Difficulties with complex research studies”
From AI Fairness in Data Management and Analytics: A Review on Challenges, Methodologies and Applications (2023) · cites this paper as [238]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Towards new human rights in the age of neuroscience and neurotechnology
Ienca, M., & Andorno, R. (2017) · Life Sciences, Society and Policy · doi:10.1186/s40504-017-0050-1 · Cited by 721 · see citing works
I Miss Being Me: Phenomenological Effects of Deep Brain Stimulation
Gilbert, F., Goddard, E., Viaña, J. N. M., Carter, A., & Horne, M. K. (2017) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2017.1320319 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Neuroethics: an introduction with readings
Farah, M. J. (2011) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.48-3263 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Lewis, C. J., Maier, F., Horstkötter, N., Zywczok, A., Witt, K., Eggers, C., Meyer, T. D., Dembek, T. A., Maarouf, M. M., Moro, E., et al. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291714001081 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Recommendations for Responsible Development and Application of Neurotechnologies
Goering, S., Klein, E., Specker-Sullivan, L., Wexler, A., Arcas, B. A. Y., Bi, G.-Q., Carmena, J., Fins, J., Friesen, P., Gallant, J., et al. (2021) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-021-09468-6 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
AI Fairness in Data Management and Analytics: A Review on Challenges, Methodologies and Applications
Chen, P., Wu, L., & Wang, L. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app131810258 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Hendriks, S., Grady, C., Ramos, K. M., Chiong, W., Fins, J. J., Ford, P. J., Goering, S., Greely, H. T., Hutchison, K., Kelly, M. L., et al. (2019) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2019.3523 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationThe neuroethics of disorders of consciousness: a brief history of evolving ideas
Young, M. J., Bodien, Y. G., Giacino, J. T., Fins, J. J., Truog, R. D., Hochberg, L. R., & Edlow, B. L. (2021) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awab290 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Brain–Computer Interfaces in Neurorecovery and Neurorehabilitation
Young, M. J., Lin, D. J., & Hochberg, L. R. (2021) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0041-1725137 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
The science and engineering behind sensitized brain-controlled bionic hands
Pandarinath, C., & Bensmaı̈a, S. J. (2021) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00034.2020 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Shen, F. X., Wolf, S. M., Bhavnani, S., Deoni, S., Elison, J. T., Fair, D. A., Garwood, M., Gee, M. S., Geethanath, S., Kay, K., et al. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118210 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationAdvocating for neurodata privacy and neurotechnology regulation
Yuste, R. (2023) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-023-00873-0 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Jangwan, N. S., Ashraf, G. M., Ram, V., Singh, V., Alghamdi, B. S. A., Abuzenadah, A. M., & Singh, M. F. (2022) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2022.1000495 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Brain Data in Context: Are New Rights the Way to Mental and Brain Privacy?
Susser, D., & Cabrera, L. Y. (2023) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2023.2188275 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The NIH BRAIN Initiative: Integrating Neuroethics and Neuroscience
Ramos, K. M., Grady, C., Greely, H. T., Chiong, W., Eberwine, J. H., Farahany, N. A., Johnson, L. S. M., Hyman, B. T., Hyman, S. E., Rommelfanger, K. S., et al. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.01.024 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Self-citationMapping the Dimensions of Agency
Schönau, A., Dasgupta, I., Brown, T., Versalovic, E., Klein, E. P., & Goering, S. (2021) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2021.1896599 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Bluhm, R. L., Cortright, M. K., Achtyes, E. D., & Cabrera, L. Y. (2021) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2021.1958098 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Modified Neuropixels probes for recording human neurophysiology in the operating room
Coughlin, B. F., Muñoz, W., Kfir, Y., Young, M. J., Meszéna, D., Jamali, M., Caprara, I., Hardstone, R., Khanna, A. R., Mustroph, M. L., et al. (2023) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-023-00871-2 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Mergenthaler, J., Chiong, W., Dohan, D. P., Feler, J., Lechner, C. R., Starr, P. A., & Arias, J. J. (2021) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2020.1866098 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Self-citationBublitz, C. (2023) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2023.2270512 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
BRAIN Initiative: Cutting-Edge Tools and Resources for the Community
Litvina, E. Y., Adams, A. B., Barth, A. L., Bruchez, M. P., Carson, J. A., Chung, J. E., Dupre, K. B., Frank, L. M., Gates, K. M., Harris, K. M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1169-19.2019 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroethics guidance documents: Principles, analysis, and implementation strategies
O’Shaughnessy, M. R., Johnson, W. G., Tournas, L. N., Rozell, C. J., & Rommelfanger, K. S. (2022) · Journal of Law and the Biosciences · doi:10.1093/jlb/lsad025 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationMacDuffie, K. E., Ransom, S. M., & Klein, E. P. (2021) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2021.1896596 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Part-revived pig brains raise slew of ethical quandaries
Farahany, N. A., Greely, H. T., & Giattino, C. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-019-01168-9 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationInsiders and Outsiders: Lessons for Neuroethics from the History of Bioethics
Chiong, W. (2020) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2020.1778118 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationOptically Selective Neuron Stimulation with a Wavefront Shaping‐Empowered Multimode Fiber
Zhong, T., Qiu, Z., Wu, Y., Guo, J., Li, H., Yu, Z., Cheng, S., Zhou, Y., Zhu, J., Tian, J., et al. (2021) · Advanced Photonics Research · doi:10.1002/adpr.202100231 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Of Ethical Frameworks and Neuroethics in Big Neuroscience Projects: A View from the HBP
Salles, A. L. F., & Farisco, M. (2020) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2020.1778116 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Applying the IEEE BRAIN neuroethics framework to intra-cortical brain-computer interfaces
Soldado-Magraner, J., Antonietti, A., French, J., Higgins, N., Young, M. J., Larrivee, D., & Monteleone, R. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad3852 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
How Neurotech Start-Ups Envision Ethical Futures: Demarcation, Deferral, Delegation
Knopf, S., Frahm, N., & Pfotenhauer, S. M. (2023) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-022-00421-1 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Electrode Development for Epilepsy Diagnosis and Treatment
Paulk, A. C., Salami, P., Zelmann, R., & Cash, S. S. (2023) · Neurosurgery Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.nec.2023.09.003 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Moral Framing and Mechanisms Influence Public Willingness to Optimize Cognition
Haslam, M., Yaden, D. B., & Medaglia, J. D. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-020-00190-4 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Ethical Governance Strategies for the Responsible Innovation of Neurotechnologies: A Scoping Review
Robertson, L. J., Higgins, N. L., Maier, M. J., Carter, A., & Gardner, J. (2025) · Journal of Bioethical Inquiry · doi:10.1007/s11673-025-10440-9 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Milford, S. R., Shaw, D., & Starke, G. (2023) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-023-00457-x · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Neuroethics: Fostering Collaborations to Enable Neuroscientific Discovery
Farahany, N. A., & Ramos, K. M. (2020) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2020.1778117 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationNeuroEthics and the BRAIN Initiative: Where Are We? Where Are We Going?
Koroshetz, W. J., Ward, J., & Grady, C. (2020) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2020.1778119 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessing the Perceived Value of Neuroethics Questions and Policy to Neuro-Entrepreneurs
Moss, A., Li, Z. R., & Rommelfanger, K. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.702019 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationEmerging Subspecialties in Neurology: Neuroethics
Young, M. J., & Bernat, J. L. (2022) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000200054 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Shah, S. K., Gross, M. S., & Nebeker, C. (2022) · The Journal of Law Medicine & Ethics · doi:10.1017/jme.2022.61 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Development of Korea Neuroethics Guidelines
Yoo, S.-H., Choi, K., Nam, S., Yoon, E.-K., Sohn, J.-W., Oh, B., Shim, J., & Choi, M. (2023) · Journal of Korean Medical Science · doi:10.3346/jkms.2023.38.e193 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
A comprehensive study on navigating neuroethics in Cyberspace
Kritika, E. (2024) · AI and Ethics · doi:10.1007/s43681-024-00486-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Brain Computer Interfaces and Human Rights: Brave new rights for a brave new world
Botes, M. (2022) · ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency (FAccT) · doi:10.1145/3531146.3533176 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Bluhm, R. L., Sipahi, E. D., Achtyes, E. D., McCright, A. M., & Cabrera, L. Y. (2023) · AJOB Empirical Bioethics · doi:10.1080/23294515.2023.2224592 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Narrative Devices: Neurotechnologies, Information, and Self-Constitution
Postan, E. (2020) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-020-09449-1 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Lee, S. M., & Majumder, M. A. (2021) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2021.1904025 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Smith, A. P., Taiclet, L., Ebadi, H., Levy, L., Weber, M., Caruso, E. M., Pouratian, N., & Feinsinger, A. (2022) · AJOB Empirical Bioethics · doi:10.1080/23294515.2022.2123869 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Neuroethical considerations of high-density electrode arrays
Cabrera, L. Y., Sadle, C. J., & Purcell, E. K. (2019) · Nature Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1038/s41551-019-0407-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Emotional AI: Neuroethics and Socially aligned networks
Krebsz, M., & Dwivedi, D. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-19096-4.00002-x · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Tubig, P. A., & McCusker, D. (2020) · Research Ethics · doi:10.1177/1747016120952500 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Neurotechnology Governance in the United States: Gaps and Opportunities
Cabrera, L. Y., Evereteze, N., Shank, E. G., Wagner, J. K., Mekel, M., McCormick, J. B., & Wright, M. S. (2025) · Bioethics · doi:10.1111/bioe.70062 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Neuroethicists’ Perspectives on Ethical Issues in Neurotechnology Industry-Academia Partnerships
Solomon, E. D., Parsons, M. V., Skolnik, M., Mwobobia, J. M., DuBois, J. M., & McIntosh, T. J. (2025) · AJOB Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/21507740.2025.2601350 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Perceptions on the Ethical and Legal Principles that Influence Global Brain Data Governance
Ochang, P. A., Eke, D., & Stahl, B. C. (2024) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-024-09558-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Neuroethics in the Era of Teleneurology
Young, M. J. (2022) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/s-0041-1741496 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kellogg, M. A., Ernst, L. D. L., Spencer, D. C., Datta, P., Klein, E. P., Bhati, M. T., Shivacharan, R. S., Nho, Y., Barbosa, D. A. N., Halpern, C. H., et al. (2024) · Neurology Clinical Practice · doi:10.1212/cpj.0000000000200318 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Shriver, A., & John, T. M. (2019) · ILAR Journal · doi:10.1093/ilar/ilab024 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Guerrini, C. J., Robinson, J. O., Crossnohere, N. L., Majumder, M. A., Jones, K. M., Brooks, W. B., Sheth, S. A., & McGuire, A. L. (2025) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-025-09609-1 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Smith, A. P., Levy, L., Hanson, C., Pouratian, N., & Feinsinger, A. (2025) · Neuroethics · doi:10.1007/s12152-025-09618-0 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Zhu, R., Zhao, Y., & Li, Y. (2025) · Risk Management and Healthcare Policy · doi:10.2147/rmhp.s555754 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
An XYZ-axis Matrix Approach for the Integration of Neuroscience and Neuroethics
Jwa, A. S., Shim, J., Choi, S., Eom, J., Kim, S., & Ryu, Y.-J. (2023) · Experimental Neurobiology · doi:10.5607/en22032 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Responsible Brain-System Integration
Onaral, B. (2020) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-51041-1_15 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Examining funders’ roles in responsible research and innovation of medical neurotechnology
Larrivee, D. C., French, J., Antonietti, A., McKinney, Z., Prins, N. W., Soldado-Magraner, J., Young, M. J., & Cabrera, L. Y. (2024) · Journal of Responsible Innovation · doi:10.1080/23299460.2024.2381758 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
A societal readiness tool for responsible product innovation
Francis, B., Schepers, T. G. J., Porcari, A., & Brey, P. A. E. (2025) · Technology in Society · doi:10.1016/j.techsoc.2025.103183 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Cognitive Liberty: A Brief History
Bublitz, C. (2026) · Palgrave Studies in Law, Neuroscience, and Human Behavior · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-91466-9_2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Advancing data protections for implantable brain-computer interfaces
Sandbrink, J. D., & Young, M. J. (2026) · Communications Medicine · doi:10.1038/s43856-026-01797-y · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Dando, M. (2020) · Ethics Medicine and Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.jemep.2020.100513 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Novossiolova, T., & Dando, M. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-28285-1_5 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Biomedical Advances: Neuroinnovation and Technology
Martinez‐Martin, N. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_5 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Sterling, A., Lew, J., Monti, M. M., Caroline Schnakers, A., Fecchio, M., Guérin, B., Li, J., Schreier, D. R., Edlow, B. L., & Young, M. J. (2026) · Neuromodulation Technology at the Neural Interface · doi:10.1016/j.neurom.2026.04.020 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Novossiolova, T., Bakanidze, L. G., & Perkins, D. (2019) · Risk, systems and decisions · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-27264-7_14 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ochang, P. A., Eke, D., & Stahl, B. C. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2917446/v2 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Dando, M. (2020) · Advanced sciences and technologies for security applications · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53790-6_6
Global Neuroethics in Early 2019
Dando, M. (2020) · Advanced sciences and technologies for security applications · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-53790-6_7
Os novos desafios da ética da neurociência
Nahra, C. M. L. (2021) · ethic - An international Journal for Moral Phylosophy · doi:10.5007/1677-2954.2021.e79903
Zhong, T., Qiu, Z., Cheng, S., Sun, L., & Lai, P. (2021) · Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC) · doi:10.1364/oecc.2021.w3e.3
Boyle, Q., van Donkelaar, P., & Illes, J. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819641-0.00122-5
Into the Wild: Reflecting on Neuroethics as Innovation Moves from the Laboratory to Society
Saville, D., Kim, A., Enriquez, J., Rommelfanger, K. S., McCullough, M. E., Nguyen, C., & Dada, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-14339-7_11
Self-citationEke, D., Ochang, P. A., & Stahl, B. C. (2023) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-2917446/v1
Which Ethical Issues Need to Be Considered Related to Microwires or Utah Arrays?
Young, M. J. (2023) · Studies in neuroscience, psychology and behavioral economics · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20910-9_7
Interrogating the Culture of Human Exceptionalism
Johnson, L. S. M. (2023) · doi:10.1002/9781394257522.ch15
Self-citationМиколюк, А., Budzyn, V., Rybchych, I., Базиляк, Н., Yaroshovych, V., & KHARECHKO, D. (2024) · International Journal of Religion · doi:10.61707/d7drn474
Bird’s Eye View of Artificial Intelligence in Neuroscience
Zhou, M. H., Lin, E., Ye, A. Q., Mukherjee, P., & Yuh, E. L. (2025) · AI in neuroscience. · doi:10.1089/ains.2024.0001
Lee, H., & Ryu, Y.-J. (2026) · Journal of Baltic Science Education · doi:10.33225/jbse/26.25.136
Neurorights from Theory to Practice: A Bidirectional Instrument and Neurobiological IndividualityPreprint
Gallardo, H., Namihira, D., & Morosoli, T. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10220329/v1
The foundational role of autonomy for brain-computer interfaces
Richter, F. (2026) · Philosophy Ethics and Humanities in Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13010-026-00231-4
Levine, A. S., Mathews, D., & Boyd, J. L. (2026) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0282-26.2026
- Authors
- Greely, H. T., Grady, C., Ramos, K. M., Chiong, W., Eberwine, J., Farahany, N. A., Johnson, L. S. M., Hyman, B. T., Hyman, S. E., Rommelfanger, K. S., & Serrano, E. E.
- Affiliations
- Stanford University (US)
- National Institutes of Health (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of Pennsylvania (US)
- Duke University (US)
- Michigan Technological University (US)
- Harvard University (US)
- Broad Institute (US)
- Emory University (US)
- New Mexico State University (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2018-12-12
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 50
- Pages
- 10586-10588
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6297371
- OpenAlex
- W2903600064
- Cited by
- 82
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7
- FWCI
- 8.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons - Michigan Tech (Michigan Technological University) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics in Clinical Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroethics, Human Enhancement, Biomedical Innovations
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics and bioethics in healthcare
- Keywords
- neuroethics, research ethics guidelines, Belmont Report, research ethics committees, privacy rules, FDA regulation
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Humans, National Institutes of Health (U.S.), Neurosciences, United States, Guidelines as Topic
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review