Off-Line Processing: Reciprocal Interactions between Declarative and Procedural Memories
Open accessAbstract
The acquisition of declarative (i.e., facts) and procedural (i.e., skills) memories may be supported by independent systems. This same organization may exist, after memory acquisition, when memories are processed off-line during consolidation. Alternatively, memory consolidation may be supported by interactive systems. This latter interactive organization predicts interference between declarative and procedural memories. Here, we show that procedural consolidation, expressed as an off-line motor skill improvement, can be blocked by declarative learning over wake, but not over a night of sleep. The extent of the blockade on procedural consolidation was correlated to participants' declarative word recall. Similarly, in another experiment, the reciprocal relationship was found: declarative consolidation was blocked by procedural learning over wake, but not over a night of sleep. The decrease in declarative recall was correlated to participants' procedural learning. These results challenge the concept of fixed independent memory systems; instead, they suggest a dynamic relationship, modulated by when consolidation takes place, allowing at times for a reciprocal interaction between memory systems.
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The competitive interaction between memory systems might extend to processes of consolidation during sleep.
“Importantly, this competitive interaction between the memory systems might extend to processes of consolidation during sleep (143, 147, 273, 1000).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [147]
The Discussion reports reciprocal interference between declarative and procedural memory consolidation during wakefulness, but not over a night of sleep. It explicitly describes an absence of interaction during sleep, contrary to the suggested extension of competition to sleep consolidation. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSleep after training of perceptual and motor skills like visual texture discrimination and finger sequence tapping can produce significant improvement (gain in skill at later retesting).
“With regard to procedural memory, findings that sleep after training of perceptual and motor skills like visual texture discrimination and finger sequence tapping can produce significant improvement (i.e., a gain in skill at a later retesting) have pointed towards an active reprocessing of skill representations occurring during sleep that sharpens the respective representations (47,57,147,274,275,”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [147]
Experiment 1 describes retesting on a motor sequence task after sleep, and 'Procedural consolidation and the type of interval' reports significant overnight skill improvement (21 ± 8 ms; p = 0.021). The paper does not establish the claim for visual texture discrimination or finger-sequence tapping specifically; its reported task was the SRTT. These passages also do not establish that sleep sharpens skill representations. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSleep after learning benefits nondeclarative procedural memory.
“In fact, at a purely behavioral level, numerous studies have demonstrated that sleep after learning benefits declarative (17,18,60,63,79,290,326,327,343,348,350,376,408,427,431,478,479,547,560,571,574,592,603,682,732,735,861,898,930,932,959,1069,1172,1192,1217,1274,1276,1278,1282,1302) as well as nondeclarative kinds of procedural memory (135,147,164,311,322,374,383,435,447,563,602,631,664,679,733”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [147]
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References 34 · Cited by 212
- Authors
- Brown, R. M., & Robertson, E. M.
- Affiliations
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2007-09-26
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 39
- Pages
- 10468-10475
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6673170
- OpenAlex
- W2087089005
- Cited by
- 212
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 15 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 3.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS051446)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- memory consolidation, declarative memory, procedural memory, motor skill learning, memory interference, word recall
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Learning, Male, Memory, Motor Skills, Neuropsychological Tests, Psychomotor Performance, Mental Recall
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