About Sleep's Role in Memory
Open accessAbstract
Over more than a century of research has established the fact that sleep benefits the retention of memory. In this review we aim to comprehensively cover the field of “sleep and memory” research by providing a historical perspective on concepts and a discussion of more recent key findings. Whereas initial theories posed a passive role for sleep enhancing memories by protecting them from interfering stimuli, current theories highlight an active role for sleep in which memories undergo a process of system consolidation during sleep. Whereas older research concentrated on the role of rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, recent work has revealed the importance of slow-wave sleep (SWS) for memory consolidation and also enlightened some of the underlying electrophysiological, neurochemical, and genetic mechanisms, as well as developmental aspects in these processes. Specifically, newer findings characterize sleep as a brain state optimizing memory consolidation, in opposition to the waking brain being optimized for encoding of memories. Consolidation originates from reactivation of recently encoded neuronal memory representations, which occur during SWS and transform respective representations for integration into long-term memory. Ensuing REM sleep may stabilize transformed memories. While elaborated with respect to hippocampus-dependent memories, the concept of an active redistribution of memory representations from networks serving as temporary store into long-term stores might hold also for non-hippocampus-dependent memory, and even for nonneuronal, i.e., immunological memories, giving rise to the idea that the offline consolidation of memory during sleep represents a principle of long-term memory formation established in quite different physiological systems.
AI snapshot
Written from a shortened version of the paper’s full text (it is longer than we read).
TL;DR
This review argues that sleep does more than passively protect memories from interference; it actively consolidates them through reactivation and redistribution, especially during slow-wave sleep. It integrates behavioral, electrophysiological, neurochemical, genetic, developmental, and immunological evidence, and suggests long-term memory formation may be a general function of sleep across physiological systems.
Key findings
- The field has moved from passive interference-protection accounts to an active system-consolidation model in which newly encoded representations are reactivated during SWS and gradually redistributed from temporary to long-term stores, with REM sleep possibly stabilizing transformed memories.
- Animal and human studies show memory reactivation during sleep: hippocampal place-cell replay during SWS is time-compressed by roughly 10–20 times and often strongest in the first 20–40 min after learning; cueing memories during SWS can improve later recall, whereas reactivation during wakefulness can destabilize memories.
- Sleep-specific oscillations—cortical slow oscillations, thalamo-cortical spindles, and hippocampal sharp-wave ripples—interact in a temporally coordinated way; for example, 0.75-Hz slow-oscillation tDCS during early non-REM sleep improved word-pair retention, while 5-Hz theta tDCS impaired it.
- The review extends the consolidation idea to immunological memory: sleep after hepatitis vaccination doubled antigen-specific antibody titers and antigen-specific Th cells, and SWS/SWA correlated with antigen-specific Th cells at r = 0.72 after 18–20 weeks and r = 0.94 after 1 year.
Methods
- Narrative review synthesizing more than a century of research across animal and human studies, rather than a systematic review or meta-analysis.
- Covers behavioral paradigms such as night-half sleep, selective sleep deprivation, nap studies, and cueing; electrophysiological and imaging methods including EEG, fMRI, PET, and rodent unit recordings; and pharmacological, genetic, developmental, and immune studies.
- No new primary data are reported; figures and conclusions are drawn from previously published experiments and some unpublished observations.
Limitations
- The authors state they may have missed or overlooked aspects because of the field’s rapid growth.
- The text repeatedly notes unresolved issues: mechanisms selecting which memories are consolidated remain unclear; a causal role for spindles has not been demonstrated; REM-sleep reactivation evidence is ambiguous; direct genetic evidence for sleep-dependent memory consolidation in humans is lacking; and links between reactivation and dreaming are not convincingly established.
- Evident from the review’s design: it is broad and selective rather than systematic, many cited findings are correlational, and some paradigms carry confounds such as stress, circadian timing, or prior sleep.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
356 of 1081 cited sources checked · 174 supported · 16 flagged · accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
After a nap, relational memory accuracy correlates with amount of SWS.
“Comparable results were obtained after a nap using relations between different faces paired with the same object, whereby the amount of SWS correlated with the accuracy of relational memory (705,706).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [705] source
The Results > Sleep Data section reports that no significant correlation was detected between sleep parameters and task performance, contrary to the claimed SWS–accuracy correlation. The study also tested relational memory using Chinese characters, not faces paired with objects. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [706] source
- Premisecitation
Gain of insight depends on occurrence of spindle activity during early SWS-rich nocturnal sleep.
“Subsequent studies of the same group specified that the gain of insight depended on the occurrence of spindle activity during early SWS-rich nocturnal sleep (1346 -1350).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [1346] source
The Results report that explicit insight into the hidden regularity did not differ significantly between the early, SWS-rich and late-night groups (31.04% versus 19.2%; p = 0.32). The Discussion likewise says that markers preceding explicit insight increased equally in both groups. The paper does not establish a dependence of insight on spindle activity during early sleep; its early-sleep finding concerns improvement in computational skills instead. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1350] source
The Principal Findings state that early-night EEG changes associated with SWS did not predict subsequent insight, and that insight-related right frontal changes did not depend on sleep stage. The Discussion likewise says the critical marker of insight appeared in subsequent solvers after either SWS- or REM-rich sleep. The cited paper does not identify spindle activity as a requirement for gaining insight. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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- Premisecitation
When participants played an emotionally engaging ski computer game, 30% of dreams reported upon awakenings shortly after sleep onset contained elements related to the computer game.
“When participants played an emotionally engaging ski computer game, 30% of dreams reported upon awakenings (from non-REM sleep stage 1 and 2) shortly after sleep onset contained elements related to the computer game (1304).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1304] source
The Results and Discussion section (page unavailable) describes a virtual maze task, not a ski game. It reports that four sleep-group participants (8.0%) mentioned the maze in verbal dream reports; it does not report the claimed 30% figure for dreams after a ski game. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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- Premisecitation
Indicators of sleep spindle expression consistently correlated with the amount of overnight retention of declarative memories.
“Furthermore, indicators of sleep spindle expression consistently correlated with the amount of overnight retention of declarative memories (86,213,214,235,446,562,822,1016,1024,1037,1044,1057).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim4 of 10 sources checked- cites [86] source
The Results section reports no significant correlation between spindle activity and overnight change in memory performance. The Discussion likewise says this study did not find the expected involvement of spindle activity in overnight consolidation. Its positive correlations concern overall memory performance, not overnight retention; the Introduction describes positive findings from earlier studies. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [213] source
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The Abstract reports a strong positive correlation between spindle density during slow-wave sleep and declarative-memory retention. But the study measured retention across a nap, not overnight, and found no significant correlation for spindle density during light sleep or for spindle-frequency power. It therefore does not support the claim that indicators of spindle expression consistently correlated with overnight retention. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [446] source
The Results report correlations between spindle measures and declarative memory retention after an undisturbed night. The Caveats section says the correlation did not reach significance after REM sleep deprivation and was absent after slow-wave sleep deprivation, so this paper does not support calling its findings consistent across conditions. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [562] source
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The Results (Sleep Physiology Association; page unavailable) report a significant correlation between fast sleep spindles and the difference in recall of words cued to be remembered versus forgotten in the Nap group. The source studied a nap, not overnight retention, and its correlations with recall of either word type separately did not survive correction for multiple comparisons. It therefore does not establish a consistent correlation with declarative-memory retention generally. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1037] source
- Premisecitation
Generation of spindles in the thalamus and generation of SW-Rs in the hippocampus are distinctly suppressed during the down-phase of the slow oscillation, followed by a rebound in spindle and SW-R activity during the succeeding depolarizing up-state.
“Generation of spindles in the thalamus and generation of SW-Rs in the hippocampus are distinctly suppressed during the down-phase of the slow oscillation, and this is followed by a rebound in spindle and SW-R activity during the succeeding depolarizing up-state (66, 215, 597, 829 -832, 925, 1088).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim4 of 9 sources checked- cites [66] source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 2 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [215] source
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- Premisecitation
Burst stimulation of CA1 inputs can induce LTP or LTD depending on whether it arrives at the peak or trough, respectively, of ongoing theta oscillations.
“Burst stimulation of CA1 inputs can induce LTP or LTD depending on whether it arrives at the peak or trough, respectively, of ongoing theta oscillations (561, 892).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [561] source
The Results section reports that bursts on the positive phase induced LTP, but bursts on the negative phase did not induce LTD. Negative-phase bursts instead depotentiated previously induced LTP; the Discussion explicitly says LTD was not observed in this study. The copy provides no page numbers for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.92)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [892] source
- Premisecitation
Compared with wakefulness or SWS, EEG activity during REM sleep shows reduced coherence between limbic-hippocampal and neocortical circuitry in a wide range of frequencies including theta and gamma.
“Compared with wakefulness or SWS, EEG activity during REM sleep shows reduced coherence between limbic-hippocampal and neocortical circuitry in a wide range of frequencies including theta and gamma (51,174,293).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [51] source
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that hippocampal theta activity during REM sleep was independent of neocortical theta activity, and the Results find a REM–NREM difference in delta-band correlations. But the Results find no significant wake–REM difference in delta and only trends for REM–NREM differences in alpha and gamma; they do not establish reduced REM coherence versus wakefulness or SWS across a wide range of frequencies. The paper also measures correlations of EEG power rather than coherence. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [174] source
The Results report that hippocampal–neocortical coherence was absent regardless of brain state, rather than reduced specifically during REM sleep relative to wakefulness or SWS. The cited passage concerns theta-range oscillations and does not establish the claimed comparison across frequencies including gamma. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [293] source
- Premisecitation
Twin studies have estimated that 50% of variance in learning performance, typically measured after short retention periods of 5-30 min, is due to genetic factors.
“Twin studies have estimated that 50% of the variance in learning performance, typically measured after short retention periods of 5-30 min, is due to genetic factors (127,885,1164,1262).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [127] Bouchard TJ, 1998, Hum Biol
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [885] source
The Results report that genetic influences accounted for 36% of the variance in the study’s learning measure (total of trials 1–5), not 50%. The Discussion describes traditional delayed testing as occurring after 20–40 minutes, rather than establishing the claimed 5–30-minute range. The paper does mention a prior study’s .56 heritability estimate, but that estimate is for a combined verbal learning-and-recall factor, not learning performance alone. (LLM, conf=0.87)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1164] source
- Premisecitation
Evolutionary increases in encephalization are positively associated with sleep time allocated to REM sleep, even when phylogenetic similarity is controlled.
“Evolutionary increases in encephalization are positively associated with sleep time allocated to REM sleep, even when the effects of phylogenetic similarity between species are controlled (e.g., Ref. 725, but see Refs.1077, 1078).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [725] source
- cites [1077] source
The Neocortical maintenance passage (page unavailable) says encephalization correlates poorly and negatively with total REM sleep amount, contrary to the claimed positive association. The paper does not report that controlling for phylogenetic similarity changes this relationship; it also does not establish a relationship for the proportion of sleep spent in REM. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1078] source
The “REM sleep and dreaming” section says REM cycle duration is positively correlated with body and brain mass, but cycle duration is not the proportion of sleep spent in REM. Our copy does not report an association between encephalization and REM sleep allocation or an analysis controlling for phylogenetic similarity (searched: encephalization and phylogenetic control). (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
In adults, the level of skill performance at learning modulates sleep-dependent memory consolidation, with benefits from sleep most robust at intermediate performance levels.
“In adults, the level of skill performance at learning has repeatedly been demonstrated to modulate sleep-dependent memory consolidation, whereby benefits from sleep appeared to be most robust with intermediate performance levels (16,297,679,1151).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 4 sources checked- cites [16] source
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The within-sequence analysis supports the general point that performance before sleep affects overnight improvement, but contradicts the claimed peak at intermediate performance. It reports the largest gains for the slowest, most difficult transitions, while the fastest transitions showed no significant improvement. The Abstract likewise says that procedures most difficult before sleep received the maximum benefit. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1151] source
The “Memory strength, reward, and relevance” section (page unavailable) reports that initial encoding strength affects sleep-dependent benefits. But it describes the greatest benefit at intermediate strength as the author’s suspicion, offered to reconcile conflicting findings—not as a repeatedly demonstrated result specifically for skill performance. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationcitation
The competitive interaction between memory systems might extend to processes of consolidation during sleep.
“Importantly, this competitive interaction between the memory systems might extend to processes of consolidation during sleep (143, 147, 273, 1000).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 4 sources checked- cites [143] source
The Abstract says competition between memory systems may extend to off-line memory processing and notes that comparable skill improvements normally occur over sleep. Its interaction experiment measured consolidation over wake, however, so it does not specifically establish or propose that the competitive interaction occurs during sleep. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [147] source
The Discussion reports reciprocal interference between declarative and procedural memory consolidation during wakefulness, but not over a night of sleep. It explicitly describes an absence of interaction during sleep, contrary to the suggested extension of competition to sleep consolidation. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [273] source
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- Premisecitation
Another study revealed sleep-dependent performance gains on a deterministic SRTT in middle-aged (35-55 years), but not in 55-70 years old participants.
“Another study revealed sleep-dependent performance gains on a deterministic SRTT in middle-aged (35-55 years), but not in 55-70 years old participants (1324).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1324] source
Results §3.3 reports a sleep benefit for young adults, but no significant difference between sleep and wake intervals for either middle-aged or older adults. Methods §2.1 also defines the groups as 35–50 and 51–70 years, rather than the claimed 35–55 and 55–70 years. (LLM, conf=0.90)
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Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The overnight improvements typically observed in young subjects did not occur in these elderly participants.
“However, the overnight improvements typically observed in young subjects did not occur in these elderly participants.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1214] source
The Results (Age Differences – 24hr Wake + Sleep; page not provided) report that elderly participants showed no significant improvement at the start of retesting, but improved by 17.4% by its end—essentially the same as the young participants’ 17.3%. The claim overlooks this delayed overnight improvement. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Long-term memory for simpler tasks, like one-way active avoidance and simple mazes, were less consistently affected by REM sleep deprivation.
“In contrast, long-term memory for simpler tasks, like one-way active avoidance and simple mazes, were less consistently affected (15, 249, 386, 390, 495, 558, 611, 644, 821, 872, 902, 907-909, 1072, 1091, 1334).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 10 sources checked - Premisecitation
A time dependency of the effects of sleep on memory formation is indicated by studies showing stronger effects for sleep occurring shortly after learning than for sleep at a later time.
“A time dependency of the effects of sleep on memory formation is indicated by studies showing stronger effects for sleep occurring shortly after learning than for sleep at a later time (80,343,431,899,1172).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 5 sources checked - Premisecitation
Sleep occurring within 3 h after learning vocabulary was more beneficial than sleep delayed by more than 10 h.
“For example, sleep occurring within 3 h after learning vocabulary was more beneficial than sleep delayed by more than 10 h (431).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [431] source
- Premisecitation
Deprivation of REM sleep appeared to primarily impair memory formation on complex tasks, like two-way shuttle box avoidance and complex mazes, which encompass a change in the animals regular repertoire.
“Deprivation of REM sleep (mostly without simultaneous sleep recording) appeared to primarily impair memory formation on complex tasks, like two-way shuttle box avoid-ance and complex mazes, which encompass a change in the animals regular repertoire (69, 100, 312, 516, 525, 539, 644, 710, 713, 714, 787, 900, 903-906, 992, 1021, 1072, 1111, 1113, 1238, 1352, 1353).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 10 sources checked- cites [69] Beaulieu I, 2000, Brain Cognition
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The introduction reports that REM-sleep deprivation after training can impair retention and cites work on shuttlebox avoidance. But the Results and Discussion say spatial working memory in the eight-arm maze was not readily disrupted. The paper does not establish that impairment occurs primarily on complex tasks or tasks requiring a change in the animal’s regular repertoire. Its Procedure also says sleep was not recorded by EEG in this experiment. (LLM, conf=0.86)
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- cites [710] Leconte P, 1970, CR Acad Sci D Nat
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- Premisecitation
Recall of word pairs after 24 h was better when sleep occurred immediately after learning than after a day of wakefulness.
“Furthermore, recall of word pairs after 24 h was better when sleep occurred immediately after learning than after a day of wakefulness (899).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [899] source
- Premisecitation
In a motor finger sequence tapping task, the amount of REM sleep after learning predicted sleep-dependent improvement in this task.
“In a motor finger sequence tapping task, the amount of REM sleep after learning predicted sleep-dependent improvement in this task (383).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [383] source
- Premisecitation
Priming before naps filled with REM sleep has a much stronger impact on later creative answers compared with naps without REM or quiet resting.
“Furthermore, priming before naps filled with REM sleep had a much stronger impact on later creative answers compared with naps without REM or quiet resting, indicating that REM sleep improves creative problem solving instead of reducing creativity (163).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [163] source
- Premisecitation
Alcohol-induced REM sleep suppression produces impairment specific to procedural memory.
“A similar impairment specific to procedural memory was also revealed after alcohol-induced REM sleep suppression (1107).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1107] Smith C, 2003, Sleep source
- Premisecitation
Amygdala responses to correctly recognized emotional objects increase after sleep compared with wake retention.
“In addition, amygdala responses to correctly recognized emotional objects (with reference to neutral objects) increased rather than decreased after sleep, compared with an assessment after a wake retention interval (896).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [896] source
- Premisecitation
Emotional declarative memories additionally benefit from REM-rich late sleep.
“While these studies quite compellingly showed that declarative memory for neutral materials is enhanced by SWS, emotional declarative memories appear to additionally benefit from REM-rich late sleep (1273, 1274).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Sleep promotes generalization of extinction learning.
“In the context of fear learning, sleep promoted the generalization of extinction learning (878), increased intersession habituation to emotional stimuli (879), and in both humans and rodents, the deprivation of REM sleep impaired fear extinction (421, 1084, 1133).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [878] Pace-Schott EF, 2009, Sleep source
- Interpretationcitation
Familiarity-based recognition taps to a greater extent implicit components of memories than recollection.
“Improving the effects of early SWS-rich sleep on declarative memory appeared to be overall more consistent with free (or cued) recall measures than with recognition measures of memory (265, 326, 667, 966; see Ref. 297, for a review), possibly reflecting that unlike recollection, familiarity based recognition taps to a greater extent implicit components of these memories (1343,1344).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [1343] source
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The Introduction distinguishes familiarity’s global memory-strength signal from recollection of episode-specific details. In “The Role of the MTL in Other Cognitive Functions” (page unavailable), the paper suggests that regions supporting familiarity may also support some implicit memory. It does not establish that familiarity-based recognition draws on implicit memory components more than recollection does. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Duration and latency of REM sleep significantly correlate with later recall of emotional memories.
“Duration and latency of REM sleep significantly correlated with the later recall emotional memories (861).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [861] source
- Premisecitation
Declarative memory for neutral materials is enhanced by SWS.
“While these studies quite compellingly showed that declarative memory for neutral materials is enhanced by SWS, emotional declarative memories appear to additionally benefit from REM-rich late sleep (1273, 1274).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Sleep increases intersession habituation to emotional stimuli.
“In the context of fear learning, sleep promoted the generalization of extinction learning (878), increased intersession habituation to emotional stimuli (879), and in both humans and rodents, the deprivation of REM sleep impaired fear extinction (421, 1084, 1133).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [879] source
- Premisecitation
Effects of early SWS-rich sleep on declarative memory are more consistent with free or cued recall measures than with recognition measures.
“Improving the effects of early SWS-rich sleep on declarative memory appeared to be overall more consistent with free (or cued) recall measures than with recognition measures of memory (265, 326, 667, 966; see Ref. 297, for a review), possibly reflecting that unlike recollection, familiarity based recognition taps to a greater extent implicit components of these memories (1343,1344).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [265] source
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The Discussion reports that early SWS-rich sleep particularly improved explicit recollection in a recognition task, while familiarity-based recognition did not benefit from sleep. That supports a distinction between recognition processes, but the paper does not compare free or cued recall measures with recognition measures; its finding also cautions against treating all recognition measures as less sensitive to early sleep. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [297] source
- Premisecitation
Strengthening of negative emotional memories by sleep is accompanied by reduced amygdala activation during retrieval.
“Further support for the SFSR hypothesis was provided by functional magnetic resonance imaging studies indicating that the strengthening of negative emotional memories by sleep is accompanied by a reduced amygdala activation, i.e., a diminished emotional response during retrieval (1147, 1231).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [1147] source
The Abstract and Functional MRI Results report lower amygdala activation during successful recollection of negative items in the sleep group than in the sleep-deprived group. But the Abstract says negative-item recollection levels were similar in both groups, so the study does not show that sleep strengthened retrieval of those memories. It also does not establish that the lower activation represents a diminished emotional response. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1231] source
The Results and Discussion report reduced amygdala activity and subjective emotional reactivity when participants viewed previously encountered affective pictures after sleep. The study did not measure whether sleep strengthened memory for those pictures; in “Associations with REM sleep physiology,” emotional-memory consolidation is discussed as a possible, potentially distinct mechanism, not a demonstrated accompaniment to the reduced activation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Training procedural skills is not entirely detached from declarative memory mechanisms, especially at an initial stage of training.
“However, training such skills does not proceed entirely detached from declarative memory mechanisms, especially at an initial stage of training (e.g., Refs. 198, 533, 1013Refs. 198, 533, , 1014Refs. 198, 533, , 1042)).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [198] source
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The paper reports that implicit learning of a hidden relational rule engaged the medial temporal lobe, a region it associates with declarative learning. That supports the broader point that learning can involve declarative-memory-related mechanisms without explicit awareness. It does not establish that procedural skill training particularly relies on those mechanisms at an initial stage; it distinguishes hidden-rule learning from skill acquisition involving fixed stimulus-response associations. The deciding passages are labeled Abstract in our copy; page numbers are unavailable. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Sleep after training of perceptual and motor skills like visual texture discrimination and finger sequence tapping can produce significant improvement (gain in skill at later retesting).
“With regard to procedural memory, findings that sleep after training of perceptual and motor skills like visual texture discrimination and finger sequence tapping can produce significant improvement (i.e., a gain in skill at a later retesting) have pointed towards an active reprocessing of skill representations occurring during sleep that sharpens the respective representations (47,57,147,274,275,”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [47] source
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Experiment 1 describes retesting on a motor sequence task after sleep, and 'Procedural consolidation and the type of interval' reports significant overnight skill improvement (21 ± 8 ms; p = 0.021). The paper does not establish the claim for visual texture discrimination or finger-sequence tapping specifically; its reported task was the SRTT. These passages also do not establish that sleep sharpens skill representations. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Procedural tasks like visuomotor adaptation and visual texture discrimination also benefit from SWS.
“The hypothesis has been challenged by findings showing that procedural tasks like visuomotor adaptation and visual texture discrimination also benefit from SWS (10,433,581,582).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Sleep after learning benefits nondeclarative procedural memory.
“In fact, at a purely behavioral level, numerous studies have demonstrated that sleep after learning benefits declarative (17,18,60,63,79,290,326,327,343,348,350,376,408,427,431,478,479,547,560,571,574,592,603,682,732,735,861,898,930,932,959,1069,1172,1192,1217,1274,1276,1278,1282,1302) as well as nondeclarative kinds of procedural memory (135,147,164,311,322,374,383,435,447,563,602,631,664,679,733”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Memory for a simple motor task is impaired after selective stage 2 sleep deprivation.
“There is consistent evidence for an involvement of stage 2 sleep and sleep spindles in motor learning (139,396,822,862,921), and memory for a simple motor task is impaired after selective stage 2 sleep deprivation (1112, 1117).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [1112] 1997, Sleep
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [1117] source
The Discussion (p. 5) reports poorer pursuit-rotor memory after total or last-half-of-night sleep deprivation and identifies Stage 2 loss as the most plausible explanation. But the Groups section (p. 4) shows that Stage 2 was not selectively deprived; the selective deprivation targeted REM sleep. The claim is therefore supported for motor-memory impairment associated with Stage 2 loss, but not for impairment after selective Stage 2 deprivation. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Sleep-dependent gains may not equally occur for all types of skills.
“However, sleep-dependent gains may not equally occur for all types of skills (e.g., Refs. 221, 1002Refs. 221, , 1015)).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Sleep after learning benefits declarative memory.
“In fact, at a purely behavioral level, numerous studies have demonstrated that sleep after learning benefits declarative (17,18,60,63,79,290,326,327,343,348,350,376,408,427,431,478,479,547,560,571,574,592,603,682,732,735,861,898,930,932,959,1069,1172,1192,1217,1274,1276,1278,1282,1302) as well as nondeclarative kinds of procedural memory (135,147,164,311,322,374,383,435,447,563,602,631,664,679,733”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
At 6 months, sleep group exhibits increased cortical activation compared with subjects who stayed awake on the night after word pair learning.
“At a follow-up test 6 mo later, the sleep group exhibited increased cortical activation compared with the subjects who stayed awake on the night after word pair learning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [427] source
The Results report greater left ventral mPFC activation during correct recall of word pairs learned before sleep than of pairs learned before sleep deprivation at the six-month follow-up. But the Results and Materials and Methods describe a within-subject crossover: the same participants completed both conditions, rather than a sleep group being compared with separate subjects who stayed awake. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Sleep promotes grammar-related abstraction processes in language learning tasks in infants.
“Sleep likewise promoted grammar-related abstraction processes in language learning tasks in infants (469, 589).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Sleep promotes integration of newly learned spoken words into existing knowledge networks in adults and children.
“Thus, in adults and children, sleep promoted the integration of newly learned spoken words into existing knowledge networks as measured by a lexical competition task (333, 334, 530; but see Ref. 735), with this effect being associated with increased spindle activity (1175).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Sleep after learning improves ability to infer correct relation between most distant elements in a hierarchy of pairwise presented elements.
“When participants learned a hierarchy of pairwise presented elements (e.g., A Ͼ B and D Ͼ E), sleep after learning improved the ability to infer the correct relation between the most distant elements (A Ͼ E) (345).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [345] source
The Abstract reports that sleep improved accuracy on the most distant tested inference pair, B>E, compared with wake (93% versus 69%). The citing sentence gives A>E as the improved inference, but our copy identifies B>E—not A>E—as the tested pair. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The effect of sleep in the DRM paradigm is less consistent when recall of the critical lure is tested with recognition rather than free recall.
“However, the effect of sleep in the DRM paradigm was less consistent when recall of the critical lure was tested with a recognition procedure rather than by free recall (255, 296, 373; see Ref. 1159 for an overview).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites [255] source
The available indexed passages are repository metadata and a bibliography (ULiège record, no article page), not the paper’s discussion or results. Searches for recognition versus free recall and for critical lures found no passage addressing whether sleep effects are less consistent with recognition testing. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [296] source
- cites [373] source
The paper’s Experiment 1 and Experiment 2 results report reduced false recognition of critical lures after sleep, and Experiment 3 reports the same effect. It therefore provides an example of a sleep effect measured by recognition, but it does not compare recognition with free recall or establish that recognition findings are less consistent. (LLM, conf=0.80)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
No sleep-dependent gains in procedural motor tasks occur when circadian and homeostatic influences are controlled.
“Furthermore, some studies reported that no sleep-dependent gains in procedural motor tasks occur when circadian and homeostatic influences (e.g., time of day, time since sleep) are controlled (164, 991, 995).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Sleep-induced reorganization of neuronal representations is revealed for emotional memories after 1 night or 3 days after learning.
“A sleep-induced reorganization of neuronal representations was also revealed for emotional memories (pictures) after 1 night (896) or 3 days after learning (1147).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [896] source
The paper reports a reorganized emotional-memory retrieval network after one night of sleep, not after three days: participants were scanned 12 hours after learning (Participants, p. 2). Its discussion mentions a three-day delay in another study (Memory Regions Connected to the Amygdala Are Differentially Engaged after Sleep and Wake, p. 9), but that does not make the three-day finding a result of this paper. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1147] source
- Premisecitation
The effect of sleep on integration of spoken words is associated with increased spindle activity.
“Thus, in adults and children, sleep promoted the integration of newly learned spoken words into existing knowledge networks as measured by a lexical competition task (333, 334, 530; but see Ref. 735), with this effect being associated with increased spindle activity (1175).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1175] source
- Premisecitation
Sleep following learning spatial memories of a virtual town produces increased activation in the striatum at a recall test 3 days later compared with a group deprived of sleep after learning.
“Sleep following learning spatial memories of a virtual town produced increased activation in the striatum at a recall test 3 days later, when compared with a group deprived of sleep after learning (873).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [873] source
- Premisecitation
Sleep preferentially strengthened to-be-remembered items over to-be-forgotten items.
“Also, when participants were instructed to remember some and to forget other items during learning, sleep preferentially strengthened the to-be-remembered items (330,381,968).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Some effects of sleep on brain activation during recall of emotional memories are still observed 6 months later.
“Some of the effects of sleep on brain activation during recall of emotional memories were still observed 6 mo later (1148).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1148] source
- Premisecitation
Other studies failed to reveal preferential consolidation of emotional over neutral memories during sleep.
“Some studies indeed demonstrated that sleep preferentially consolidates emotional over neutral memories (574,602,861,896,898,1276); however, others failed to reveal such effects (60,168,732,1147,1148).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim4 of 5 sources checked- cites [60] source
- cites [168] Campanella C, 2011
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [732] source
- cites [1147] source
The Behavioral Results report that the emotion-by-sleep interaction in memory performance showed only a trend toward significance, supporting the claim that a preferential behavioral benefit was not clearly demonstrated. But the Discussion and the section on hippocampal and neocortical responses report sleep-related neural differences for emotional versus neutral items and interpret them as enhanced consolidation of emotional memories. The unqualified claim overlooks that finding. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1148] source
- Premisecitation
Sleep-dependent changes in brain activity indicative of reorganization of memory representations have been reported for procedural tasks like sequence finger tapping and visual texture discrimination.
“Finally, sleep-dependent changes in brain activity indicative for a reorganization of memory representations have also been reported for procedural tasks like sequences finger tapping and visual texture discrimination (384, 1292, 1293).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [384] source
The Discussion (Fig. 3) reports sleep-related changes in brain activity during retrieval of a finger-tapping sequence, supporting that example of the claim. The paper’s finger-sequence tapping task section describes its experiments, but the passages found do not report brain-activity changes for visual texture discrimination. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1292] source
- cites [1293] source
- Premisecitation
Sleep selectively benefited the set of picture-location associations labeled as relevant for later recall testing.
“A similar selective effect of sleep was reported after learning two sets of picture-location association when only one set was labeled as relevant for later recall testing (1236).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1236] source
- Premisecitation
Sleep-dependent gains in skills are more robust under explicit learning conditions than under implicit learning conditions.
“First, sleep-dependent gains in skills are more robust under explicit learning conditions (i.e., the subjects are aware about the skill to be acquired) (383, 664, 1285) compared with implicit learning conditions (385,1003,1122,1128).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 7 sources checked- cites [383] source
The Methods describe a finger-sequence task with instructions and visual feedback, and the Abstract reports substantial sleep-dependent performance gains. The paper does not compare explicit with implicit learning conditions, so it cannot establish that gains are more robust under explicit learning. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [664] source
- cites [1285] source
- cites [385] source
- cites [1003] source
- cites [1122] source
The Introduction describes sleep-related gains in finger-tapping tasks that use a known, explicit sequence, while the General summary reports no sleep-dependent gains in this study's relatively pure implicit-learning measure. The Lack of sleep-related effects section says enhancement may occur only with explicit motor-sequence learning, but presents that comparison as a possibility, not an established difference in robustness. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1128] source
The report summary and “Sleep Benefit on Sequence Performance” section find sleep-dependent gains in the explicit condition and no significant sleep benefit in the implicit noncontextual condition. But they also find a significant benefit in the implicit contextual condition. The paper does not establish that gains are generally more robust under explicit than implicit learning. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Some studies demonstrated that sleep preferentially consolidates emotional over neutral memories.
“Some studies indeed demonstrated that sleep preferentially consolidates emotional over neutral memories (574,602,861,896,898,1276); however, others failed to reveal such effects (60,168,732,1147,1148).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 6 sources checked - Premisecitation
Relevance of an encoded memory for an individual's future plans consistently favors sleep-dependent strengthening of that memory.
“A third factor that was consistently found to favor the sleepdependent strengthening of a memory is the relevance of an encoded memory for an individual's future plans (218,298,380,1056,1236,1319).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 6 sources checked - Premisecitation
Neuron assemblies linked to place fields that were longer or more frequently explored during waking showed stronger reactivation during succeeding sleep.
“Neuron assemblies linked to place fields that were longer or more frequently explored during waking showed stronger reactivation during succeeding sleep (870, 871).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [870] source
The Results section reports stronger co-firing during sleep after exploration for cells with overlapping place fields, supporting place-related reactivation. It does not link stronger reactivation to place fields being explored for longer or more frequently during waking; the comparison is between overlapping and nonoverlapping fields. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [871] source
- Premisecitation
Entire spike trains observed during a task performed during prior waking reemerged in the same temporal order during succeeding sleep, with replay running at a faster speed (time-compressed).
“In fact, entire spike trains observed during a task performed during prior waking reemerged in the same temporal order during succeeding sleep, with this “replay” running at a faster speed, i.e., in a time-compressed form (715, 716, 843).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [715] source
- cites [716] source
- cites [843] source
The Abstract and ‘Externally controlled and internally generated recurring spike sequences’ report that sequences seen during wheel running recurred in subsequent slow-wave sleep at a faster timescale, mainly during sharp-wave bursts. But ‘Behavioral modification of spike sequences’ describes shared short sequences, including spike triplets—not entire spike trains reemerging in full. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Reactivations could last for more than 24 h.
“Reactivations could last for more than 24 h, although in the earlier of these studies the data analysis was criticized on methodological grounds (1180).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1180] source
- Premisecitation
Hippocampal place cells exhibit signs of memory reactivation during sleep.
“Pavlides and Winson (893) were the first to show that hippocampal place cells exhibit signs of memory reactivation during sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [893] source
- Premisecitation
Human fMRI studies provide hints that consolidation of memories during sleep depends on hippocampal activation during prior learning.
“Hints that consolidation of memories during sleep depend on hippocampal activation during prior learning have also been provided by human studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) (16,733,968).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [16] source
- cites [733] source
The Results (Experiment 2 – functional imaging; page not supplied) report greater posterior hippocampal activation after sleep during rhythm monitoring, and the Discussion interprets it as consistent with memory enhancement. The paper does not show that sleep consolidation depends on hippocampal activation during prior learning; the hippocampal response reported here was measured after sleep. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [968] source
- Premisecitation
Compared with item memory, context memory is particularly sensitive to beneficial effects of sleep.
“In addition, some human studies revealed that, compared with item memory, context memory, a core function of the hippocampus, is particularly sensitive to the beneficial effects of sleep (602,732,1128,1230).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 4 sources checked- cites [602] source
- cites [732] source
The Discussion (page not available in our copy) reports that source memory, a form of context memory, decayed less after sleep than after wakefulness. It does not show that context memory benefits more from sleep than item memory; its item-memory comparison concerns parietal activity, not the relative effect of sleep. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1128] source
The opening report and “Sleep Benefit on Sequence Performance” section (pages not provided) find sleep-dependent consolidation in the implicit contextual condition but not the implicit noncontextual condition. The study compares forms of sequence learning, not context memory with item memory, so it does not establish that specific comparison. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1230] source
- Premisecitation
In rats, prefrontal cell assemblies that fired during learning when EEG theta coherence between prefrontal cortex and hippocampus was increased had increased probability of reactivation during subsequent SWS.
“In rats, prefrontal cell assemblies that fired during learning when EEG theta coherence between the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus was increased showed a distinctly increased probability to be reactivated during subsequent SWS (73).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [73] source
- Premisecitation
Signs of assembly reactivation occur in the hippocampus and several other regions of the brain during sleep after exploration.
“These studies uniformly confirmed that signs of assembly reactivation occur in the hippocampus and several other regions of the brain also during sleep after exploration (870, 871, 985).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [870] source
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports reactivation of waking co-firing patterns during sleep, supporting the hippocampal part of the claim. The paper’s account concerns CA1 activity; the passages do not establish assembly reactivation in several other brain regions. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [871] source
- cites [985] source
- Premisecitation
Place cells code for the position of the animal in space relative to certain landmarks.
“Place cells code for the position of the animal in space relative to certain landmarks, i.e., they fire at substantial rates whenever the animal enters a certain spatial field (152,868).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
The activity pattern observed during awake task performance was estimated to explain 10-30% of the variance in spiking activity in respective place cells during subsequent sleep.
“Based on regression analyses, the activity pattern observed during awake task performance was estimated to explain 10 -30% of the variance in spiking activity in the respective place cells during subsequent sleep (673).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [673] source
The Results section, “Correlation patterns during sleep were partly explained by the patterns during previous track running” (page unavailable), reports that waking activity patterns explained approximately 15% of the variance in firing-rate correlations during subsequent sleep. The claim’s 10–30% range includes that estimate, but the measured variance was in correlations among cells, not in the spiking activity of individual place cells. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Experimental cueing of memories during sleep did not produce specific dream reports of task-related themes.
“Also, experimental cueing of memories during sleep did not produce specific dream reports of task-related themes (959, 1018; Rihm et al., unpublished observation).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [959] source
- cites [1018] source
The paper’s Abstract (page not provided) reports improved object-location recall after sound cueing and says participants did not know sounds had been played during sleep. Our copy does not address whether participants reported dreams or whether those dreams contained task-related themes (searched: dream reports, dreaming, task-related themes). (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Rihm et al., unpublished observation
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
During SWS, firing patterns observed during waking are replayed at a much faster (10-20 times) rate.
“1) during SWS, firing patterns observed during waking are replayed at a much faster (10 -20 times) rate, suggesting a time-compressed form of memory reactivation (160, 551, 606, 715, 843, 1090);”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 6 sources checked- cites [160] source
- cites [551] source
The Results report that cell pairs coactivated during waking also showed high correlations during sleep, supporting a connection between waking and sleep activity patterns. Neither the Results nor the Discussion reports replay at 10–20 times the waking speed or measures time compression; that specific part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [606] source
- cites [715] source
- cites [843] source
The Abstract and the section on externally controlled and internally generated recurring spike sequences report that waking spike sequences were replayed on a faster timescale during sharp-wave bursts of slow-wave sleep. The passages do not establish the claimed 10–20-fold rate; the 10–20 msec figure elsewhere describes a spike-search window, not replay speed. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1090] source
- Premisecitation
During a posttraining nap, memory for place-object associations reactivated by characteristic sounds was significantly better at later retrieval than for nonreactivated associations.
“During a posttraining nap, only half of the sounds were administered again to reactivate respective place-object associations.At later retrieval, memory for the reactivated associations was significantly better than for the nonreactivated associations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1018] source
- Premisecitation
When only one of two melodies learned on a piano keyboard was presented again during posttraining SWS, performance on just this reactivated melody was improved at a later retest compared with the nonreactivated melody.
“When only one of the melodies was presented again during a period of posttraining SWS, performance on just this reactivated melody was improved at a later retest, compared with performance on the nonreactivated melody.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [40] source
- Premisecitation
FMRI recordings in subjects performing a vigilance task indicated biased brain activation depending on whether the subjects had performed before on either a procedural serial reaction task or a spatial navigation.
“FMRI recordings in subjects performing on a vigilance task indicated biased brain activation depending on whether the subjects had performed before on either a procedural serial reaction task or a spatial navigation (913).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [913] source
- Premisecitation
Reactivations of hippocampal cell firing patterns occur also during waking when the animal rests after task performance or during brief pauses of active behavior.
“Reactivations of hippocampal cell firing patterns occur also during waking when the animal rests after task performance or during brief pauses of active behavior like explo-ration or running in a maze (191, 268, 556, 673, 870; see Ref. 175 for a review).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [191] source
The Introduction (page unavailable) describes hippocampal firing-pattern reactivation during waking activity and says the associated ripples occur during quiescence and running. It does not specifically place waking reactivation in rest after task performance or in brief pauses during exploration or maze running. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [268] source
- cites [556] source
- Premisecitation
In larger experimental environments, both forward and reverse replay can occur over multiple SW-R events thereby covering longer distances.
“In larger experimental environments, both forward and reverse replay can occur over multiple SW-R events thereby covering longer distances (268).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [268] source
- Premisecitation
Reactivation of characteristic sounds is associated with increased activation in the right parahippocampal cortex.
“In a subsequent study, reactivation of the characteristic sounds was revealed to be associated with increased activation in the right parahippocampal cortex (1235).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1235] source
- Premisecitation
One study reported that both the number of SW-Rs during learning a spatial task as well as during subsequent rest were predictive for later memory performance.
“One study reported that both the number of SW-Rs during learning a spatial task as well as during subsequent rest were predictive for later memory performance (335).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [335] source
The Results section on eSWR responses during learning reports that the number of goal-associated SWRs predicted memory performance in the drug-free condition. The Results section on reactivation during rest reports that the *proportion* of rest SWRs representing goal locations predicted subsequent performance, not that the total number of rest SWRs did. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The slow oscillation of the intact brain likely reflects an interaction between cortical and thalamic networks.
“Nevertheless, the slow oscillation of the intact brain likely reflects an interaction between cortical and thalamic networks (239, 1196).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
The slope of the slow waves decreases from early to late sleep.
“Independent of the decrease in amplitude, the slope of the slow waves also decreases from early to late sleep”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Virtually every cortical neuron, both excitatory and inhibitory, engages in the slow oscillation with firing patterns showing high synchrony across cellular populations.
“Virtually every cortical neuron, both excitatory as well as inhibitory neuron, engages in the slow oscillation with the firing patterns showing high synchrony across cellular populations (33,188,1139,1146,1261,1268).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
As distinct qualitative differences between <1 Hz slow oscillations and 1-4 Hz delta oscillations have not been confirmed, the decrease in SWA across sleep appears to be most parsimoniously explained by a decrease in the incidence of high-amplitude slow waves.
“However, as distinct qualitative differences between both frequency bands have not been confirmed, the decrease in SWA across sleep appears to be most parsimoniously explained by a decrease in the incidence of high-amplitude slow waves (1267).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1267] source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
EEG-based source modeling located the main origins of the travelling waves in the cingulate gyrus and the left insula.
“EEG-based source modeling located the main origins of the travelling waves in the cingulate gyrus and the left insula (841, 993).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Hemispheric differences in SWA during sleep in rats were related to the preferential use of the left or right paw during the day.
“Thus hemispheric differences in SWA during sleep in rats were related to the preferential use of the left or right paw during the day (1265).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1265] source
The Materials and Methods (sections 2.1 and 2.3; page unavailable) describe mice, unilateral whisker stimulation, and measurements of 2-DG uptake, not paw preference in rats. The Discussion (page unavailable) says EEG was not recorded in this study. Searches for paw preference and hemispheric SWA found no passage reporting the claimed relationship. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Changes in frontal SWA after PAS appeared to extend even into succeeding REM sleep.
“Changes in frontal SWA after PAS appeared to extend even into succeeding REM sleep (443).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [443] source
- Premisecitation
In animals, the encoding and learning of information during waking produced consistent increases in SWA in respective cortical networks during subsequent SWS.
“In animals, the encoding and learning of information during waking produced consistent increases in SWA in respective cortical networks during subsequent SWS (624, 1263).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [624] source
The Summary (p. 1) and Discussion (p. 3) report a local increase in delta-range sleep EEG power after waking somatosensory stimulation in humans. They do not report animal learning or information encoding, and the increase was limited to the first hour after right-hand stimulation; no significant change followed left-hand stimulation. Thus the paper supports a narrower local, use-dependent effect, not the claimed consistent finding in animals. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1263] source
- Interpretationcitation
Training-induced changes in SWA do not depend on the time between training and subsequent sleep.
“suggesting that the traininginduced changes in SWA do not depend on the time between training and subsequent sleep (751).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [751] source
- Premisecitation
Increases in local SWA were observed when learning took place in the morning.
“Increases in local SWA were even observed when learning took place in the morning”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [751] source
- Premisecitation
Paired associative TMS stimulation before sleep produced increases or decreases in subsequent SWS, depending on whether the protocol successfully induced long-term potentiation-like increases or long-term depression-like decreases in cortical excitability as measured by motor evoked potentials.
“Paired associative TMS stimulation (PAS) before sleep produced increases or decreases in subsequent SWS, depending on whether the protocol successfully induced long-term potentiation-like increases or long-term depression-like decreases in cortical excitability as measured by motor evoked potentials (583).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [583] source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Suppressing expression of LTP-related genes in rats by chronic lesion of the noradrenergic system produced a strong reduction in the homeostatic SWA response.
“Suppressing expression of LTP-related genes in rats by chronic lesion of the noradrenergic system produced a strong reduction in the homeostatic SWA response (see, e.g., Refs.205 and 457, for similar results in flies).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [205] source
The Abstract reports that norepinephrine depletion in rats, a manipulation associated with reduced induction of LTP-related genes during wakefulness, markedly reduced the homeostatic response of lower-range SWA. The Results specify that the reduction was limited to 0.5–1.5 Hz, while the Introduction frames gene suppression as a proposed explanation rather than an experimentally established cause of the SWA change. The claim overstates both the frequency range affected and the causal role of gene expression. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [457] source
The cited paper reports that synaptic markers in flies increase after waking and decrease after sleep, supporting a broad similarity between sleep and synaptic plasticity. The passages labeled Abstract (page unavailable) do not report suppression of LTP-related genes in flies or a reduced homeostatic SWA response. The rat-lesion result precedes the citation; this source is cited for similar results in flies. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Results from a recent study suggest that discharge patterns of pyramidal neurons during SWS promote the removal of synaptic Ca2+-permeable AMPA receptors in the somatosensory cortex of juvenile rats.
“Correspondingly, results from a recent study suggest that discharge patterns of pyramidal neurons during SWS promote the removal of synaptic Ca 2ϩ -permeable AMPA receptors in the somatosensory cortex of juvenile rats (701).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [701] source
- Interpretationcitation
Sleep renormalizes synapses after potentiation during wakefulness.
“suggesting that sleep renormalized synapses after potentiation during wakefulness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [156] source
- Interpretationcitation
SWA is regulated locally in addition to its global regulation by brain stem and diencephalic structures.
“these studies provide compelling evidence that SWA is regulated locally in addition to its global regulation by brain stem and diencephalic structures (672, 859, 975, 1267).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim4 of 4 sources checked- cites [672] source
- cites [859] source
The Introduction (page unavailable) states that SWA can be locally regulated, and the Results describe a continuum from local to global slow waves. The passages do not identify brain stem or diencephalic structures as regulators of global SWA, so that part of the sentence is not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [975] source
“Mechanisms of Sleep Regulation” reports use-dependent local increases in SWA. “Defining what sleeps” also says subcortical structures may influence and time whole-animal sleep, but the copy does not establish global regulation of SWA by brain-stem and diencephalic structures specifically. Pages are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1267] source
The section “Wake OFF periods occur asynchronously in distant cortical regions” (page unavailable) says sleep can be regulated locally, citing local increases in SWA, and reports local slow waves in the rats’ recordings. Our copy does not attribute global regulation of SWA to brain stem or diencephalic structures, so it supports only the local-regulation part of the sentence. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
In rats, decreases in cerebral metabolic rates after prolonged waking have also been observed.
“However, decreases in cerebral metabolic rates after prolonged waking have also been observed in rats (363).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [363] source
- Premisecitation
Encoding of information during waking enhances subsequent SWA in specific brain regions.
“in demonstrating that the encoding of information during waking enhances subsequent SWA in specific brain regions, these studies provide compelling evidence that SWA is regulated locally in addition to its global regulation by brain stem and diencephalic structures (672, 859, 975, 1267).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim4 of 4 sources checked- cites [672] source
Section III, “Sleep Depends on Past Activity” (page unavailable), reports that regions disproportionately stimulated during waking show enhanced EEG delta power during subsequent NREM sleep. This supports the regional SWA finding, but the passage describes stimulation and prior use, not specifically the encoding of information. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [859] source
The Introduction (page unavailable) says prolonged waking increases SWA, most strongly over frontal cortex, and reports that sleep slow waves vary locally with prior use and plastic processes. It does not specifically say that encoding information during waking enhances subsequent SWA in the regions involved; the paper's own recordings establish that slow waves are often local, not that encoding caused a regional increase. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [975] source
- cites [1267] source
In “Wake OFF periods occur asynchronously in distant cortical regions” (page unavailable), the paper reports that manipulations affecting plasticity during wake are followed by local increases in sleep SWA. This supports the local SWA point, but the passage does not establish that encoding information during wake caused those increases. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
In adult mice, no similar changes in spine growth across sleep were observed.
“In adult mice, no similar changes were observed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [772] source
- Premisecitation
Frequency and amplitude of mEPSCs were increased in frontal cortex slices of mice and rats after prolonged wakefulness compared with slices obtained after sleep.
“Frequency and amplitude of mEPSCs were increased in the frontal cortex slices of mice and rats after prolonged wakefulness compared with slices obtained after sleep (740).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [740] source
- Premisecitation
After 24 h of sleep deprivation, decreases rather than increases in metabolic rates were observed.
“Moreover, decreases rather than increases in metabolic rates were observed after 24 h of sleep deprivation (1186, 1336), although it cannot be excluded that distinctly extended periods of wakefulness trigger separate compensatory processes characterized by the occurrence of local slow waves in the waking state and by reduced metabolic demands (1204, 1267).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [1186] source
- cites [1336] source
The After Sleep Deprivation section reports significant decreases and no significant increases in absolute glucose metabolism, supporting the direction of the claim. However, Subjects and Methods says participants were sleep deprived for 29–34 hours, not 24 hours. The paper also reports relative metabolic increases in some regions. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
In mice, cerebral metabolism measured by 2-deoxyglucose uptake increased after periods of wakefulness and decreased after sleep.
“Indeed, cerebral metabolism measured by 2-deoxyglucose uptake increased after periods of wakefulness and decreased after sleep in mice (1265).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1265] source
- Interpretationcitation
The prediction that new memories are at greater risk of being erased during sleep contradicts experimental findings pointing towards preferential consolidation of weaker over stronger representations during sleep.
“This prediction contradicts experimental findings pointing towards the preferential consolidation of weaker over stronger representations during sleep (325,343,344,375,679).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 5 sources checked - Premisecitation
External triggering of memory reactivations during sleep enhances memory performance the next day.
“This contrasts with findings indicating that an external triggering of memory reactivations during sleep enhances memory performance the next day (295, 959, 1018)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [295] source
- cites [959] source
- cites [1018] source
The Abstract reports that sounds presented during non-REM sleep cued object-location memories, and recall was more accurate for cued than uncued objects after waking. The test followed a nap; our copy does not support the claim that performance was measured the next day. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
There is convergent evidence in humans and rats for an impairment of learning when they were deprived of sleep.
“Indeed, there is convergent evidence for such action in humans and rats, i.e., an impairment of learning when they were deprived of sleep (195,328,500,634,759,1291,1345).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 7 sources checked- cites [195] source
- cites [328] source
- cites [500] source
- cites [634] source
- cites [759] source
The paper’s results report that episodic learning deteriorated in human participants who remained awake from 12:00 to 18:00 without a nap. Its methods describe a daytime nap comparison, not sleep deprivation, and the paper provides no rat findings. Thus it supports a narrower human-learning point, not the claim as attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1291] source
- cites [1345] source
- Premisecitation
In cats in vivo, somatosensory evoked potentials were enhanced after a short period of SWS (about 5-10 min) compared with the previous wake period.
“Recently, Chauvette and colleagues (187) showed in vivo that somatorsensory evoked potentials in cats were enhanced after a short period of SWS (about 5-10 min) compared with the previous wake period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [187] source
The Results sections on evoked responses and REM sleep report that somatosensory evoked potentials in cats were enhanced in the waking period after SWS compared with the preceding waking period, and that relatively short SWS periods sufficed. Our copy does not specify that those in vivo SWS periods lasted about 5–10 minutes; the approximately 10-minute duration found elsewhere describes in vitro stimulation sessions. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Spontaneous memory reactivations during sleep correlate with later memory performance.
“and that spontaneous memory reactivations during sleep correlate with later memory performance (335, 448, 449).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [335] source
The Results section ('Reactivation of waking firing patterns during rest'; page not available) reports that goal-related reactivation during post-learning rest predicted subsequent spatial-memory performance. The Methods ('Training'; page not available) describe that rest session as 'immobility/sleep,' so the paper does not establish that the correlation was specific to reactivations during sleep. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [448] source
The Results (‘Sequence Reactivation versus Morris Swim Task Performance’; page unavailable) report a significant correlation between sequence reactivation during post-running rest and spatial memory performance in the combined young-and-aged rat data. But the Methods (‘Subjects and behavioral training’; page unavailable) state that the memory test occurred before electrophysiological recording, not later. The recording period also included sleep or quiet rest, rather than sleep alone. (LLM, conf=0.92)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [449] source
- Premisecitation
It is most improbable that sleep need, to the extent this is determined by learning, is determined solely by Hebbian LTP or any other single form of synaptic plasticity.
“itisthus most improbable that sleep need -to the extent this is determined by learning -is determined solely by Hebbian LTP (or any other single form of synaptic plasticity)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [410] source
Section 4.1 says it is improbable that learning-related sleep need is determined solely by Hebbian LTP or another single form of synaptic strengthening. The claim broadens that conclusion to any single form of synaptic plasticity, which the passage does not explicitly say. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Molecular markers of synaptic potentiation like arc, BDNF or CaMKIV are involved in both the potentiation and depression of synaptic strength or other forms of non-Hebbian scaling.
“Also, molecular markers of synaptic potentiation like arc, BDNF or Calmodulin-dependent-kinase (CaMK) IV are involved in both the potentiation and depression of synaptic strength or other forms of non-Hebbian scaling (1026, 1067), questioning that the relative increase and decrease of these markers across sleep and wakefulness, respectively, is actually related to one specific form of synaptic”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [1026] source
The Introduction (page unavailable) links BDNF to inhibitory-circuit plasticity, and the Discussion (page unavailable) says GAD65-dependent synaptic plasticity is modulated by BDNF. The paper also mentions impaired long-term depression when GAD65 is absent, but it does not establish that BDNF participates in both potentiation and depression or in non-Hebbian scaling; it does not address Arc or CaMKIV in that role. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1067] source
“A view from the top: information storage” links Arc to both LTP and LTD, and “A view from the bottom: synaptic function” describes its role in homeostatic synaptic scaling (page numbers unavailable). The cited paper does not establish the same combination of roles for BDNF or CaMKIV; it mentions BDNF only in relation to Arc expression. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Selective deprivation of REM sleep appears to be sufficient for producing an impairment in LTP induction.
“Selective deprivation of REM sleep appears to be sufficient for producing an impairment in LTP induction (269,270,596,636,743,970,1010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 7 sources checked- cites [269] source
- cites [270] source
- cites [596] source
- cites [636] source
- cites [743] source
- cites [970] source
Figure 1 reports that one tetanus failed to induce robust LTP in slices from REM-sleep-deprived rats, supporting impaired LTP induction. But the paper also states that its deprivation procedure altered slow-wave sleep and that fragmentation of both REM and slow-wave sleep may affect the threshold for LTP induction. It therefore does not establish that selective loss of REM sleep alone is sufficient. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1010] source
- Premisecitation
Repeated spindle-associated spike discharges efficiently triggered LTP in neocortical synapses in in vitro models.
“Repeated spindle-associated spike discharges efficiently triggered LTP in neocortical synapses in in vitro models (1012, 1197).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
In the neocortex, single spindles typically express as local phenomena and are restricted to specific regions and circuits, regardless of whether or not they are synchronized in phase with central thalamic spindle generation.
“Importantly, this research revealed that in the neocortex, single spindles typically express as a local phe-nomena and are restricted to specific regions and circuits, regardless of whether or not they are synchronized in phase with central thalamic spindle generation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 4 sources checked- cites [38] source
The Discussion section “Sleep spindles are mostly local” says that most sleep spindles occur locally during natural sleep, supporting the claim that individual neocortical spindles are often regionally restricted. The paper does not establish that this locality holds regardless of phase synchronization with a central thalamic spindle generator; its discussion of spindle synchronization does not test that qualification. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [52] source
- cites [276] source
- cites [859] source
The Results (Extent of Local Sleep Spindles) and Discussion (Local Sleep Spindles) report that most spindles occur locally, often in only a minority of recorded brain regions. The paper says spindles are generated in the thalamus and that the neocortex governs their synchronization, but it does not establish that cortical spindles remain local regardless of their phase synchronization with thalamic spindle generation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
No signs of improved encoding were revealed after a drug-induced enhancement of SWA by sodium oxybate.
“However, no signs of improved encoding were revealed after a drug-induced enhancement of SWA by sodium oxybate (1297).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1297] source
The Results report that sodium oxybate increased slow-wave sleep relative to placebo. But the Methods state that the memory tests would be reported in a subsequent publication, and this paper does not report an encoding result. Its finding of no group difference on the DSST and WCST (Results) does not establish that encoding failed to improve. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Spindles (13-15 Hz) during a postlearning nap predicted sleep-dependent memory improvement for contextual aspects of episodic memories known to most closely depend on hippocampal function.
“Moreover, spindles (13-15 Hz) during a postlearning nap predicted sleepdependent memory improvement for contextual aspects of episodic memories known to most closely depend on the hippocampal function (1230).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1230] source
- Premisecitation
At the neocortical level, the slow oscillation in terms of EEG rhythms strongly modulates the amplitude of faster beta and gamma frequencies, which is reduced to a minimum during the hyperpolarizing down-phase of the slow oscillation.
“At the neocortical level, the slow oscillation in terms of EEG rhythms strongly modulates the amplitude of faster beta and gamma frequencies which is reduced to a minimum during the hyperpolarizing down-phase of the slow oscillation (224,240,828,829).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 4 sources checked- cites [224] source
The Discussion reports that beta/gamma synchronization was restricted to up states of the slow oscillation, and the Results (‘Fast network oscillations during up states’; page unavailable) find a significant difference between up- and down-state LFP spectra. This supports reduced fast oscillatory activity during down states, but the study used local field potentials in cortical slices, not EEG, and does not establish an EEG amplitude minimum during the hyperpolarizing down-phase. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [240] source
- cites [828] source
- cites [829] source
- Premisecitation
SW-Rs may conversely promote LTP and spike time-dependent plasticity in hippocampal circuits.
“SW-Rs may conversely promote LTP and spike timedependent plasticity in hippocampal circuits (97,159,241,640,777).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 5 sources checked- cites [97] source
- cites [159] source
- cites [241] source
In “SPW and ripples: physiological implications” (page unavailable), the paper proposes that SPW-associated bursts may produce plastic changes at downstream synapses and that dendritic bursts may change active synapses locally. It does not identify those changes specifically as LTP or spike time-dependent plasticity. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [640] source
- cites [777] source
- Premisecitation
After a spatial learning task, increases in ripple density during postlearning sleep were significantly correlated with the formation of associative spatial memories.
“Similarly, after a spatial learning task, increases in ripple density during postlearning sleep were significantly correlated with the formation of associative spatial memories (955).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [955] source
- Premisecitation
Intense learning of declarative memories (word pairs or virtual maze) increases the number of spindles (12-15 Hz) during subsequent sleep, particularly in the early part of the night.
“Intense learning of declarative memories (word pairs or virtual maze) increases the number of spindles (12-15 Hz) during subsequent sleep, particularly in the early part of the night (432, 812).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [432] source
The Subjects and procedures section describes 60 minutes of learning word pairs, and the Abstract reports higher spindle density during subsequent sleep, with the largest effect in the first 90 minutes. The Discussion identifies 12–15 Hz as the spindle frequency band. This paper does not report a virtual-maze learning task, so that part of the sentence is not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [812] source
- Premisecitation
Two recent studies in rats demonstrated a causal role of SW-Rs in memory consolidation.
“Two recent studies in rats demonstrated a causal role of SW-Rs in memory consolidation (340, 458).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
After fear conditioning, mice exhibited reduced REM sleep theta.
“However, after fear conditioning, mice exhibited reduced REM sleep theta (529).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [529] source
- Premisecitation
Fine-grained temporal analyses revealed that the co-occurrence of spindles and ripples leads to the formation of so-called spindle-ripple events where individual ripple events become temporally nested into succeeding troughs of a spindle.
“Moreover, fine-grained temporal analyses revealed that the co-occurrence of spindles and ripples leads to the formation of so-called”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [216] source
- cites [1075] source
- cites [1317] source
The Results section (“Biphasic structure of prefrontal responses”; page unavailable) reports increased prefrontal spindle-band power after stronger hippocampal bursts, supporting a temporal relationship between the two activities. It does not report spindle-ripple events or show individual ripples nested in succeeding spindle troughs. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Like theta activity, PGO waves have been proposed as a mechanism supporting synaptic plasticity in the regions they reach.
“Like theta activity, PGO waves have been proposed as a mechanism supporting synaptic plasticity in the regions they reach (258, 264).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [258] Datta S, 1999
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [264] source
The Introduction and Discussion address PPT signaling in REM sleep and wakefulness, not a proposal that PGO waves support synaptic plasticity in the regions they reach. The References list other studies whose titles link pontine-wave generation to plasticity, but this paper does not itself state the attributed proposal (searched: PGO waves, pontine-wave plasticity, hippocampus and amygdala). (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Interindividual variability in fear learning across sleep was related to bidirectional changes in theta coherence between the amygdala, medial frontal cortex, and the hippocampus during REM sleep.
“Interindividual variability in fear learning across sleep was related to bidirectional changes in theta coherence between the amygdala, medial frontal cortex, and the hippocampus during REM sleep (941).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [941] source
- Premisecitation
Theta activity in waking is considered a condition favoring the encoding of new information and associated synaptic plastic processes in hippocampal networks.
“Theta activity in waking is considered a condition favoring the encoding of new information and associated synaptic plastic processes in hippocampal networks (64,371,612,1251).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 4 sources checked- cites [64] Battaglia FP, 2011, Trends Cogn Sci source
- cites [371] source
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that increased hippocampal theta power before word presentation predicted successful memory formation, supporting the encoding part of the claim. It does not link that activity to synaptic plasticity in hippocampal networks; a search for synaptic plasticity and long-term potentiation found no such passage. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [612] source
- cites [1251] source
- Premisecitation
Overnight reduction in amygdala activation in response to emotional pictures was correlated with gamma rather than theta activity during intervening REM sleep.
“However, the overnight reduction in amygdala activation in response to emotional pictures presented before and after sleep was correlated with gamma rather than theta activity during intervening REM sleep (1231).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1231] source
- Premisecitation
Several studies show an increase in extracellular glutamate concentrations and molecular markers of LTP across wake periods and a decrease after sleep periods, particularly after SWS.
“several studies show an increase in extracellular glutamate concentrations as well as molecular markers of LTP across wake periods and a decrease after sleep periods, particularly after SWS (204,205,207,257,457,607,940,1264)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [204] source
- cites [205] source
The Introduction (page unavailable) reports that expression of LTP-related genes is high during wakefulness and low during sleep, supporting the molecular-marker portion. Our copy does not report changes in extracellular glutamate concentrations or establish that the decrease occurs particularly after slow-wave sleep. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [207] source
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that P-CREB, Arc, and BDNF levels in most cortical areas are much higher after waking than after sleep. This supports the molecular-marker portion, but our copy does not report changes in extracellular glutamate concentrations or establish that the decrease is particularly pronounced after slow-wave sleep. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
In humans, REM sleep theta activity was correlated with consolidation of emotional memories, specifically over the right prefrontal cortex relative to the left.
“was correlated with consolidation of emotional memories (specifically over the right prefrontal cortex relative to the left) (861).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [861] source
- Premisecitation
Blocking NMDA or AMPA receptors by ketamine or caroverine during post-learning retention sleep completely abolished overnight gains on a visual texture discrimination task in humans.
“in humans, blocking of NMDA or AMPA receptors by infusion of ketamine or caroverine during post-learning retention sleep completely abolished overnight gains on a visual texture discrimination task (435)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [435] source
The Methods describe ketamine and caroverine infusions during post-learning sleep, and the Results report no statistically significant overnight improvement with either drug. However, the caroverine group had a small average gain (a 4.8 ms decrease in detection threshold), so “completely abolished” is stronger than the Results establish. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
cAMP-PKA-dependent memory formation for contextual fear conditioning is selectively sensitive to inhibition of PKA and protein synthesis within specific time windows after training (immediately or 4 h).
“Also, cAMP-PKA-dependent memory formation for contextual fear conditioning is selectively sensitive to the inhibition of PKA and protein synthesis when this inhibition occurs within specific time windows after training, i.e., immediately or 4 h after training (128).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [128] Bourtchouladze R, 1998, Learn Mem source
The section “A Weak Training Protocol Reveals Two Sensitive Periods” reports that, after a single CS/US pairing, inhibition of either protein synthesis or PKA impaired contextual memory when given immediately or 4 hours after training. The claim omits the training-strength qualification: the paper reports only an immediate sensitive period after stronger training, with no significant effect at 4 hours. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationcitation
Memory consolidation during sleep likely involves both synaptic and system consolidation processes.
“It is likely that memory consolidation during sleep involves both synaptic and system consolidation processes (1305)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1305] source
- Premisecitation
Within hippocampal circuitry, gamma band activity shows reduced coherence across CA3 and CA1 during tonic REM sleep compared with wake exploration.
“Similarly, within hippocampal circuitry, gamma band activity shows reduced coherence across the CA3 and CA1 regions during tonic REM sleep compared with activity during wake exploration (834)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [834] source
- Premisecitation
GABAergic agonists like benzodiazepines impair LTP and LTP-related plasticity in glutamatergic synapses via activation of GABA A receptor.
“GABAergic agonists, like benzodiazepines that are also used clinically to improve sleep, were consistently revealed to impair LTP as well as LTP-related plasticity in glutamatergic synapses via activation of the ionotropic GABA A receptor (e.g., Refs. 225, 277, 549, 575, 633, 1008Refs. 225, 277, 549, 575, 633, , 1270)).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [225] source
The study summary (page not supplied) reports GABAA receptor-mediated inhibitory responses and reduced excitability of rat and cat cortical neurons after GABA application. It does not report that benzodiazepines impair LTP or LTP-related plasticity at glutamatergic synapses; the GABA analogue it tests, baclofen, is identified as a GABAB agonist. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [277] source
- cites [549] source
- Premisecitation
In mice, rolipram immediately and 2.5 h after contextual fear conditioning prevented impairing effect of sleep deprivation on retention of freezing response.
“In mice, treatment with the selective phosphodiesterases (PDE) 4 inhibitor rolipram immediately and 2.5 h after single-trial contextual fear conditioning prevented the impairing effect of sleep deprivation on retention of the freezing response to the conditioned context (1246).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1246] source
- Premisecitation
Brain activation during intervening REM sleep periods might contribute to overall downscaling of neuronal firing rates observed across sleep.
“In fact, a recent study showed that brain activation during intervening REM sleep periods might contribute to an overall downscaling of neuronal firing rates observed across sleep (485).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [485] source
- Premisecitation
In animals, sleep-dependent plastic changes critically depend on glutamatergic and LTP-related mechanisms.
“In animals, sleep-dependent plastic changes were also revealed to critically depend on glutamatergic and LTP-related mechanisms (411, 1066).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [411] source
- cites [1066] source
The section “CP-AMPARs Are Modulated by Sleep/Wake Cycles” (page unavailable) reports sleep–wake changes in AMPA receptors and synaptic strength in rodents, and describes LTP-like potentiation during wakefulness and LTD-like depression during sleep. But it presents the LTP/LTD account as a theory and says the significance of CP-AMPAR changes is unclear; it does not establish that sleep-dependent plasticity critically depends on those mechanisms. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
These sleep-dependent changes are prevented by blocking NMDA receptors or PKA during sleep after monocular experience.
“These sleep-dependent changes are prevented by blocking NMDA receptors or cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) during sleep after monocular experience (48)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [48] source
- Premisecitation
Low cortisol concentrations during SWS-rich sleep benefit declarative memory consolidation by preventing activation of glucocorticoid receptors that inhibit hippocampal LTP and CA1 output.
“Low cortisol concentrations during SWS-rich sleep benefit declarative memory consolidation by preventing activation of glucocorticoid receptors that mediate an inhibitory influence on hippocampal LTP and output from CA1 (648, 649, 666).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [648] source
- cites [649] Kloet de ER, 1998, Endocr Rev source
The Summary and “Amino acid transmission” section report that additional glucocorticoid-receptor activation reduces CA1 hippocampal output and that synaptic potentiation is less effective at elevated corticosterone levels. The paper does not establish that low cortisol during SWS-rich sleep benefits declarative memory consolidation through this mechanism; its discussion of memory emphasizes that corticosteroid effects depend on dose and timing. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [666] source
The Introduction (page not specified) states that glucocorticoid-receptor activation impairs hippocampal LTP, and the Discussion says that under basal conditions GRs are not occupied. The paper studies stress-related LTP in rats; it does not establish that low cortisol during SWS-rich sleep benefits declarative-memory consolidation or prevents inhibition of CA1 output. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
LTP at hippocampal Schaffer collateral synapses can be reversed by low-frequency stimulation mimicking SWS, mediated through A1 receptors.
“LTP induced at hippocampal Schaffer collateral synapses can be reversed by low-frequency (1-2 Hz) stimulation mimicking basal conditions as they could occur during SWS, and this depotentiation appears to be essentially mediated through diffuse activation of A1 receptors (576).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [576] source
The ‘Induction of LTP and depotentiation’ section reports that 2 Hz stimulation reversed LTP at Schaffer collateral–CA1 synapses when applied 1–3 minutes after induction, but not after 10 minutes. The Discussion attributes this effect to extracellular adenosine acting on A1 receptors. The paper does not establish that the stimulation mimics conditions during slow-wave sleep, and its reversal finding is narrower than the unqualified claim. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
In rats, eszopiclone and zolpidem after learning before sleep impaired contextual memory tested 24 h later.
“In rats, administration of the GABA A agonists eszopiclone and zolipem after learning before sleep impaired contextual memory tested 24 h later (577).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [577] source
The Discussion (§4.4) reports that zolpidem and higher doses of eszopiclone impaired contextual memory when rats were tested 24 hours after conditioning. The claim omits a dose qualification: the same passage says 1 mg/kg eszopiclone did not impair memory. The Methods (§2.5) place the injections after conditioning, followed by sleep–wake recording. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
In humans, findings on melatonin's impairing effect on memory acquisition are divergent.
“although divergent findings were obtained in humans (997).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [997] source
The Discussion reports divergent human findings: this study found improved recognition memory for objects encoded under stress, while several earlier studies found no effect on memory. It does not report an impairing effect on memory acquisition in humans, so that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
In a longitudinal twin study, longer and more consolidated sleep at 6 months predicted better language development at 18 and 30 months.
“Dionne et al. (310) showed in a longitudinal twin study that longer and more consolidated sleep at the age of 6 mo predicted better language development at 18 and 30 mo.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [310] source
The regression results in “Does Early Sleep Consolidation Predict Language Outcomes after Controlling for Confounding Factors?” show that the 6-month sleep-consolidation ratio predicted language at both 18 and 30 months. But Table 3 shows no significant association between longer consecutive nighttime sleep at 6 months and language at either age. The paper supports more consolidated sleep, not longer sleep as a separate predictor. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Both monoamines support synaptic remodeling via increasing activity of plasticity related immediate early genes.
“Both monoamines support synaptic remodeling via increasing activity of plasticity related immediate early genes (205,208,475).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [205] source
The sections on norepinephrine depletion and synaptic plasticity report that norepinephrine supports plasticity and that its depletion reduces expression of LTP- or plasticity-related genes. The paper does not establish this mechanism for both monoamines, nor do the cited passages identify the genes as immediate early genes. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [208] source
The ‘Norepinephrine and plasticity’ section says norepinephrine positively modulates plasticity-related genes involved in synaptic structure and function. But ‘Other effects of norepinephrine depletion on gene expression’ reports that an almost complete serotonergic lesion did not affect several of the same genes. The paper therefore does not support the claim that both monoamines act through this mechanism; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [475] source
- Premisecitation
Abnormally large spindles or absence of spindles were observed in mentally retarded and dyslexic children.
“Abnormally large spindles or the absence of spindles were observed in mentally retarded and dyslexic children (93,148,400,455,456,1070,1071).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 7 sources checked- cites [93] Bixler EO, 1968, Psychophysiology
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [148] source
The Power Spectral Analysis and Spindles Density section reports more spindles during stage N2 in dyslexic children than in controls. It does not report abnormally large or absent spindles, and the study participants were children with dyslexia, not children with intellectual disability. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [400] Fois A, 1963 source
- cites [455] source
- cites [456] Gibbs FGE, 1964
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [1070] source
- cites [1071] source
- Premisecitation
Increases in RA burst occurrence and burst structure after initial tutor song exposure required auditory feedback from the bird's own singing, as they were reduced by auditory feedback deprivation or surgical muting.
“Both the increase in burst occurrence and burst structure in RA after initial exposure to the tutor song also required that the bird receive auditory feedback from its own singing, as these increases were drastically reduced when the birds were experimentally deprived from auditory feedback or were surgically muted.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1063] source
- Premisecitation
The sequence structure of spiking within bursts during sleep was significantly correlated with that observed while the bird listened to the tutor song during the preceding wake phase.
“Moreover, the sequence structure of spiking within bursts identified during sleep was significantly correlated with that observed while the bird was listening to the tutor song during the preceding wake phase.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1063] source
The passage on emerging RA bursting activity (section labelled Abstract; page not provided) reports that sleep inter-spike-interval distributions were more similar among birds that heard the same tutor song. The paper's reported correlations compare sleep distributions across birds, not sleep spike sequences with spiking recorded while a bird listened to the tutor song during the preceding wake phase. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Imprinting over repeated training sessions leads to a gradual increase in the number of IMM neurons that selectively respond to the imprinting stimulus, correlated with the chick's preference for the imprinting stimulus.
“Imprinting over repeated training sessions leads to a gradual increase in the number of neurons in the intermediate and medial mesopallium (IMM, also termed intermediate and medial hyperstriatum) that selectively respond to the imprinting stimulus which is correlated with the chick's preference for the imprinting stimulus (144, 568).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [144] source
- cites [568] source
The Results report more stimulus-selective IMHV neurons after training, supporting that part of the claim. But the increase was not gradual: the proportion stayed elevated after the second session, later fell to near its pretraining level, and rose again. Materials and Methods report that chicks preferred the imprinting stimulus, but the cited passages do not establish a correlation between preference strength and the number of selective neurons. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The discovery that sleep is essential to a bird's acquisition of a song fostered a major advance in this field.
“The surprising discovery that sleep is essential to a bird's acquisition of a song fostered a major advance in this field (773, 774).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [773] source
- cites [774] source
The Conclusions (§8a; page unavailable) report that a sleep-dependent singing rhythm is involved in accurate copying of a tutor’s song, supporting an important role for sleep in song learning. The paper does not establish that sleep is essential for acquiring any song, and §3a limits the observed rhythm to juvenile zebra finches using a particular learning strategy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Interpretationcitation
The findings suggested a model where RA burst activity during sleep and forming of sensorimotor song representations requires twofold waking inputs: auditory feedback from actual singing and activity related to the sensory template of the tutor song.
“The findings suggested a model where RA burst activity during sleep and the forming of sensorimotor representations of a song requires a twofold of inputs during waking, i.e., on the one hand, auditory feedback activity from actual singing during waking that serves a permissive role in structuring night-time RA bursting and organizing the song representation and on the other hand activity related”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
The model proposed by Margoliash and co-workers may also account for song learning and maintenance of learned songs in adult songbirds.
“Although this model as proposed by Margoliash and co-workers (774, 775) aims to explain developmental song learning, it may account also for song learning and the maintenance of learned songs in adult songbirds.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [774] source
Section 8a proposes a sleep-based model of developmental song learning, and Section 3b hypothesizes that sleep might play similar roles in adult birds, including song maintenance. Section 2 notes that some species learn new songs as adults, but the paper does not specifically apply its model to that adult learning. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [775] source
- Interpretationcitation
Reactivations during sleep may also strengthen the song template.
“In addition to modifying sensorimotor representations, reactivations during sleep may also strengthen the song template (136).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [136] source
The Introduction and Discussion propose that neural reactivation during sleep could strengthen memory traces, and the Discussion notes that reactivation has been observed in zebra finches. The paper does not specifically identify the song template as the trace being strengthened; its own experiment concerns auditory discrimination in adult starlings. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Inactivating the sleeping visual cortex with lidocaine or muscimol inhibited ODP, indicating that postsynaptic activity during sleep is required for consolidating plastic changes induced by monocular experience.
“Inactivating the sleeping visual cortex by administration of the Na ϩ channel blocker lidocaine or the GABA A agonist muscimol inhibited ODP, indicating that postsynaptic activity during sleep is required for consolidating the plastic changes induced by a monocular experience (411, 605).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [411] source
- cites [605] source
The Experimental procedures and Optical and microelectrode recordings sections report that lidocaine inactivated visual cortex during post-deprivation sleep and reduced ocular-dominance plasticity. The Discussion concludes that cortical activity during sleep is required for consolidation, but our copy does not report muscimol administration or establish a specifically postsynaptic requirement. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Rapamycin had no effect on plasticity induced during wakefulness.
“Rapamycin had no effect on plasticity induced during wakefulness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1060] source
- Premisecitation
The beneficial effect of sleep on consolidation of ODP mainly strengthens cortical responses to stimulation of the nondeprived eye.
“The beneficial effect of sleep on consolidation of ODP mainly leads to a strengthening of the cortical responses to stimulation of the nondeprived eye (48).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [48] source
- Premisecitation
In 7- and 12-year-old children, memory for novel words profited from an off-line consolidation interval involving sleep.
“Similarly, in 7-and 12-yr-old children, memory for novel words profited from an off-line consolidation interval involving sleep (141).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [141] source
- Premisecitation
Seibt et al. demonstrated critical dependence of ODP on protein synthesis during sleep, as mTOR-mediated protein synthesis inhibition by rapamycin prevented plastic changes in visual cortex.
“Most recently, Seibt et al. (1060) demonstrated the critical dependence of ODP on protein synthesis during sleep, as respective plastic changes in visual cortex could be prevented by inhibition of mTOR-mediated protein synthesis through rapamycin.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1060] source
- Premisecitation
Several other studies demonstrated profits from sleep in children aged 7-14 for word memories and integration of novel words into lexical knowledge.
“Similarly, several other studies demonstrated profits from sleep in children between 7 and 14 years of age for word memories as well as for the integration of novel words into lexical knowledge (141, 530, 945).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 3 sources checked- cites [141] source
The General Discussion reports improved recall of novel words after a 24-hour interval that included sleep, but says the study cannot rule out elapsed time rather than sleep as the cause. It also reports lexical competition immediately after learning, with no apparent increase after offline consolidation. Thus this paper supports improved word recall, but not a demonstrated sleep benefit for integrating novel words into lexical knowledge. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [530] source
The Abstract reports that 7–12-year-olds improved in recognition and recall of novel words after sleep, and that the words produced lexical competition only after sleep. This supports the word-memory and lexical-integration findings, but this paper does not establish them for the full stated 7–14 age range. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [945] source
The Methods (Participants and Procedures; page unavailable) describe 10–14-year-olds learning word pairs, and the Results report better recall after sleep. The paper does not report integration of novel words into lexical knowledge, and its own participants did not span the stated 7–14 age range. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Sleep-dependent ODP is prevented by blocking glutamatergic NMDA receptors or cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) during sleep after monocular deprivation.
“Sleep-dependent ODP is prevented by blocking glutamatergic NMDA receptors or cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) during sleep after monocular deprivation (48).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [48] source
- Interpretationcitation
In some adult zebra finches, RA burst activity during sleep appeared more similar to singing after sleep than before sleep, suggesting a preplay that creates new song features.
“Interestingly, RA burst activity during sleep in some of these cases appeared to be more similar to that observed during singing after sleep than before sleep, suggesting a kind of”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [323] source
The Abstract and Methods Summary describe preplay of hippocampal place-cell sequences in mice, not RA activity or song in zebra finches. Searches for zebra finch sleep bursts, singing before and after sleep, and new song features found no passage addressing the attributed observation. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
In children, skill performance is generally much slower, less accurate, and less automated than in adults, particularly in the initial stage of training.
“In children, skill performance is generally much slower, less accurate, and less automated than in adults, particularly in the initial stage of training (318, 385, 1185), which gives rise to the question of whether sleep enhances skill memories also in children if presleep performance is improved to a level comparable with that in adults.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [318] source
The Results (page not provided) report that initial speed and accuracy on the finger-to-thumb sequence task increased with age, supporting slower and less accurate initial performance in the younger groups. The study compared 9-, 12-, and 17-year-olds, not children directly with adults, and the cited passages do not assess automation or establish a general pattern across skills. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [385] source
- cites [1185] source
- Interpretationcitation
Considering that major age-related changes in sleep architecture concern SWS and associated SWA, prominent impairments in consolidation, especially of hippocampus-dependent declarative memory, may be expected.
“Considering that the major age-related changes in sleep architecture concern SWS and associated SWA, prominent impairments in the consolidation, especially of hippocampus-dependent declarative memory, may be expected (512).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [512] source
- Premisecitation
Percentages of time spent in SWS, but not in REM sleep, were strongly correlated with later retention performance.
“Also, percentages of time spent in SWS, but not in REM sleep, were strongly correlated with later retention performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [55] source
- Premisecitation
In humans, comparing retention of word pairs across nocturnal sleep between young (18-25 years) and middle-aged adults (48-55 years), Backhaus et al. revealed a significantly lower retention of word pairs in the middle-aged group.
“In humans, comparing retention of word pairs across nocturnal sleep between young (18 -25 years) and middle-aged adults (48 -55 years), Backhaus et al. ( 55) revealed a significantly lower retention of word pairs in the group of middle-aged participants.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [55] source
The Results report significantly lower word-pair retention in the middle-aged group after early nocturnal sleep. They also report that the groups did not differ significantly after late sleep (P = 0.11), so the unqualified claim about retention across nocturnal sleep overstates the finding. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
The impairment in word-pair retention in middle-aged adults was observed specifically for a retention interval that covered early nocturnal sleep, which is typically dominated by SWS.
“The impairment was observed specifically for a retention interval that covered early nocturnal sleep, which is typically dominated by SWS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [55] source
- Premisecitation
The weakening of temporally sequenced reactivation patterns in aged rats did not appear to be a consequence of age-related decreases in SWS.
“The weakening of temporally sequenced reactivation patterns in aged rates did not appear to be a consequence of age-related decreases in SWS.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [448] source
- Premisecitation
The infant language-learning result was confirmed in a second study employing an extended retention interval of 24 h.
“The results were confirmed in a second study of this group employing an extended retention interval of 24 h (589).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [589] source
- Premisecitation
Several studies relying on different versions of the SRTT revealed age-related impairments in the formation of motor skill memories during sleep.
“With regard to procedural memory, several studies relying on different versions of the SRTT revealed age-related impairments in the formation of motor skill memories during sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
SWS in the early nocturnal sleep interval was strikingly lower in middle-aged than young subjects.
“SWS in this interval was strikingly lower in the middle-aged than young subjects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [55] source
- Premisecitation
Comparing older (45-80 years) and younger adults (18-24 years) on the SRTT under implicit and explicit learning conditions, Spencer et al. found that only the younger but not the older subjects distinctly improved in performance in both task versions across overnight sleep, compared with performance changes across a daytime retention period of wakefulness.
“Comparing older (45-80 years) and younger adults (18 -24 years) on the SRTT under implicit and explicit learning conditions, Spencer et al. (1127) found that only the younger but not the older subjects distinctly improved in performance in both task versions across overnight sleep, compared with performance changes across a daytime retention period of wakefulness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1127] source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Studies in adults indicate that SWS is critically involved in the extraction of explicit knowledge.
“in line with studies in adults indicating that SWS is critically involved in the extraction of explicit knowledge (1347).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1347] source
- Premisecitation
There is converging evidence that sleep promotes Th1 immune responses as an immediate sequel of APC-T cell interactions.
“There is converging evidence that sleep promotes Th1 immune responses as an immediate sequel of APC-T cell interactions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [307] source
The discussion reports that sleep increased IL-12-producing dendritic-cell precursors and says this indicates a supportive influence on Th1-mediated adaptive immune responses. The introduction also explains that APCs can drive T cells toward type 1 responses. The paper does not establish that a Th1 response occurs as an immediate sequel of APC–T cell interactions; it presents that link as an inference from APC function. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [696] source
- Premisecitation
Sleep also did not improve performance in a second-order probabilistic SRTT in old subjects (60-80 years).
“Finally, sleep also did not improve performance in a second-order probabilistic SRTT in old subjects (60 -80 years) (852).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [852] source
- Premisecitation
In a further study, short sleep duration after hepatitis B vaccination predicted a decreased antibody response to the immunization.
“In a further study, short sleep duration after hepatitis B vaccination predicted a decreased antibody response to the immunization (946).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [946] Prather AA, 2012, Sleep source
The Discussion reports that shorter sleep duration was associated with a lower secondary antibody response to hepatitis B vaccination. But the Actigraphy section says sleep was averaged across three nights before and three nights after the first immunization; the Discussion says no individual nights were uniquely predictive. The study therefore does not establish the claim specifically for sleep after vaccination. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Premisecitation
Conversely, there are hints that owing to an overshooting proinflammatory cytokine response, the immediate defense of antigen is impaired during sleep, particularly during SWS.
“Conversely, there are hints that owing to an overshooting proinflammatory cytokine response, the immediate defense of antigen is impaired during sleep, particularly during SWS (508,627,693,779).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [508] source
- cites [627] source
The Discussion (page not supplied) suggests that excessive macrophage responsiveness may be detrimental and links proinflammatory cytokine secretion to time-of-day differences in endotoxic-shock mortality. It does not say that immediate defense against an antigen is impaired during sleep, particularly slow-wave sleep. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [693] source
- Premisecitation
Blocking of mineralocorticoid receptors during early SWS-rich sleep produces an enhancement in naive T-helper cell counts.
“In fact, blocking of mineralocorticoid receptors during early SWS-rich sleep produces an enhancement in naive T-helper cell counts (89).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [89] source
- Premisecitation
In vivo as well as in vitro studies identified high prolactin and low cortisol levels as factors most strongly contributing to the nocturnal upsurge of IL-12 production.
“Moreover, in vivo as well as in vitro studies identified high prolactin and low cortisol levels as factors most strongly contributing to the nocturnal upsurge of IL-12 production (307, 696).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [307] source
The ‘Temporal Relationships Between Immune, Sleep and Hormonal Parameters’ section links higher IL-12 production during sleep to high prolactin and low cortisol, but also to low norepinephrine. The discussion describes these hormonal effects as possible mediators and cites earlier in vitro prolactin findings; it does not establish that prolactin and cortisol were the two factors most strongly contributing to the increase. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [696] source
- Premisecitation
System consolidation during SWS relies on a dialogue between neocortex and hippocampus under top-down control by the neocortical slow oscillations.
“B: system consolidation during SWS relies on a dialogue between neocortex and hippocampus under top-down control by the neocortical slow oscillations (red).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [125] source
- Premisecitation
During SWS, memories newly encoded into a temporary store (i.e., the hippocampus in the declarative memory system) are repeatedly reactivated, which drives their gradual redistribution to the long-term store (i.e., the neocortex).
“A: during SWS, memories newly encoded into a temporary store (i.e., the hippocampus in the declarative memory system) are repeatedly reactivated, which drives their gradual redistribution to the long-term store (i.e., the neocortex).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [125] source
- Findingown data
For overnight retention of pictures, the only significant correlation was with time in REM sleep: increased REM sleep was associated with diminished overnight retention (r = -0.13), independently of emotional or neutral picture type.
“Also, with regard to overnight retention of pictures, the only significant correlation was revealed for time in REM sleep: increased REM sleep was associated with diminished overnight retention of pictures (r ϭ Ϫ0.13), independently of whether these pictures were emotional or neutral.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingcitation
In the authors' large sample, the number of fast spindles showed a positive but rather small correlation with short-term recall of pictures tested after 10 min.
“In accordance with previous studies, the number of fast spindles (13)(14)(15) showed a positive (but rather small) correlation with short-term recall (tested after 10 min) of pictures.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Ensuing REM sleep may stabilize transformed memories.
“Ensuing REM sleep may stabilize transformed memories.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Integrity of hippocampal circuitry is a prerequisite for retaining an episode as well as spatial and temporal context information in memory for more than 15 min.
“Integrity of hippocampal circuitry is a prerequisite for retaining an episode as well as spatial and temporal context information in memory for more than 15 min (231, 418).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Sleep as a state of greatly reduced external information processing represents an optimal time window for consolidating memories.
“Thus sleep as a state of greatly reduced external information processing represents an optimal time window for consolidating memories.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The waking brain is optimized for acute processing of external stimuli involving encoding and retrieval, while the sleeping brain provides optimal conditions for consolidation processes that integrate newly encoded memory into a long-term store.
- Interpretationreasoning
The fact that almost all animals sleep strongly argues in favor of an adaptive role of sleep in increasing the overall fitness of an organism.
“The fact that almost all animals sleep strongly argues in favor of an adaptive role of sleep in increasing the overall fitness of an organism”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisenone given
Recent work has revealed the importance of slow-wave sleep (SWS) for memory consolidation.
“recent work has revealed the importance of slow-wave sleep (SWS) for memory consolidation”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
The two-stage memory formation mechanism first proposed by Marr offers a solution to problems of catastrophic interference and capacity constraints.
“The two-stage memory formation mechanism first proposed by Marr (780) offers a solution to these problems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [780] source
- The authors state this as an assumption: Memories are initially encoded into a fast learning store (the hippocampus in the declarative memory system) and then gradually transferred to a slow learning store for long-term storage (the neocortex).
- Premisecitation
Sleep deprivation and sleep disruptions cause severe cognitive and emotional problems.
“Sleep deprivation and sleep disruptions cause severe cognitive and emotional problems (142,634,1243)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisereasoning
Sleep benefits the retention of memory.
“Over more than a century of research has established the fact that sleep benefits the retention of memory.”
- Also stated in: § I. INTRODUCTION · hedged
“Observations indicating that sleep benefits memory date back to the beginning of experimental memory research, and since then have been fitted with quite different concepts.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § I. INTRODUCTION · hedged
- Premisecitation
Synaptic consolidation leads to remodeling of synapses and spines of neurons contributing to a memory representation, eventually producing enduring changes in efficacy of participating synapses.
“Synaptic consolidation leads to the remodeling of the synapses and spines of the neurons contributing to a memory representation, eventually producing enduring changes in the efficacy of the participating synapses (e.g., Refs. 555,616,977).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationnone given
Current theories propose an active role for sleep in which memories undergo system consolidation during sleep.
“current theories highlight an active role for sleep in which memories undergo a process of system consolidation during sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Nondeclarative memories can be acquired without involvement of medial temporal lobe structures.
“In contrast to declarative memories, nondeclarative memories can be acquired without involvement of medial temporal lobe structures (1134).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1134] source
- Interpretationnone given
Consolidation originates from reactivation of recently encoded neuronal memory representations during SWS, which transforms representations for integration into long-term memory.
“Consolidation originates from reactivation of recently encoded neuronal memory representations, which occur during SWS and transform respective representations for integration into long-term memory.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Recent evidence suggests that memory traces are not consolidated once but, upon their reactivation by a reminder or active retrieval, undergo a period of reconsolidation to persist for the long term.
“Recent evidence suggests that memory traces are not consolidated once but, upon their reactivation by a reminder or active retrieval, undergo a period of reconsolidation to persist for the long term (844).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [844] source
- Premisecitation
Encoding induces synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD) as major forms of learning-induced synaptic plasticity.
“Encoding induces synaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) or long-term depression (LTD) as major forms of learning-induced synaptic plasticity (222,527,616,629,1209).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked - Premisecitation
A large number of studies consistently revealed increases in REM sleep after learning in rats, mice, and cats.
“With the use of a variety of tasks including classic, aversive, and appetitive conditioning procedures, a large number of studies consistently revealed increases in REM sleep after learning in rats, mice, and cats (100, 284, 389, 540, 708, 711-713, 747, 944, 1102, 1104, 1110, 1111).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 10 sources checked - Premisecitation
The enhancing effect on word recall of sleep compared with wakefulness was strongly enhanced when the subjects had learned an interference list shortly before final recall testing.
“they revealed that the enhancing effect on word recall of sleep compared with wakefulness was strongly enhanced when the subjects had learned an interference list shortly before final recall testing.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [347] source
- Interpretationcitation
Explaining the improving effect of sleep on memory retention solely on the basis of reduced interference appears to be untenable unless sleep stages are thought to differ in their degree of interference.
“Thus explaining the improving effect of sleep on memory retention solely on the basis of reduced interference appears to be untenable unless sleep stages are thought to differ in their degree of interference, e.g., owing to associated dreaming (408).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [408] source
- Premisecitation
Sleep after learning reduced the amount of forgetting in Jenkins and Dallenbach's study.
“Sleep after learning re-duced the amount of forgetting.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [603] source
- Premisecitation
Sleep after training a visual texture discrimination task substantially reduced discrimination thresholds on the task, indicating a critical importance of sleep for gains in skills that occur offline after training.
“Karni et al. (622) were the first to show that sleep after training a visual texture discrimination task substantially reduced discrimination thresholds on the task, indicating a critical importance of sleep for gains in skills that occur offline after training has”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [622] source
- Premisecitation
Total REM sleep deprivation or deprivation of the last two REM episodes of postlearning sleep selectively impairs performance on procedural memory tasks at retest 1 week later.
“Smith and colleagues (230, 1093, 1094) found that total REM sleep deprivation or deprivation of the last two REM episodes of postlearning sleep selectively impaired performance on the procedural memory tasks at the retest session 1 wk later.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [230] Conway J
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [1093] Smith C, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [1094] source
- Premisereasoning
Compared with findings in rats, evidence for a role of REM sleep in memory processing in humans is surprisingly inconsistent.
“Compared with the findings in rats, evidence for a role of REM sleep in memory processing in humans is surprisingly inconsistent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
REM sleep awakenings result in a 32% increase in a complex anagram solving task.
“Similarly, REM sleep awakenings also resulted in a 32% increase in a complex anagram solving task (1288), and conversely, the need for creative thinking increased subsequent REM sleep (730).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1288] source
- Premisecitation
Complete absence of REM sleep, e.g., during antidepressant treatment, does not lead to obvious impairment of memory formation.
“The second more critical concern is that even the complete absence of any REM sleep, e.g., during treatment with antidepressants, does not lead to any obvious impairment of memory formation (e.g., Refs.962 and 1252, but see Refs.138 and 1310 for discrepant results in rodents), suggesting that at least the overt EEG characteristics of REM sleep are not necessary for successful memory consolidation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Only with more complex declarative materials did REM sleep deprivation impair declarative memory in some studies.
“Only with more complex declarative materials (meaningless sentences, stories, etc.) did REM sleep deprivation impair declarative memory in some studies (350,1192).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
At least the overt EEG characteristics of REM sleep are not necessary for successful memory consolidation.
“The second more critical concern is that even the complete absence of any REM sleep, e.g., during treatment with antidepressants, does not lead to any obvious impairment of memory formation (e.g., Refs.962 and 1252, but see Refs.138 and 1310 for discrepant results in rodents), suggesting that at least the overt EEG characteristics of REM sleep are not necessary for successful memory consolidation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Selective deprivation of REM sleep during, but not outside of, identified PSWs impaired memory.
“Indeed, selective deprivation of REM sleep during, but not outside of, identified PSWs impaired memory (719,1101,1105,1106,1113,1115).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 6 sources checked - Premisecitation
The enhancing effect of postencoding sleep on emotional memories is detectable even after several years.
“The enhancing effect of postencoding sleep on emotional memories was detectable even after several years (1276).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1276] source
- Premisecitation
Most studies failed to find effects of selective REM sleep deprivation on the retention of declarative memories when simple verbal materials were used.
“Most studies failed to find effects of selective REM sleep deprivation on the retention of declarative memories when simple verbal materials (word lists, word pairs, etc.) were used (88,185,192,343,344,729,918,1094,1191).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 9 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
The findings speak against the view posed by Crick and Mitchison.
“Overall, these findings speak against the view posed by Crick and Mitchison (236).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [236] source
- Premisecitation
The need for creative thinking increases subsequent REM sleep.
“Similarly, REM sleep awakenings also resulted in a 32% increase in a complex anagram solving task (1288), and conversely, the need for creative thinking increased subsequent REM sleep (730).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [730] Lewin I, 1973
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
More consistent evidence for an involvement of REM sleep was obtained for tasks with a strong procedural memory component, like learning a foreign language or Morse code.
“More consistent evidence for an involvement of REM sleep was obtained for tasks with a strong procedural memory component, like learning a foreign language or Morse code (e.g., Refs.488, 656, 657, 758, 1249).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
Sleep is critically important for gains in skills that occur offline after training has finished.
“reduced discrimination thresholds on the task, indicating a critical importance of sleep for gains in skills that occur offline after training has finished.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
SWS-rich early sleep has a beneficial effect on declarative memory (word pairs) compared with REM sleep-rich late sleep or corresponding wake intervals.
“Yarush et al. (1340) were the first to report a beneficial effect of SWS-rich early sleep on declarative memory (word pairs), compared with retention performance across a REM sleep-rich late sleep or across corresponding wake intervals, and these findings were replicated in a later study of the same group (408).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
REM sleep deprivation impairs fear extinction in both humans and rodents.
“In the context of fear learning, sleep promoted the generalization of extinction learning (878), increased intersession habituation to emotional stimuli (879), and in both humans and rodents, the deprivation of REM sleep impaired fear extinction (421, 1084, 1133).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Late REM sleep-rich sleep benefits implicit memories (e.g., faces, masked stimuli).
“Later studies replicated beneficial effects of late REM sleep-rich sleep on implicit memories (e.g., faces, masked stimuli) (1248, 1277), and altogether these findings fit well with the notion of an involvement of REM sleep in procedural and implicit memory processes as revealed by standard REM sleep deprivation procedures (described in sect.IIB).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
SWS-rich sleep benefits declarative paired-associate memories when controlling for circadian influences by placing sleep periods at the same circadian phase.
“A similar benefit for declarative (pairedassociates) memories was revealed when controlling for circadian influences by placing SWS-rich and REM sleep-rich sleep periods at the same circadian phase, between 3 and 7 a.m.(63).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [63] source
- Premisecitation
In animals, REM sleep is consistently associated with strengthening of conditioned fear memories.
“In animals, REM sleep has been consistently associated with a strengthening of conditioned fear memories (see sect.IIB; for reviews, see, e.g., Refs. 538, 807, 1092Refs. 538, 807, , 1094)).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
REM sleep is involved in procedural and implicit memory processes.
“Later studies replicated beneficial effects of late REM sleep-rich sleep on implicit memories (e.g., faces, masked stimuli) (1248, 1277), and altogether these findings fit well with the notion of an involvement of REM sleep in procedural and implicit memory processes as revealed by standard REM sleep deprivation procedures (described in sect.IIB).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Sleep facilitates generalization of implicit fear responses.
“Sleep likewise facilitated the generalization of implicit fear responses (678).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [678] source
- Premisecitation
There is consistent evidence for an involvement of stage 2 sleep and sleep spindles in motor learning.
“There is consistent evidence for an involvement of stage 2 sleep and sleep spindles in motor learning (139,396,822,862,921), and memory for a simple motor task is impaired after selective stage 2 sleep deprivation (1112, 1117).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Sleep stage 2 spindle activity and spindle counts similarly correlate with overnight retention of verbal and visuospatial memories.
“However, sleep stage 2 spindle activity and spindle counts were found to similarly correlate with the overnight retention of verbal and visuospatial memories, suggesting that spindles and stage 2 sleep are also involved in declarative memory formation (213,214,1016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Overnight improvement on a visual texture discrimination task is best predicted by time in SWS in the first quarter and time in REM sleep in the last quarter of the night.
“The overnight improvement on a visual texture discrimination task was best predicted by the time in SWS in the first quarter and the time in REM sleep in the last quarter of the night (1157).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1157] source
- Premisecitation
Number of SWS periods followed by REM sleep positively correlates with memory performance on a two-way active avoidance task in rats.
“A series of studies in rats provided evidence for the hypothesis (24,25,27,28), for example, reporting high positive correlations between the number of SWS periods followed by REM sleep with memory performance on a two-way active avoidance task (698).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [698] source
- Premisecitation
Sleep stage 2 duration and fast spindle density predict sleep-dependent improvements in a finger tapping task.
“Training on motor tasks increased the time spent in stage 2 and the density of fast (but not slow) spindles (399, 837, 920, 921, 1173, 1174), and sleep stage 2 duration and fast spindle density also predicted sleep-dependent improvements in a finger tapping task (59,961,1285,1286).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
A major weakness of the night-half paradigm is that it ignores possible contributions of stage 2 sleep to memory.
“A major weakness of the night-half paradigm is that it ignores possible contributions of stage 2 sleep to memory.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
In the elderly, sleep cycle organization predicts capacity for overnight retention of words.
“In the elderly, sleep cycle organization predicted their capacity for overnight-retention of words (796).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [796] source
- Premisecitation
Number of SWS periods followed by awakening negatively correlates with performance.
“In contrast, the number of SWS periods followed by wakening correlated negatively with performance, providing indirect support for a weakening of memories during SWS, if not followed by REM sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Significant explicit sequence knowledge develops when SRTT training is followed by nocturnal sleep.
“Yet, significant explicit sequence knowledge developed when SRTT training was followed by nocturnal sleep (324,382).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Sleep-enhancing effect of statistical learning is accompanied by a shift in brain activation from medial temporal lobe to striatum.
“Similarly, the sleep-enhancing effect of statistical learning (337) was accompanied by a shift in brain activation from the medial temporal lobe to the striatum (336).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Sleep facilitates gain of insight in the Number Reduction Task.
“Using the Number Reduction Task (1189), Wagner et al. (1275) showed that sleep facilitates the gain of insight, i.e., explicit knowledge of a hidden structure that was embedded in strings of digits which the subjects had to process before sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1275] source
- Premisereasoning
Sleep does not equally benefit all memories.
“In support of this notion, a growing body of experiments indicates that sleep does not equally benefit all memories, although the mechanisms determining whether or not a certain memory gains access to offline consolidation during sleep are currently not well understood.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Sleep enhances prospective memory for future plans.
“Similar to the preferential influence on relevant memories, sleep after encoding benefited the memory to perform an intended action at a designated time (298, 1056), suggesting an enhancing effect of sleep also on prospective memory for future plans.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In a sequence-finger tapping task, sleep preferentially improved goal-related aspects over movement-related aspects per se.
“In a sequence-finger tapping task, sleep preferentially improved the goal-related aspects (i.e., the target keys) rather than the movement-related aspects per se (i.e., the tapping executed with specifically the left or right hand) (218, 1330).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Sleep after encoding benefited memory to perform an intended action at a designated time.
“Similar to the preferential influence on relevant memories, sleep after encoding benefited the memory to perform an intended action at a designated time (298, 1056), suggesting an enhancing effect of sleep also on prospective memory for future plans.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [298] Diekelmann S, Sleep.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [1056] source
- Interpretationreasoning
Memory consolidation during sleep is selective.
“As another key feature, the “active system consolidation” concept implies that memory consolidation during sleep is selective.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Explicit encoding favors access to memory consolidation during sleep.
“As learning of declarative memories is explicit (and often intentional), these results suggest that explicit encoding favors access to memory consolidation during sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisenone given
Initial memory strength might affect consolidation during sleep.
“Second, the initial memory strength might affect consolidation during sleep, although the available data are not consistent.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Off-line consolidation does not globally strengthen recently acquired memory traces and their synaptic connections.
“It is rather unlikely that off-line consolidation strengthens recently acquired memory traces and their synaptic connections globally, because such global and unselective strengthening would inevitably produce a system overflow.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Sleep counteracted instructed directed forgetting effects.
“However, sleep also appeared to counteracted instructed, i.e., “directed” forgetting effects in these studies (2,330,381).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
Sleep favors consolidation of memories that essentially depend on hippocampal functions.
“This view of theta-related tagging of memories integrates a growing number of rodent studies indicating that sleep favors the consolidation of memories that essentially depend on hippocampal functions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisenone given
In the standard two-stage memory model, reactivations are critical for distributing newly encoded memories to long-term storage sites.
“In the standard two-stage memory model, comprised of a fast encoding temporary store (hippocampus) and a slow-learning long-term store (neocortex, see sect.IB3), reactivations are regarded as critical for distrib-uting the newly encoded memories to long-term storage sites.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The pattern of firing in place cell assemblies is linked to the memory of the spatial environment.
“Running along a particular path leads to a specific sequence of place cell firing, which reoccurs when the animal runs along the same path at different times, indicating that the pattern of firing in place cell assemblies is linked to the memory of the spatial environment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Initial studies showing reactivation of assembly firing patterns during sleep were criticized because the tested animals were highly overtrained in the spatial tasks.
“Results from initial studies showing reactivation of assembly firing patterns during sleep were criticized because the tested animals were highly overtrained in the spatial tasks (538, 1204).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
The active system consolidation model has been refined mainly for explicitly encoded memories in the hippocampus-dependent declarative memory system.
“The findings discussed above have been used to essentially refine the model of active system consolidation, mainly with respect to memories that are explicitly encoded, via activation of prefrontal-hippocampal circuitry, in the hippocampus-dependent declarative memory system.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationnone given
Reactivations of memory representations transform new memories that are labile and prone to decay into stable long-term memories.
“Reactivations of memory representations are thought to transform new memories that are still labile and prone to decay into stable memories that are preserved for the long-term.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Processes of abstraction, insight, and integration promoted by sleep are a consequence of reactivation-induced reorganization of memory representation.
“Processes of abstraction, insight, and integration promoted by sleep in this model are thought to be a consequence of reactivation-induced reorganization of memory representation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
Running along a particular path leads to a specific sequence of place cell firing that reoccurs when the animal runs along the same path at different times.
“Running along a particular path leads to a specific sequence of place cell firing, which reoccurs when the animal runs along the same path at different times, indicating that the pattern of firing in place cell assemblies is linked to the memory of the spatial environment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Strengthening of ventromedial prefrontal cortical connections might be particularly important for sleep-induced gain of explicit memory.
“For this sleep-induced gain of explicit memory, the strengthening of ventromedial prefrontal cortical connections might be particularly important (256, 1321).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisenone given
There is ample evidence that reactivations of memories occur during sleep.
“There is now ample evidence that reactivations of memories occur during sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Reactivation of firing patterns during sleep after performance on spatial tasks was obtained in the dentate gyrus.
“Reactivation of firing patterns during sleep after the performance on spatial tasks was likewise obtained in the dentate gyrus (1065).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1065] source
- Premisecitation
Working memory capacity is strongly correlated with sleep-dependent benefits for hippocampus-dependent declarative memories (word pair associates).
“Interestingly, a recent human study indicated that working memory capacity, a function that in a healthy brain is most closely linked to a cooperative activation of the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, is strongly correlated with sleep-dependent benefits for hippocampusdependent declarative memories (word pair associates) (374).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [374] Fenn KM, 2011, J Exp Psychol Gen source
- Interpretationreasoning
Reactivation-induced reorganization of memory representations during SWS might enhance accessibility of memories such that implicitly acquired regularities are strengthened and become accessible to explicit assessment after sleep.
“Moreover, reactivation-induced reorganization of memory representations during SWS might enhance the accessibility of memories such that implicitly acquired regularities are strengthened and, after sleep, become accessible to explicit assessment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In a spatial maze task, mice sleep deprived after learning shifted from a hippocampus-dependent to a striatum-dependent response strategy.
“In a spatial maze task, mice that were sleep deprived after learning shifted from a hippocampus-dependent to a striatum-dependent response strategy (e.g., Refs.498 and 500; for related results, see Refs.94,1106,1115).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Refs.498 and 500
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Refs.94,1106,1115
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Reactivations occur repeatedly and offline during sleep to enable gradual integration of the gist of new representations into preexisting long-term memory networks without overwriting older memories.
“These reactivations occur repeatedly and offline (during sleep) to enable the gradual integration of the gist of the new representations into preexisting long-term memory networks, without overwriting these older memories.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Olfactory-induced reactivations of memory representations in the hippocampus can promote oscillatory activity facilitating plastic changes in thalamocortical circuits.
“suggesting that olfactory-induced reactivations of memory representations in the hippocampus can promote oscillatory activity facilitating plastic changes in thalamocortical circuits”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Neuronal signs of spontaneously occurring memory reactivations in the wake state can be identified also in humans.
“Overall, these findings provide first hints that neuronal signs of spontaneously occurring memory reactivations in the wake state can be identified also in humans.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
There is no convincing evidence for a direct link between the reactivation of newly encoded memory representations during sleep as evidenced by the recording of neuronal activity and reported dreams.
“Overall, there is so far no convincing evidence for a direct link between the reactivation of newly encoded memory representations during sleep as evidenced by the recording of neuronal activity and reported dreams.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Odor-induced reactivations during sleep can induce the generation of more creative solutions to a problem encountered before sleep.
“Recent experiments show that odor-induced reactivations during sleep can even induce the generation of more creative solutions to a problem encountered before sleep (999).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [999] Ritter SM, J Sleep Res.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Only a very small portion of dream reports (1-2%) incorporate genuinely episodic memories experienced during presleep waking.
“only a very small portion of dream reports (1-2%) incorporate genuinely episodic memories experienced during presleep waking (405, 1050).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Phase-locked electrical and transmagnetic stimulation has revealed the depolarizing up-phase as a period of distinctly enhanced neuronal network excitability.
“Indeed, phase-locked electrical and transmagnetic stimulation has revealed the depolarizing up-phase as a period of distinctly enhanced neuronal network excitability (83,792,1200).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationown data
The sequential occurrence of REM sleep is not a prerequisite for the stabilizing effects of reactivations during SWS.
“arguing against the sequential occurrence of REM sleep as another prerequisite for the stabilizing effects of reactivations during SWS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductcitation
In this condition memories were reactivated during the first period of SWS not followed by any REM sleep.
“Note, in this condition memories were reactivated during the first period of SWS not followed by any REM sleep”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [295] source
- Interpretationreasoning
These experiments provide emergent evidence for a key role reactivation plays in all phases of memory formation that essentially depends on the brain state.
“In combination, these experiments provide emergent evidence for a key role reactivation plays in all phases of memory formation that essentially depends on the brain state.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Similar effects of PAS stimulation on SWA were associated with local changes in slow spindle activity.
“In another study, similar effects of PAS stimulation on SWA were associated with local changes in slow spindle activity (85).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [85] source
- Premisecitation
Arm immobilization during daytime resulted in reduced SWA over the contralateral motor cortex.
“Conversely, arm immobilization during daytime resulted in reduced SWA over the contralateral motor cortex (581).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [581] source
- Interpretationnone given
There is now convergent evidence that SWA and the slow oscillations represent a central mechanism conveying the beneficial effect of SWS on memory consolidation, in particular in the declarative memory system.
“There is now convergent evidence that SWA and the slow oscillations represent a central mechanism conveying the beneficial effect of SWS on memory consolidation, in particular in the declarative memory system (see sect.IID).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Combination changes observed after tDCS at different frequencies seem to indicate that the cortical networks oscillating at the theta frequency during encoding of hippocampus-dependent memories are functionally linked to the networks that oscillate at the slow oscillation frequency during subsequent SWS to consolidate these memories.
“In fact, combination changes observed after tDCS at different frequencies seem to indicate that the cortical networks oscillating at the theta frequency during encoding of hippocampus-dependent memories are functionally linked to the networks that oscillate at the slow oscillation frequency during subsequent SWS to consolidate these memories.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Direct evidence for a causal role of slow oscillations on sleep-dependent memory consolidation is provided by studies experimentally inducing slow oscillations by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS).
“Direct evidence for a causal role of slow oscillations on sleepdependent memory consolidation is provided by studies experimentally inducing slow oscillations by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS; FIGURE 5A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
When rats had to rely on their whiskers during the activity period in darkness, subsequent SWA was higher in the somato-sensory cortex compared with a situation in which additional light was available during the active period.
“When rats had to rely on their whiskers during the activity period in darkness, subsequent SWA was higher in the so-mato-sensory cortex compared with a situation in which additional light was available during the active period (1341).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1341] source
- Premisecitation
Effects on word pair memories were even more consistent with tDCS oscillating at 0.75 Hz, a frequency mimicking the endogenous slow oscillations.
“Effects on word pair memories were even more consistent with tDCS oscillating at 0.75 Hz, i.e., a frequency mimicking the endogenous slow oscillations (FIGURE 5B, Ref. 783).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [783] source
- Premisecitation
In birds, sensory deprivation of one eye while watching a documentary about birds increased SWA and the slope of slow waves only in the hyperpallium connected to the stimulated eye.
“In birds, sensory deprivation of one eye while watching a documentary about birds increased SWA and the slope of slow waves only in the hyperpallium (a primary visual region) connected to the stimulated eye (726).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [726] source
- Premisecitation
A computational model confirmed that a decrease in synaptic strength can fully account for the gradual decrease of SWA from the beginning to the end of the sleep period.
“A computational model confirmed that a decrease in synaptic strength can fully account for the gradual decrease of SWA from the beginning to the end of the sleep period (360).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [360] source
- The authors state this as an assumption: SWA is implicated in the downscaling of synaptic weights.
- The authors state this as an assumption: SWA and in particular the <1 Hz slow oscillations proportionally downscale the potentiated synapses by a long-term depression-like mechanism.
- Interpretationcitation
Synaptic downscaling can be considered a nonspecific process complementing active system consolidation during sleep.
“Synaptic downscaling can be considered a nonspecific process complementing active system consolidation during sleep (293).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [293] source
- Premisecitation
Wakefulness leads to a gradual increase in energy demands, e.g., glucose uptake, of the brain.
“There is also evidence that, together with increased net synaptic potentiation, wakefulness leads to a gradual increase in energy demands, e.g., glucose uptake, of the brain.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
In humans, cerebral glucose uptake measured by PET did not appear to be decreased when measured 2-4 h after sleeping.
“In humans, cerebral glucose uptake measured by PET did not appear to be decreased when measured 2-4 h after sleeping (157).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [157] source
- Premisecitation
Contrary to predictions from the synaptic homeostasis theory, the benefit from sleep for the first (weaker) list of words learned was significantly stronger than for the second list learned.
“Contrary to predictions from the synaptic homeostasis theory, the benefit from sleep for the first (weaker) list of words learned was significantly stronger than for the second list learned (325,343).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
There is no experimental data supporting the existence of a threshold below which weakly potentiated synapses are nullified.
“So far, there is no experimental data supporting the existence of such a threshold, nor for the assumption that synaptic scaling in the cortical network is proportional (293).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [293] source
- Interpretationcitation
SWS is linked to synaptic potentiation rather than down-scaling.
“suggesting that SWS is linked to synaptic potentiation rather than down-scaling (118).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [118] source
- Premisecitation
There is a lack of any behavioral data indicating sleep-associated forgetting of irrelevant memories.
“There is indeed a lack of any behavioral data indicating sleep-associated forgetting of irrelevant memories (293).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [293] source
- Interpretationreasoning
Findings of a sleep-dependent reorganization of neuronal memory representations challenge the synaptic homeostasis theory inasmuch as this implies that some parts of a representation undergo up-scaling during sleep while others are down-scaled.
“Consequently, findings of a sleepdependent reorganization of neuronal memory representations also represent a challenge to the synaptic homeostasis theory inasmuch as this implies that some parts of a representation undergo up-scaling during sleep while others are down-scaled (see sect.III).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Reactivation-based consolidation processes might be complemented and even enhanced by an unspecific process of synaptic downscaling that acts on a global scale to maintain overall synaptic homeostasis.
“However, these processes might be complemented and even enhanced by an unspecific process of synaptic downscaling that acts on a global scale to maintain overall synaptic homeostasis (293).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [293] source
- Premisecitation
There is no experimental data supporting the assumption that synaptic scaling in the cortical network is proportional.
“So far, there is no experimental data supporting the existence of such a threshold, nor for the assumption that synaptic scaling in the cortical network is proportional (293).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [293] source
- Premisecitation
Learning during wakefulness relies both on LTP and LTD-like mechanisms.
“In light of clear evidence that learning during wakefulness relies both on LTP and LTDlike mechanisms (e.g., Refs.222, 629)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Within neocortical networks, spindle activity is probably associated with a massive calcium influx into pyramidal cells.
“Within neocortical networks, spindle activity is probably associated with a massive calcium influx into pyramidal cells (1061).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1061] source
- Premisecitation
Suppressing SWA did not impair the learning of a motor skill task.
“Surprisingly, no change in activation in relevant neocortical areas was found, and suppressing SWA also did not impair the learning of a motor skill task.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Enhanced encoding on hippocampus-dependent declarative tasks in the absence of changes in motor skill learning was revealed after enhancing sleep SWA by transcranial direct current stimulation.
“Complementary effects, i.e., enhanced encoding on hippocampus-dependent declarative tasks in the absence of changes in motor skill learning, were revealed after enhancing sleep SWA by transcranial direct current stimulation (oscillating at the 0.75 Hz slow oscillation frequency) (39).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [39] Antonenko D, Eur J Neurosci.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
There is a reciprocal relationship between spindles and SWA such that while SWA progressively decreases across nocturnal sleep in humans, sleep spindles and power in the 12-15 Hz sigma band tend to increase.
“There is a reciprocal relationship between spindles and SWA such that while SWA progressively decreases across nocturnal sleep in humans, sleep spindles and power in the 12-15 Hz (”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Collectively, these initial data corroborate the idea that SWA during sleep refreshes capacities for the encoding of information possibly by a synaptic down-scaling-like mechanism.
“Collectively, these initial data corroborate the idea that SWA during sleep refreshes capacities for the encoding of information possibly by a synaptic down-scaling-like mechanism.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In humans, the local expression of spindle activity during non-REM sleep increased or decreased depending on whether LTP-like or LTD-like plasticity had been induced through TMS before sleep.
“Correspondingly in humans, the local expression of spindle activity during non-REM sleep increased or decreased depending on whether LTP-like or LTD-like plasticity had been induced through transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) before sleep (85).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [85] source
- Premisecitation
The impairing effect on picture encoding was accompanied by reduced hippocampus activation during learning.
“The impairing effect on picture encoding was accompanied by reduced hippocampus activation during learning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
In vivo, synchronous spindle activity occurred more reliably in neocortical synaptic networks that had been previously potentiated through tetanic stimulation.
“In vivo, synchronous spindle activity occurred more reliably in neocortical synaptic networks that had been previously potentiated through tetanic stimulation (1315).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1315] source
- Premisecitation
Amygdala responses during the viewing of aversive pictures increased after 35 h of sleep deprivation.
“Interestingly, amygdala responses during the viewing of aversive pictures increased after 35 h of sleep deprivation (1345).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1345] source
- Premisecitation
Many studies in humans and animals have indicated a robust association between spindle activity and memory processing during sleep.
“Many studies in humans and animals have indicated a robust association between spindle activity and memory processing during sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Ripples arise from an interaction between inhibitory interneurons and pyramidal cells via synaptic (glutamatergic, GABAergic) connections and gap junctions.
“Ripples arise from an interaction between inhibitory interneurons and pyramidal cells via synaptic (glutamatergic, GABAergic) connections and gap junctions (162).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [162] source
- Premisecitation
In epileptic humans, the number of rhinal ripples during a nap correlated positively with the consolidation of previously acquired picture memories.
“In epileptic humans, the number of rhinal ripples during a nap correlated positively with the consolidation of previously acquired picture memories (50).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [50] source
- Premisenone given
SW-Rs during SWS typically accompany the reactivation of neuron ensembles active during the preceding wake experience.
“Most importantly, SW-Rs during SWS typically accompany the reactivation of neuron ensembles active during the preceding wake experience (see sect.IIIA).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Spindles also appear to be involved in the consolidation of skills, especially of simple motor and visuomotor skills.
“Spindles also appear to be involved in the consolidation of skills, especially of simple motor (e.g., pursuit rotor task, simple sequential finger tapping) and visuomotor skills (1114).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1114] Smith CT, 2004, Psychol Belg source
- Interpretationcitation
Together these findings provide first hints that spindles are implicated in the hippocamponeocortical exchange of memory information mediating active system consolidation during sleep.
“Together these findings provide first hints that spindles are implicated in the hippocamponeocortical exchange of memory information mediating active system consolidation during sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The fine-tuned temporal relationship between neocortical slow oscillations, thalamic spindles, and hippocampal SW-Rs originates from a top-down control of the slow oscillation on the two other events.
“The fine-tuned temporal relationship between the neocortical slow oscillations, thalamic spindles, and hippocampal SW-Rs originates from a top-down control of the slow oscillation on the two other events.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
There is now good evidence that SW-Rs are critically involved in the consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memories during sleep.
“In conclusion, there is now good evidence that SW-Rs are critically involved in the consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memories during sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
There is now growing evidence for a dialogue between neocortex and hippocampus mediating the system consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memory, which is orchestrated by a fine-tuned interaction between oscillatory field potential activities.
“In sum, there is now growing evidence for a dialogue between neocortex and hippocampus mediating the system consolidation of hippocampus-dependent memory, which is orchestrated by a fine-tuned interaction between oscillatory field potential activities.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Rats showed increased theta activity during REM sleep after training on an avoidance task.
“Rats showed increased theta activity during REM sleep after training on an avoidance task (397).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [397] source
- Premisecitation
PGO wave density during posttraining REM sleep is correlated with increased activity of plasticity-related immediate early genes and brain-derived neurotrophic factors in the dorsal hippocampus.
“Moreover, PGO wave density during posttraining REM sleep is correlated with increased activity of plasticity-related immediate early genes and brain-derived neurotrophic factors in the dorsal hippocampus.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
PGO waves tend to occur phase-locked to theta oscillations.
“PGO waves tend to occur phase-locked to theta oscillations (618).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [618] source
- Interpretationcitation
As ripples accompany assemble reactivations in the hippocampus, spindle-ripple events might represent a mechanism serving the sequenced transfer of reactivated memory information towards neocortical sites.
“As ripples accompany assemble reactivations in the hippocampus, spindle-ripple events might represent a mechanism serving the sequenced transfer of reactivated memory information towards neocortical sites (827, 1087).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Taken together, these data suggest a looplike scenario during sleep after learning.
“Taken together, these data suggest a looplike scenario during sleep after learning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationnone given
Evidence for an involvement of theta activity during REM sleep in memory consolidation is overall meager.
“Evidence for an involvement of theta activity during REM sleep in memory consolidation is overall meager.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
LTP and LTD, respectively, can result from slight differences in the phase of theta oscillations between pre- and postsynaptic neurons.
“Likewise, LTP and LTD, respectively, can result from slight differences in the phase of theta oscillations between pre-and postsynaptic neurons (514).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [514] source
- Interpretationcitation
Prior learning appears to strengthen the top-down control of slow oscillations on spindles and ripples.
“Importantly, prior learning appears to strengthen the topdown control of slow oscillations on spindles and ripples.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In humans, scalp-recorded EEG theta activity was enhanced during REM sleep following learning of paired associates.
“In humans, scalp-recorded EEG theta activity was enhanced during REM sleep following learning of paired associates (399)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [399] source
- Interpretationcitation
Impaired memory retention following sleep deprivation results from disruption of cAMP-PKA-CREB pathway that supports formation of late LTP.
“These observations corroborate the concept that impaired memory retention following sleep deprivation results from the disruption of the cAMP-PKA-CREB pathway that supports the formation of late LTP.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Induction of new LTP is more likely during wakefulness than sleep.
“suggesting that the induction of new LTP is more likely during wakefulness than sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In developing cortex of cats, ocular dominance plasticity induced by monocular deprivation requires sleep.
“In the developing cortex of cats, ocular dominance plasticity induced by monocular deprivation of one eye requires sleep (77,412,413).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Specific time windows of increased REM sleep and sensitivity to REM sleep deprivation have been observed after learning of hippocampus-dependent tasks.
“Correspondingly, specific time windows of increased REM sleep and sensitivity to REM sleep deprivation have been observed after learning of hippocampus-dependent tasks (Morris water maze with hidden platform, radial maze) (1115)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1115] source
- Premisecitation
Benzodiazepines administered after encoding can enhance memory in waking subjects, possibly by preventing encoding of new interfering information.
“Interestingly, there is rather consistent evidence that benzodiazepines administered after the encoding of information can enhance memory for this information in waking subjects, possibly by preventing the encoding of new interfering information after learning (247, 888, 1313, 1332).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premiseown data
Ketamine or caroverine administration during retention sleep did not impair consolidation of hippocampus-dependent declarative memories (word pairs).
“Surprisingly, ketamine or caroverine administration during retention sleep did not impair consolidation of hippocampus-dependent declarative memories (word pairs) (unpublished observation).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites unpublished observation
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Blockade of NMDA receptors shortly after these REM sleep windows disrupted sleep-dependent consolidation of these tasks.
“and blockade of NMDA receptors shortly after these REM sleep windows disrupted sleep-dependent consolidation of these tasks (1094, 1099)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [1094] source
- cites [1099] Smith C, 1993, Sleep Res
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Sleep might be critically involved in processes supporting long-term maintenance of synaptic changes, particularly those involving protein synthesis.
“Sleep might, nonetheless, be critically involved in processes supporting the long-term maintenance of synaptic changes, particularly in those involving protein synthesis.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
Few studies concentrating on memory consolidation during sleep point towards opposite effects of benzodiazepines.
“However, the few studies concentrating on memory consolidation during sleep point towards opposite effects.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Triazolam and zopiclone administered after learning before sleep impaired retention of words in healthy volunteers.
“Early experiments in healthy volunteers suggested an impairing influence of the benzodiazepine trialzolam and the non-benzodiazepine zopiclone administered after learning before sleep on the retention of words (1040, 1082)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [1040] Scharf MB, 1986, Hillside J Clin Psychiatry
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [1082] source
- Premisecitation
Pharmacological blockade of cortisol synthesis, lowering cortisol during early nocturnal SWS below baseline, impairs sleep-dependent declarative memory consolidation in humans.
“Accordingly, lowering cortisol levels in humans during early nocturnal SWS below baseline levels by pharmacological blockade of cortisol synthesis impaired sleep-dependent declarative memory consolidation (1272).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1272] source
- Premisecitation
A specific sleep-related window of increased LC burst activity about 120 min after learning of odor-reward associations has been identified in rats.
“Moreover, a specific sleep-related window of increased LC burst activity ϳ120 min after learning of odor-reward associations has been identified in rats (356).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [356] source
- Interpretationreasoning
Bursts of noradrenergic activity during SWS are particularly important for consolidation of memories involving strong amygdala-mediated emotional and hippocampus-mediated declarative components.
“Together, these findings suggest that bursts of noradrenergic activity during SWS are particularly important for the consolidation of memories that involve both a strong amygdala-mediated emotional component as well as a hippocampus-mediated declarative component”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Suppression of cholinergic activity during SWS enables spontaneous reactivations of hippocampal networks and transfer to neocortical networks.
“Suppression of cholinergic activity during SWS alleviates tonic inhibition of hippocampal CA3 and CA1 feedback neurons, thereby it enables spontaneous reactivations of the hippocampal networks and of the memory information encoded in these networks, as well as the transfer of the reactivated information to neocortical networks (FIGURE 6A; Refs.520, 522, 782).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Melatonin impairs acquisition of hippocampus-dependent spatial memories in rats.
“has also been found to impair acquisition of hippocampus-dependent spatial memories in rats (372)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [372] Feng Y, 2002, Sheng Li Xue Bao
- Premisecitation
Wake-promoting signals mainly support LTP induction and maintenance.
“Wake-promoting signals have been mainly found to support LTP induction and maintenance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
A certain basal release of cortisol is necessary during SWS to occupy mineralocorticoid receptors, which support transition of early into late LTP in hippocampus.
“However, a certain basal release of cortisol is necessary during SWS to sufficiently occupy mineralocorticoid receptors, which bind cortisol with a distinctly higher affinity and support the transition of early into late LTP in hippocampus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
One study did not find impairing effect of zolpidem and triazolam on sleep-dependent memory consolidation of words and nonwords.
“whereas one study did not find an impairing effect of the hypnotics zolpidem and triazolam on sleep-dependent memory consolidation of words and nonwords (813).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [813] source
- Premisecitation
Spontaneously increased nocturnal cortisol levels around midnight were correlated with impaired retrieval of declarative memories in healthy subjects and patients with primary insomnia.
“In addition, spontaneously increased nocturnal cortisol levels around midnight were found to be correlated with impaired retrieval of declarative memories in healthy subjects and patients with primary insomnia (58).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [58] source
- Premisecitation
Triazolam and zolpidem impair sleep-dependent consolidation of finger sequence tapping skills in humans.
“Two more recent studies in humans showed similarly impairing effects of triazolam and zolpidem on sleep-dependent consolidation of finger sequence tapping skills (835,836).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Increasing cholinergic tone during SWS-rich sleep by physostigmine completely blocked sleep-associated consolidation of word pair memories.
“increasing cholinergic tone during a period of SWS-rich sleep by administration of the cholinesterase inhibitor physostigmine completely blocked the sleep-associated consolidation of word pair memories (FIGURE 6B; Refs.429, 963).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Clonidine during SWS-rich retention impaired specifically emotional memory processing.
“In a subsequent study, clonidine infused during a SWS-rich period of retention sleep appeared to impair specifically emotional memory processing (1031).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1031] source
- Interpretationreasoning
Astrocytic adenosine via A1 receptors is involved in mediating impairing effects of sleep deprivation on memory consolidation.
“Taken together, these findings indicate that astrocytic adenosine, beyond its promoting effect on sleep, via activation of A1 receptors is also involved in mediating the impairing effects of sleep deprivation on memory consolidation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Negative findings after benzodiazepine or tiagabin administration during postlearning sleep suggest that spindles and SWA do not represent mechanisms per se sufficient to support sleep-dependent memory consolidation.
“The negative findings after benzodiazepine or tiagabin administration during postlearning sleep suggest that EEG phenomena-like spindles and SWA do not represent mechanisms that per se are sufficient to support sleep-dependent memory consolidation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Increasing glucocorticoid levels during sleep by cortisol or dexamethasone impaired consolidation of memory for word pairs and temporal order in stories.
“Accordingly, increasing glucocorticoid levels during sleep by postlearning administration of cortisol or dexamethasone impaired consolidation of memory for word pairs and for the temporal order in stories (932, 933, 1323).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
If any substantial contribution of REM sleep to procedural memory consolidation exists, increasing noradrenergic or serotonergic tone can apparently compensate for it.
“If any substantial contribution of REM sleep to procedural memory consolidation exists, increasing noradrenergic or serotonergic tone can apparently compensate for it.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Dopamine receptor blocker flupenthixol infused into dorsal striatum 0-4 h after learning during REM sleep windows exerts the same impairing effect on habit consolidation as scopolamine.
“Legault et al. (721) reported that the dopamine receptor blocker flupenthixol infused into the dorsal striatum 0 -4 h after learning during “REM sleep windows” exerted the same impairing effect on habit consolidation as observed after scopolamine.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [721] source
- Premisereasoning
Direct evidence for a genetic contribution to sleep-dependent formation of memory is entirely lacking.
“In fact, presently, direct evidence for a genetic contribution to the sleep-dependent formation of memory is entirely lacking.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning
The involvement of dopaminergic activity in sleep-associated memory consolidation has not been thoroughly examined.
“the involvement of dopaminergic activity in sleep-associated memory consolidation has not been thoroughly examined thus far.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
There is some evidence that the increase in cholinergic activity during REM sleep is accompanied by increased dopaminergic activity originating from ventral tegmental, rather than striatal, areas which innervate nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex.
“There is some evidence that the increase in cholinergic activity during REM sleep is accompanied by an increased dopaminergic activity originating from ventral tegmental, rather than striatal, areas which innervate a network of further regions such as the nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex (724, 757).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Anticholinergic treatment during wakefulness after learning is ineffective.
“Anticholinergic treatment during wakefulness after learning remained ineffective (961).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [961] source
- Interpretationreasoning
High cholinergic tone is an important factor contributing to off-line consolidation of procedural skills during REM sleep, in combination with other unknown processes.
“Taken together, these results identify high cholinergic tone as an important factor contributing to the off-line consolidation of procedural skills during REM sleep, in combination with other unknown processes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Cholinergic activity during REM sleep is high and comparable with that during waking.
- Interpretationreasoning
Because the type of sleep was highly heritable, the findings suggest a sleep-mediated genetic influence on later language proficiency.
“As the type of sleep was highly heritable, the findings suggest a sleep-mediated genetic influence on later language proficiency.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Clinical observations revealed no clear memory impairments in patients treated with SSRIs or SNRIs.
“However, clinical observations revealed no clear memory impairments in patients treated with these drugs (22).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] source
- Premisecitation
Increasing acetylcholine availability during post-training sleep by acetylcholinesterase inhibitor enhances sleep-related benefits in a skill learning task.
“Conversely, increasing the availability of acetylcholine during post-training sleep by administration of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor enhanced sleep-related benefits in a skill learning task (570).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [570] source
- Premisecitation
A systematic clinical study of SSRI citalopram and SNRI reboxetine in moderately depressed patients failed to reveal any association of REM sleep diminution after reuptake inhibitors with decreases in overnight retention of declarative memories (word lists) or procedural skills (mirror tracing).
“Also, a more systematic clinical study of the effects of the SSRI citalopram and the SRNI reboxetine in moderately depressed patients failed to reveal any association of REM sleep diminution after the reuptake inhibitors, with decreases in overnight retention of declarative memories (word lists) or procedural skills (mirror tracing) (466).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [466] source
- Premisereasoning
Infusion of scopolamine into the dorsal striatum is particularly effective at impairing memory.
“Infusion of scopolamine into the dorsal striatum, a structure specifically involved in habit and skill learning, was particularly effective.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Blocking muscarinic cholinergic receptors during REM sleep windows by scopolamine consistently impairs memory in a habit learning version of the radial arm maze.
“Blocking muscarinic cholinergic receptors during “REM sleep windows” (i.e., time periods after learning in which REM sleep deprivation effectively impaired consolidation of respective materials, see sect.IIB) by administration of scopolamine consistently impaired memory in a habit learning version of the radial arm maze (720, 721).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
It cannot be concluded from interindividual sleep-memory associations whether a putative genetic factor primarily affects sleep to change memory processing or affects memory processing to change sleep.
“Also, it cannot be concluded from interindividual sleep-memory associations whether a putative genetic factor primarily affects sleep to change memory processing or, conversely, affects memory processing to change sleep, although clues can be derived from temporal relationships.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
Sleep spindles have been consistently associated with memory-related parameters.
“With regard to non-REM sleep, spindles have been consistently revealed to be associated with memory-related parameters and thus represent a most promising candidate mediating a genetic link between sleep and memory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Sleep spindles represent a promising candidate mediating a genetic link between sleep and memory.
“With regard to non-REM sleep, spindles have been consistently revealed to be associated with memory-related parameters and thus represent a most promising candidate mediating a genetic link between sleep and memory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Melatonin impairs acquisition of an active avoidance task in diurnal zebrafish.
“and of an active avoidance task in diurnal zebrafish (971)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [971] source
- Premisecitation
Greater gains in accuracy after SNRI and SSRI administration were correlated with increases in non-REM sleep spindle density.
“The greater gains in accuracy after SNRI and SSRI administration were additionally correlated with increases in non-REM sleep spindle density.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In humans, combined blockade of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors during REM-rich late sleep impairs off-line consolidation of a motor skill (finger sequence tapping) without affecting declarative memories.
“In humans, the combined blockade of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors during REM-rich late sleep impaired off-line consolidation of a motor skill (finger sequence tapping) without affecting declarative memories (961).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [961] source
- Premisecitation
Preliminary fMRI evidence in humans suggests that melatonin might enhance hippocampal memory consolidation during sleep, as parahippocampal activity patterns during retrieval of word-pair memories after a nap showed some similarity with those after melatonin administration instead of napping.
“there is preliminary evidence from fMRI experiments in humans that melatonin might enhance processes of hippocampal memory consolidation during sleep: parahippocampal activity patterns during retrieval of word-pair memories were found following a nap showed some similarity with those obtained when napping was replaced with administration of melatonin (471).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [471] source
- Interpretationreasoning
A large part of interindividual differences in sleep architecture is likely due to genetic factors.
“Although environmental factors clearly contribute, a large part of the interindividual differences in sleep architecture is likely due to genetic factors.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Sleep is genetically controlled.
- Interpretationreasoning
These findings challenge a role of phenotypic REM sleep for procedural memory consolidation.
“These findings challenge a role of phenotypic REM sleep for procedural memory consolidation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Interindividual sleep-memory associations do not prove a genetic contribution to sleep-associated memory formation, because associations can result from parallel independent influences of a putative genetic factor on sleep and memory.
“genetic contribution to sleep-associated memory formation, although it does not prove such contribution because the associations can basically result from parallel, but independent, influences of the putative genetic factor on the sleep and memory processes of interest.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Overall, the role of noradrenergic and serotonergic inhibition during REM sleep for memory processing remains enigmatic.
“Thus, overall, the role of noradrenergic and serotonergic inhibition during REM sleep for memory processing remains enigmatic.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Demonstration that sleep and memory processes share significant portions of their interindividual variance represents a first and most important step towards demonstration of any genetic contribution to sleep-associated memory formation, although it does not prove such contribution.
“Hence, the demonstration that sleep and memory processes share significant portions of their interindividual variance represents a first and most important step towards the demonstration of any genetic contribution to sleep-associated memory formation, although it does not prove such contribution because the associations can basically result”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Testing multiple sleep parameters and multiple memory/learning measures can lead to overestimation of association strength due to multiple comparisons.
“Together with the testing of multiple sleep parameters (like amounts of SWS, REM sleep, spindle numbers, density, etc.) and with multiple measures of memory and learning capabilities, this can lead to an overestimation of the strength of associations due to multiple comparisons.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In rats, elevated baseline spindles predicted poor performance on a two-way shuttle box avoidance task.
“Contrasting with the findings in healthy humans, elevated baseline spindles predicted poor performance on a two-way shuttle box avoidance task in rats (397).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [397] source
- Interpretationreasoning
The lack of association between sleep and memory parameters among subjects does not rule out a basic role of sleep in memory formation.
“It is important to note, however, that the lack of association between sleep and memory parameters among subjects does not at all rule out a basic role of sleep in memory formation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The authors' data indicate a surprisingly weak association between interindividual differences in sleep and memory parameters.
“Overall, these data indicate a surprisingly weak association between interindividual differences in sleep and memory parameters.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
During limited periods early in development, the brain is particularly sensitive to certain experience that instructs neuronal circuits to represent information as very persistent memories determining performance throughout later life.
“During limited periods early during development, the brain is particularly sensitive to certain experience that instructs neuronal circuits to represent respective information as very persistent memories determining performance throughout later life (650).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [650] source
- Interpretationreasoning
The developmental approach might be particularly important for understanding mechanisms underlying sleep-dependent memory consolidation.
“The developmental approach might be particularly important for understanding the mechanisms underlying sleep-dependent memory consolidation, mainly for two reasons.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Compared with adults, infants and children sleep longer and deeper.
- Rests on an assumption: During early life the brain exhibits particularly strong plasticity shaping memory systems and underlying neuronal circuit formation.
- Premisenone given
The studies discussed so far examined associations between sleep and memory in rather small samples (12-30 participants).
“The studies discussed so far examined associations between sleep and memory in rather small samples (12-30 participants).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
In those studies, because sleep EEG was assessed after learning in highly homogenous samples, learning-induced changes in EEG activity could not be clearly dissociated from trait-dependent variance.
“However, because in these studies the sleep EEG was assessed after the learning phase in highly homogenous subject samples, learning-induced changes in EEG activity could not be clearly dissociated from trait-dependent variance.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Correlations between REM sleep and IQ measures in healthy children and adults revealed mixed results.
“However, correlations between REM sleep and IQ measures in healthy children and adults revealed mixed results (126,153,922,923,1183).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked - Premisecitation
The magnitude of learning-induced increases in REM sleep parameters has been linked to capabilities of learning in animals and humans.
“In addition to baseline amounts of REM sleep, the magnitude of learning-induced increases in REM sleep parameters have been linked to capabilities of learning in animals (1110) and humans (1114).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
Analyses of seven inbred mouse strains revealed a high correlation between relative and absolute time in REM sleep and performance level on avoidance conditioning or maze learning across strains.
“Analyses of sleep in seven inbred strains of mice revealed a high correlation between the relative and absolute time in REM sleep and the performance level avoidance conditioning or maze learning across strains (880).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [880] source
- Interpretationcitation
Tracking of individual IMM neurons suggested that sleep shortly after imprinting stabilizes the memory representation by supporting recovery of responsiveness of cells that had ceased to respond, with this effect requiring some hours.
“Interestingly, tracking of individual IMM neurons revealed a pattern suggesting that sleep shortly after imprinting training stabilizes the memory representation by supporting the recovery of responsiveness of cells that for any reasons had ceased to respond to the imprinting stimulus in the course of training or shortly afterwards, with this effect requiring some hours to occur (600, 1150).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
A more recent study compellingly demonstrated a critical involvement of sleep in consolidation of the imprinting stimulus.
“Results from a more recent study compellingly demonstrated a critical involvement of sleep in the consolidation of the imprinting stimulus (600).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [600] source
- Premisecitation
Several studies by Margoliash's group provided evidence that replay activity during sleep reflects processing of memory representations producing changes in representation and subsequent song performance.
“Several studies by Margoliash's group provided evidence that the replay activity during sleep indeed reflects a processing of memory representations producing changes in the representation and also in subsequent song performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
The specific characteristics of plasticity during critical periods prevent a straightforward generalization of the effects of sleep on plasticity in the adult brain.
“The specific characteristics of plasticity during critical periods prevent a straightforward generalization of the effects of sleep on plasticity in the adult brain.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Deterioration of song structure also occurred after daytime sleep induction by melatonin, excluding circadian rhythm confounds.
“Deterioration of song structure occurred also after induction of sleep during the daytime by the administration of melatonin excluding confounding effects by the circadian rhythm.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [279] source
- Premisecitation
In adult songbirds, RA premotor neurons show replay during sleep, with burst activity patterns similar to those during singing.
“In adult songbirds, RA premotor neurons have been identified that show replay during sleep, i.e., patterns of burst activity during sleep which, in terms of their temporal sequence and spike sequence structure within each burst, are very similar to those observed during singing (FIGURE 8B).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites FIGURE 8B
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationnone given
Studies of the developing brain, including those targeting critical period plasticity, show an influence of sleep on memory formation that is even more profound than that observed in the adult brain.
“Nevertheless, it is striking that studies of the developing brain, including those targeting critical period plasticity, show an influence of sleep on the formation of memory that is even more profound than that observed in the adult brain.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
The mechanisms underlying neuronal plasticity during critical periods differ from those during adulthood.
“However, the mechanisms underlying neuronal plasticity during such critical periods differ from that during adulthood.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Chicks with undisturbed sleep after imprinting displayed an increase in EEG SWA covering the 0-6 Hz frequency band during this period.
“In addition, chicks with undisturbed sleep after imprinting displayed an increase in EEG SWA covering the 0 -6 Hz frequency band during this period.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [600] source
- Premisecitation
Derégnaucourt et al. provided compelling evidence that the sensorimotor phase of song development is driven by sleep.
“Derégnaucourt et al. (279) provided compelling evidence that the sensorimotor phase of song development is driven by sleep.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [279] source
- Interpretationreasoning
In sum, this research indicates that sleep plays an essential role for behaviors formed during critical or sensitive periods in early postnatal life.
“In sum, this research indicates that sleep plays an essential role for behaviors that are formed during critical or sensitive periods in early postnatal life.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Healthy children (10-16 years) showed superior sleep-dependent benefit for retention of pictures compared with age-matched children with ADHD.
“A comparison of healthy children (10 -16 years) with age-matched children with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) revealed a superior sleep-dependent benefit for the retention of pictures in the healthy children (948).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [948] source
- Premisecitation
Several studies indicated that sleep disturbances and sleep loss impair learning and school performance in children.
“Several studies indicated that sleep disturbances and sleep loss impairs learning and school performance in children (for reviews, see Refs.44,246,286,662,1178).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Overall, studies of early development in humans point towards particular relevance of SWS for sleep-dependent memory consolidation in children.
“Overall, these studies point towards the particular relevance of SWS for sleepdependent memory consolidation in children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
This does not necessarily imply that the manner in which sleep contributes to critical period plasticity basically differs from the effect of sleep on memory formation in the adult brain.
“Yet, this does not necessarily imply that the manner in which sleep contributes to critical period plasticity also basically differs from the effect of sleep on memory formation in the adult brain.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Backhaus et al. reported beneficial effects of sleep on consolidation of declarative memories (word pairs) in 9- to 12-year-old children.
“Backhaus et al. (56) reported beneficial effects of sleep on the consolidation of declarative memories (word pairs) in 9-to 12-yr-old children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [56] source
- Premisecitation
In the adults of that study, only the group with minimum training showed a consistent benefit from the nap.
“In the adults of this study, only the group with minimum training showed a consistent benefit from the nap.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1320] source
- Interpretationreasoning
Owing to their generally low skill performance, children reach levels at which sleep-dependent benefits translate into behavioral speed and accuracy only after extensive training.
“Owing to their generally quite low performance of skills, children reach levels of strength at which sleep-dependent benefits directly translate into benefits in behavioral speed and accuracy only after extensive levels of training.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The neuroanatomic structures underlying skill learning mature quite early during development, within the first 3 years of life.
“Also, the neuroanatomic structures underlying skill learning mature quite early during development, i.e., within the first 3 years of life (180, 468).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationcitation
Studies examining procedural memories consistently demonstrated that in children, unlike in adults, posttraining sleep does not produce a robust improvement of skill.
“In contrast to the strong beneficial effects of non-REM sleep on the consolidation of declarative memory in children, studies examining procedural memories consistently demonstrated that in children, unlike in adults, posttraining sleep does not produce a robust improvement of skill.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
One factor explaining the missing overnight gain in skill in children might be their fairly low initial skill levels.
“One factor explaining the missing overnight gain in skill in children might be their fairly low initial skill levels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationcitation
The adolescents showed a remarkable increase in proportion of SWS during restriction, suggesting high capability to compensate sleep restriction by increasing sleep depth.
“However, the adolescents showed a remarkable increase in the proportion of SWS during the restriction period, suggesting a high capability of the adolescent's brain to compensate effects of sleep restriction by flexibly increasing the sleep depth.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1259] source
- Premisecitation
A beneficial effect of sleep in children (6-8 years) was found for consolidation of visuospatial memories in a two-dimensional object-location task known to involve hippocampal function.
“A beneficial effect of sleep in children (6 -8 years) was found also for the consolidation of visuospatial memories in a two-dimensional object-location task known to involve the hippocampal function ( 1318).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1318] source
- Premisecitation
In 14- to 16-year-old adolescents, sleep restriction to up to 5 h for 4 consecutive nights did not impair retention of word pairs or procedural mirror tracing skill.
“In 14-to 16-yr-old adolescents, the restriction of sleep (to up to 5 h for 4 consecutive nights) did not impair either retention of word pairs or procedural memories for mirror tracing skill (1259).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1259] source
- Premisecitation
Direct comparison of retention rates for declarative materials between children and adults is hampered by availability of associative schemas in long-term memory that can integrate new declarative information.
“However, the direct comparison of retention rates for declarative materials between children and adults is generally hampered by the fact that consolidation can be sped up depending on the availability of associative schemas in long-term memory that can integrate new declarative information (1210, 1211).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Premisecitation
A recent study confirmed a striking superiority of sleep in 8- to 11-year-old children, compared with adults' sleep, to extract explicit declarative sequence knowledge from a coarse motor SRTT trained under implicit conditions.
“A recent study indeed confirmed a striking superiority of sleep in 8-to 11-yr-old children, compared with adult's sleep, to extract explicit declarative sequence knowledge from a coarse motor SRTT that was trained under implicit conditions (i.e., without being aware”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
On a generation task after retention sleep requiring deliberate generation of the eight-element sequence underlying a motor SRTT trained before sleep, children clearly outperformed adults.
“On the generation task after retention sleep requiring the subjects to deliberately generate the eight-element sequence of cue positions underlying the SRTT trained before sleep, the children clearly outperformed the adults.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1322] Wilhelm I, Nat Neurosci.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Irrespective of this confound, these studies overall point towards particular relevance of high amounts of SWS and associated SWA for declarative memory consolidation during development.
“Thus, irrespective of this confound, these studies overall point towards a particular relevance of the high amounts of SWS and associated SWA for declarative memory consolidation during development.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Orienting is a well-known hippocampus-dependent function.
“Orienting is a well-known hippocampus-dependent function ( 1119), suggesting that the retrieval test tapped hippocampus-dependent declarative aspects of the memory, although this issue deserves further examination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1119] Sokolov EN, 1975
- Premisecitation
15-mo-old infants already showed a sleep-dependent benefit for extraction of grammatical rules during language learning.
“15-mo-old infants already showed a sleep-dependent benefit for extraction of grammatical rules during language learning (469).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [469] source
- Premisecitation
Superior explicit knowledge after sleep correlated with the amount of SWA in both age groups.
“Superior explicit knowledge after sleep correlated with the amount of SWA in both age groups, in line with studies in adults indicating that SWS is critically involved in the extraction of explicit knowledge (1347).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1322] Wilhelm I, Nat Neurosci.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationreasoning
Findings of a facilitating effect of sleep during development on generation of hippocampus-dependent explicit knowledge about sequences and grammatical rules are well in line with the assumption of an active system consolidation established during sleep.
“Together, the findings of a facilitating effect of sleep during development on the generation of hippocampus-dependent explicit knowledge about sequences and grammatical rules are well in line with the assumption of an active system consolidation established during sleep (293,1321,1327).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
The retrieval test in the infant studies tapped hippocampus-dependent declarative aspects of memory.
“suggesting that the retrieval test tapped hippocampus-dependent declarative aspects of the memory, although this issue deserves further examination.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Age-related deficits in declarative memory consolidation during sleep are due to a decline in SWS.
“Overall, these data strongly suggest that the age-related deficits in declarative memory consolidation during sleep are due to a decline in SWS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
Due to increased SWS in children, such transformations could be stronger during development than during adulthood.
“Due to increased SWS in children, such transformations could be stronger during development than during adulthood.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In aged individuals (69-80 years), the improvement in recollection of hippocampus-dependent episodic memories after retention periods of nocturnal sleep, with reference to recollection after daytime wakefulness, was less pronounced than in young (19-29 years) subjects.
“In line with these findings, in aged individuals (69 -80 years), the improvement in the recollection of hippocampus-dependent episodic memories (for personally experienced events) after retention periods of nocturnal sleep, with reference to recollection after daytime wakefulness, was less pronounced than in young (19 -29 years) subjects (21).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] source
- Premisecitation
There is a significant decrease in the density of phasic REMs in elderly persons.
“However, there is a significant decrease in the density of phasic REMs in elderly persons (254).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [254] source
- Premisecitation
Children's performance on the generation task was distinctly better than in control children who performed the generation task after training before the sleep interval.
“The children's performance was also distinctly better than in control children who performed the generation task after training before the sleep interval.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1322] Wilhelm I, Nat Neurosci.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation
Simple reactivation patterns in CA1 cell ensembles, not taking into account the relative temporal order of cell-pair firing, were comparable between aged and young rats.
“Interestingly, simple reactivation patterns in CA1 cell ensembles, not taking into account the relative temporal order of cell-pair firing, was comparable between aged and young rats (449).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [449] source
- Premisecitation
Sleep also did not benefit the performance of older (50-75 years) subjects on a continuous motor tracking task where the moving target to be tracked could follow a repeated sequence or move randomly similar to the SRTT.
“Sleep also did not benefit the performance of older (50 -75 years) subjects on a continuous motor tracking task where the moving target to be tracked could follow a repeated sequence or move randomly similar to the SRTT (1079 -1081).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
These memory cells mediate a speedy and more effective immune response upon reencounter of the antigen.
“These memory cells mediate a speedy and more effective immune response upon reencounter of the antigen (13,1258).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked - Interpretationreasoning
Because of their focus on secondary immune responses, these animal studies basically cannot be compared with the studies of primary responses in humans.
“Because of their focus on secondary immune responses, these animal studies basically cannot be compared with the studies of primary responses in humans.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
A strengthening role of sleep for immunological memory formation is also supported by observations of reduced total IgG under conditions of sleep restriction (to 4 h/night) for several days after vaccination against influenza.
“A strengthening role of sleep for immunological memory formation is also supported by observations of reduced total IgG under conditions of sleep restriction (to 4 h/night) for several days after vaccination against influenza (1130).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1130] source
- Premisecitation
Sleep profoundly increased the proportion of T cells producing proinflammatory and Th1-cytokines like IL-2, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α).
“Moreover, sleep profoundly increased the proportion of T cells producing proinflammatory and Th1-cytokines like IL-2, interferon-␥ (IFN-␥), and tumor necrosis factor-␣ (TNF-␣).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [694] source
- Premisecitation
In this study, nocturnal sleep after the inoculations doubled blood counts of antigen-specific Th cells, as marker of antigenic memory.
“In this study, nocturnal sleep after the inoculations doubled blood counts of antigen-specific Th cells, as marker of antigenic memory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [694] source
- Premisereasoning
The strengthening effects of sleep on the human primary immune response to infection were revealed with sleep occurring within the first 36 h after inoculation.
“The strengthening effects of sleep on the human primary immune response to infection were revealed with sleep occurring within the first 36 h after inoculation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Similar effects were found in recent experiments using repeated and combined inoculations with hepatitis A and B antigens.
“Similar effects were found in recent experiments using repeated and combined inoculations with hepatitis A and B antigens (FIG-URE 9B, Ref. 694).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [694] source
- Premisecitation
Human volunteers who slept normally in the first night after a single vaccination against hepatitis A, 4 weeks after the vaccination displayed a twofold increase in antigen-specific antibody titers, compared with participants who stayed awake on the first night after vaccination.
“Human volunteers who slept normally in the first night after a single vaccination against hepatitis A, 4 weeks after the vaccination displayed a twofold increase in antigen-specific antibody titers, compared with participants who stayed awake on the first night after vaccination (697).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [697] source
- Interpretationreasoning
Together, these studies provide a compelling demonstration that nocturnal sleep after vaccination suffices to strengthen the evolvement of an adaptive, i.e., memory-forming immune response to a clinically relevant extent.
“Together, these studies provide a compelling demonstration that nocturnal sleep after vaccination suffices to strengthen the evolvement of an adaptive, i.e., memory-forming immune response to a clinically relevant extent.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
This time window suggests that sleep affects the cascade of responses to the viral challenge at a rather early stage.
“This time window suggests that sleep affects the cascade of responses to the viral challenge at a rather early stage.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
These conditions may partly explain why memory formation in the immune system takes much longer (several days to weeks) than in the central nervous system.
“These conditions may partly explain why memory formation in the immune system takes much longer (several days to weeks) than in the central nervous system.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisereasoning
Consolidation includes a cell-cell interaction in which the antigenic information is transferred from a temporary to a long-term store, with both stores represented by different cellular networks.
“Also, consolidation includes a cellcell interaction in which the antigenic information is transferred from a temporary to a long-term store, with both stores represented by different cellular networks.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
The effects persisted over 1 year.
“The effects persisted over 1 year.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [694] source
- Premisecitation
REM sleep does not appear to be involved as neither experimental REM sleep deprivation nor REM sleep augmentation produced any significant performance change in aged subjects on a procedural mirror tracing task.
“REM sleep does not appear to be involved as neither experimental REM sleep deprivation nor REM sleep augmentation (i.e., the rebound after deprivation) produced any significant performance change in aged subjects on a procedural mirror tracing task (570).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [570] source
- Premisecitation
Sleep diminishes the production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 by monocytes.
“Concurrently, sleep diminishes the production of anti-inflammatory IL-10 by monocytes (696).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [696] source
- Premisecitation
Overall, animal studies revealed inconsistent results with sleep, compared with conditions of sleep deprivation, enhancing or weakening markers of recall, or showing no effect.
“Overall, these studies revealed inconsistent results with sleep, compared with conditions of sleep deprivation, enhancing or weakening markers of recall, or showing no effect (145, 980, 981, 1206).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Age-matched stroke patients in this study did show an improvement in tracing accuracy selectively across the sleep retention interval for both explicit and implicit performance conditions.
“Interestingly, age-matched stroke patients in this study did show an improvement in tracing accuracy selectively across the sleep retention interval for both explicit and implicit performance conditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Low glucocorticoid levels during SWS-rich sleep contribute to these effects as these hormones are highly potent anti-inflammatory agents suppressing proinflammatory and Th1 cytokine activity.
“Low glucocorticoid levels during SWS-rich sleep contribute to these effects as these hormones are highly potent anti-inflammatory agents suppressing proinflamma-tory and Th1 cytokine activity (693).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [693] source
- Premisecitation
In patients with allergic rhinitis, wheal reactions to a skin prick test and spontaneous IgE production of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were increased after a night of total sleep deprivation, indicating a shift from Th1 to prevailing Th2 immune defense.
“In patients with allergic rhinitis, wheal reactions to a skin prick test and spontaneous IgE production of peripheral blood mononuclear cells were increased after a night of total sleep deprivation, indicating a shift from Th1 to prevailing Th2 immune defense (637).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [637] source
- Interpretationreasoning
Overall, these findings corroborate the view that during SWS, which dominates the early night, an endocrine milieu is established that supports the initiation of an adaptive immune response as a basis for the formation of long-lasting antigenic memory.
“Overall, these findings corroborate the view that during SWS, which dominates the early night, an endocrine milieu is established that supports the initiation of an adaptive immune response as a basis for the formation of long-lasting antigenic memory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The sleep-induced increase in antigen-specific Th cells after hepatitis A vaccination was strongly correlated with the amount SWS and EEG SWA on the night after vaccination.
“The sleep-induced in-crease in antigen-specific Th cells after hepatitis A vaccination was strongly correlated with the amount SWS and EEG SWA on the night after vaccination (693).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [693] source
- Interpretationreasoning
Together, these findings speak for the notion that sleep specifically benefits APC-T cell interactions towards the development of predominant Th1 immune responses.
“Together, these findings speak for the notion that sleep specifically benefits APC-T cell interactions towards the development of predominant Th1 immune responses.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
In rats, lymphocyte counts in lymph nodes indeed increased after recovery sleep that followed a period of sleep deprivation.
“In rats, lymphocyte counts in lymph nodes indeed increased after recovery sleep that followed a period of sleep deprivation (1354).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1354] source
- Premisecitation
Sleep, specifically SWS, contributes to the generation of this unique endocrine pattern in concert with circadian mechanisms.
“Sleep, specifically SWS, contributes to the generation of this unique endocrine pattern in concert with circadian mechanisms (91,1125,1126,1129).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Premisecitation
Corresponding findings were obtained in rabbits, where the amount of SWS predicted the survival rate after a pathogen challenge.
“Corresponding findings were obtained in rabbits, where the amount of SWS predicted the survival rate after a pathogen challenge (1205).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1205] source
- Premisecitation
Early nocturnal sleep increased the ratio in IFN-γ/IL-4 production by Th cells, indicating a shift in the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance towards preponderant production of Th1 cytokines.
“Moreover, early nocturnal sleep increased the ratio in IFN-␥/IL-4 production by Th cells, indicating a shift in the Th1/Th2 cytokine balance towards preponderant production of Th1 cytokines (308).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [308] source
- Premisecitation
There is evidence that sleep increases blood concentrations of IL-7, a cytokine fostering differentiation of T memory cells.
“Finally, there is evidence that sleep increases blood concentrations of IL-7, a cytokine fostering differentiation of T memory cells (76).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [76] source
- Premisecitation
Other measures, including REM sleep-related parameters, were not predictive of this increase.
“Other measures, including REM sleep-related parameters, were not predictive of this increase.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [693] source
- Premisecitation
Two studies, one in sheep and the other in humans, provided more direct evidence that the efflux of lymphocytes from lymph nodes is reduced during sleep.
“Two studies, one in sheep (289) and the other in humans (351), provided more direct evidence that the efflux of lymphocytes from lymph nodes is reduced during sleep.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [289] Dickstein JB, 2000, Sleep source
- cites [351] Engeset A, 1977, Lymphology
- Premisecitation
Not only SWS, but also the enhanced release of GH and prolactin, together with the simultaneously suppressed cortisol levels observed during SWS-rich sleep after hepatitis A vaccination, were revealed to be highly predictive for the number of antigen-specific Th cells detected in blood 4 wk and 1 year after vaccination.
“Not only SWS, but also the enhanced release of GH and prolactin, together with the simultaneously suppressed cortisol levels observed during SWS-rich sleep after hepatitis A vaccination, were revealed to be highly predictive for the number of antigen-specific Th cells detected in blood 4 wk and 1 year after vaccination (696).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [696] source
- Premisecitation
Sleep, and particularly SWS, has been likewise identified as a factor critically involved in the formation of long-term memories in the neurobehavioral domain.
“It is important to note here that sleep, and particularly SWS, has been likewise identified as a factor critically involved in the formation of long-term memories in the neurobehavioral domain (292).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [292] source
- Interpretationreasoning
In the immune system, sleep appears to support the intercellular reorganization of memory representations such that during the APC-T cell interaction the epitopic information is extracted from the antigen to be stored by T cells.
“Also in the immune system, sleep appears to support the intercellular reorganization of memory representations such that during the APC-T cell interaction the epitopic information is extracted from the antigen to be stored by T cells.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Sleep after learning leads to superior recall of syllables after the 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-h retention interval, compared with wake intervals of the same length.
“Sleep after learning leads to superior recall of syllables after the 1-, 2-, 4-, and 8-h retention interval, compared with wake intervals of the same length.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [603] source
- Interpretationreasoning
These findings indicate that memory formation during sleep in both the immune and the central nervous system, beyond conceptual analogies, shares causal mechanisms.
“These findings indicate that memory formation during sleep in both the immune and the central nervous system, beyond conceptual analogies, shares causal mechanisms.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Odor-induced reactivation of memories during SWS distinctly increased memory for card-pair locations, compared with vehicle condition.
“B: odor-induced reactivation of memories during SWS distinctly increased memory for card-pair locations, compared with vehicle condition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [959] source
- Interpretationreasoning
Subsequent REM sleep may then be involved in strengthening the reactivated and reorganized representations on a molecular and synaptic level.
“Subsequent REM sleep may then be involved in strengthening the reactivated and reorganized representations on a molecular and synaptic level.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Premisecitation
Odor-induced reactivations during SWS immediately stabilized memories against interference (induced by learning an interference card-pair task shortly after reactivations during SWS).
“D: odor-induced reactivations during SWS immediately stabilized memories against interference (induced by learning an interference card-pair task shortly after reactivations during SWS).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [295] source
- Premisecitation
Odor-induced reactivations of memories during SWS activated the left hippocampus as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).
“E: odor-induced reactivations of memories during SWS activated the left hippocampus as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [957] source
- May combine two claims. 230
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 35
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThis type of stimulation applied during early non-REM sleep specifically enhanced <1 Hz slow oscillations and additionally increased frontal slow spindle activity.
“This type of stimulation applied during early non-REM sleep specifically enhanced Ͻ1 Hz slow oscillations and additionally increased frontal slow spindle activity (10)(11)(12).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [10] source
The Results section (“Effects of experimental slow-wave suppression on sleep stages and EEG spectra”; page unavailable) reports that sounds during NREM sleep reduced, rather than enhanced, EEG power at 0.75–3.0 Hz. It reports increased spindle-range power at 13.25–14.0 Hz over the right occipitoparietal cortex, not increased frontal slow-spindle activity. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [11] source
- cites [12] source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationIn the respective studies, sleep-dependent overnight gains in skill were measured with reference to performance before sleep rather than across a corresponding wake interval, which excludes that the absent gain across sleep in children is due to greater wake stabilization.
“In the respective studies, the sleep-dependent overnight gains in skill were measured with reference to performance before sleep rather than with reference to performance changes across a corresponding wake interval, which excludes that the absent gain of skill across sleep in children is due to a relatively greater capability in children to stabilize memories during wakefulness (318).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [318] source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 1 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSleep probably occurs in all vertebrates, including birds, fishes, and reptiles, and sleeplike states are similarly observed in invertebrates like flies, bees, and cockroaches.
“Sleep probably occurs in all vertebrates, including birds, fishes, and reptiles, and sleeplike states are similarly observed in invertebrates like flies, bees, and cockroaches (209).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [209] source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe standard two-stage model has been successfully applied to nondeclarative kinds of memory, like procedural memory, suggesting that offline reactivation of recent memories and their redistribution from a fast encoding temporary to a slowly learning permanent store could be a general feature of long-term memory formation.
“The standard twostage model of memory has been also successfully applied to nondeclarative kinds of memory, like procedural memory (668), suggesting that the offline reactivation of recent memories and their redistribution from a fast encoding temporary to a slowly learning permanent store could be a general feature of long-term memory formation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [668] source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- The authors state this as an assumption: Memories are initially encoded into a fast learning store (the hippocampus in the declarative memory system) and then gradually transferred to a slow learning store for long-term storage (the neocortex).
- The authors state this as an assumption: By repeated reactivation of new memories during off-line periods like sleep, the slowly learning long-term store is trained and the new memories are gradually strengthened and adapted to preexisting long-term memories.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationA 90-min sleep period as well as 60-min naps, both containing mainly SWS, protect memory against future interference.
“Further studies confirmed that a 90-min sleep period as well as 60-min naps, both containing mainly SWS, likewise protect memory against future interference (18,290,1069).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [18] source
- cites [290] source
- cites [1069] Sheth BR, 2012, Sleep source
The Results report that sleep sheltered a visual adaptation aftereffect from interference, and Materials and Methods describe a condition with approximately 90 minutes of sleep. The paper does not report 60-minute naps protecting memory against future interference. Its Discussion infers that early sleep is mostly slow-wave sleep but says sleep stages were not recorded, so it cannot establish that the tested sleep periods mainly contained SWS. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRepetitive nightmares in PTSD patients do not lead to forgetting of the traumatic event, but are associated with increased severity of the disorder and considered a risk factor in the development of PTSD.
“Finally, repetitive nightmares, which are highly prevalent in patients suffering from posttraumatic stress disorders (PTSD), do not lead to forgetting of the traumatic event, but are rather associated with increased severity of the disorder and considered a risk factor in the development of PTSD (75,1240,1331).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [75] source
The Abstract describes an experiment in rats on auditory cues and hippocampal replay during sleep; the Discussion addresses memory consolidation, not clinical nightmares. Searches for PTSD, repetitive nightmares, trauma, forgetting, severity, and risk factors found no passage addressing the attributed claim. No page numbers were provided in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1240] source
The Summary of major findings reports that pre-deployment nightmares were associated with increased risk of PTSD symptoms after military deployment. The Abstract’s Conclusions say frequent nightmares may compromise fear extinction, but fear extinction is described as weakening an association with a trigger, not forgetting the traumatic event. The paper links greater PTSD severity to sleep apnea, not specifically to repetitive nightmares. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1331] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationEmotional memories are particularly strengthened across sleep, especially when sleep contains high amounts of REM sleep.
“Consistent with the theory, several studies have shown that emotional memories are particularly strengthened across sleep (560,574,732,861,895,898,1274,1276,1278,1294), in particular when containing high amounts of REM sleep (179,478,479,1274).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationIncreased serotonin and catecholamine levels induced by antidepressant intake might compensate for the memory-impairing effects of REM-sleep suppression.
“On the other hand, the increase in sero-tonin and catecholamine levels induced by antidepressant intake might compensate for the memory-impairing effects of REM-sleep suppression, as these neurotransmitters have been implicated in memory consolidation processes (815, 842, 1011).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [815] source
- cites [842] source
- cites [1011] source
The ‘Other Neuromodulatory Systems’ section links catecholamine-acting drugs to enhanced memory consolidation. The paper mentions serotonin in its ‘Memory Retrieval’ section, but not as evidence for serotonin’s role in consolidation. It does not test the citing authors’ proposed compensation for REM-sleep suppression. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationEmotional reactivity decreases across wakefulness but is preserved during sleep, with the preserving effect specifically linked to REM sleep.
“Others found that emotional reactivity decreased across wakefulness, but was preserved during sleep, with the preserving effect on emotional reactivity being specifically linked to REM sleep (60,481).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationEarly SWS-rich sleep enhances recollection of words compared with late REM-rich sleep or wake intervals, while familiarity-based recognition remains unaffected.
“Two studies found enhanced recollection (of words) after early, SWS-rich sleep, compared with a late REM-rich sleep or wake intervals, while familiarity-based recognition measures remained unaffected (265,326).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationMemory recall of negative pictures is less impaired by sleep deprivation after encoding compared with neutral pictures.
“For example, two studies have shown that memory recall of negative pictures is less impaired by sleep deprivation after encoding compared with neutral pictures, suggesting a reduced dependency of negative memories on sleep-dependent consolidation processes (46,1147).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationStudies using the night-half paradigm have provided substantial evidence for the dual processes hypothesis: hippocampus-dependent declarative memories preferentially profit from SWS, whereas nondeclarative aspects of memory (procedural, implicit, emotional) additionally profit from REM sleep.
“Overall, studies using the night-half paradigm have provided substantial evidence for the dual processes hypothesis, such as hippocampus-dependent declarative memories preferentially profiting from SWS, whereas nondeclarative aspects of memory, such as procedural, implicit, and emotional, additionally profiting from REM sleep (121, 428).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationTraining on motor tasks increases time spent in stage 2 and density of fast (but not slow) spindles.
“Training on motor tasks increased the time spent in stage 2 and the density of fast (but not slow) spindles (399, 837, 920, 921, 1173, 1174), and sleep stage 2 duration and fast spindle density also predicted sleep-dependent improvements in a finger tapping task (59,961,1285,1286).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [399] source
- cites [837] Morin A, 2008, Sleep source
The post-training sleep-spindle results report increased stage 2 spindle density after motor sequence learning. But the Discussion says sleep architecture was similar after the motor-learning and control tasks, and Table 1 shows similar stage 2 durations. The paper reports higher 13-Hz spectral power, not a separate increase in fast-spindle density with no increase in slow-spindle density (page unavailable in our copy). (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [920] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationDeclarative components might have mediated the strong benefits for skills from SWS in those studies.
“Such declarative components might have mediated the strong benefits for skills from SWS in those studies (910).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [910] source
The indexed passages for this paper are repository metadata and reference-list entries, not a discussion of the proposed mechanism. Searches for declarative components, skill learning, and SWS found no passage saying that declarative components might have mediated SWS-related benefits for skills. (LLM, conf=0.70)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn the later study, reorganization led to increased hippocampal and cortical activation and increased connectivity between medial frontal cortical and hippocampal areas compared with a wake control group.
“In the later study, the reorganization led to increased hippocampal and cortical activation as well as increased connectivity between the medial frontal cortical and hippocampal areas, compared with a control group, which stayed awake on the night after learning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1147] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationActivation in the right striatum positively predicts way finding in the virtual town only in the sleep group, and functional connectivity between striatum and hippocampus is modulated by sleep after learning.
“Activation in the right striatum positively predicted way finding in the virtual town only in the sleep group, and also functional connectivity between the striatum and hippocampus was modulated by sleep after learning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [873] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDuration of SWS during nap predicted reduction in hippocampal activity and was associated with better recognition performance on day 1.
“The duration of SWS during the nap predicted the reduction in hippocampal activity and was also associated with better recognition performance on day 1.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1170] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSleep-induced improvement in word pair memories at 2 days is accompanied by increased functional connectivity between hippocampus and medial prefrontal cortex, and hippocampal activation per se is enhanced at recall in the sleep group.
“In another study (427), the sleepinduced improvement in word pair memories, at a retrieval test 2 days later, was accompanied by an increased functional connectivity between the hippocampus and the medial prefrontal cortex, although contrary to Takashima et al.'s findings, hippocampal activation per se was enhanced at recall in the sleep group.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [427] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOne night of sleep decreases hippocampal activation and increases activation in neocortex areas.
“A second study of this group confirmed that one night of sleep decreases hippocampal activation and increases activation in neocortex areas (1169).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1169] source
The Discussion reports lower posterior hippocampal activity and higher activity in neocortical representational areas with consolidation over a night of sleep. The study compared retrieval after 15 minutes with retrieval after 24 hours including sleep; it does not establish that sleep itself, rather than the intervening consolidation period, caused the changes. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOther studies revealed greater benefits from sleep for strongly encoded memories or only in well-performing subjects.
“On the other hand, other studies revealed greater benefits from sleep for strongly encoded memories (523, 1172) or only in well-performing subjects (1038, 1215).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 4 sources checked- cites [523] source
- cites [1172] source
The Results report better recall when learning was followed by sleep, and the discussion suggests that stronger memory traces may be better preserved. But the paper does not report that sleep benefits occurred only in well-performing subjects; that restriction concerns participants rather than the strength of individual memories. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1038] source
- cites [1215] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPrefrontal cortex executive functions mediate processing of anticipatory aspects of behavior and, with the hippocampus, regulate implementation of anticipated memory retrieval and allocation of relevance and expectancies to a memory.
“Prefrontal cortex executive functions mediate the processing of anticipatory aspects of behavior and, in collaboration with the hippocampus, these prefrontal regions also regulate the implementation of anticipated memory retrieval as well as the allocation of relevance and expectancies to a memory (219, 511, 820, 938).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 4 sources checked- cites [219] Cohen JD, 1996
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [511] source
The Results report prefrontal activity during the scene cue and increased prefrontal–hippocampal connectivity during accurate associative recognition. The Discussion suggests that prefrontal regions may use hippocampally retrieved information to guide memory decisions. These passages do not establish that prefrontal executive functions mediate anticipatory behavior or allocate relevance and expectancies to a memory; the paper's interpretation is also more tentative than the claim. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [820] source
- cites [938] source
The Introduction (page not provided) describes a proposed framework in which prefrontal context representations help guide memory search and are associated with item representations in the hippocampus. It also links prefrontal activity to maintaining information needed to respond to upcoming stimuli. The source does not establish the broader claim that these regions regulate anticipated retrieval or allocate expectancies to a memory; it presents their role in memory search as a proposal. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSleep after learning preferentially strengthened memory for word stimuli weakened by interference learning or retrieval-induced forgetting or for very difficult motor movements.
“Contrasting this view, sleep after learning preferentially strengthened memory for word stimuli weakened by interference learning (325, 343) or retrievalinduced forgetting (1) or for very difficult motor movements (679).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 4 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationWhen rats repeatedly perform stereotypical behaviors in a familiar environment, firing patterns during pretraining sleep periods become more similar to postsleep periods, and this similarity is reduced when the rat learns a new behavior.
“Thus, when rats repeatedly perform stereotypical behaviors in a familiar environment, also the firing patterns during pretraining sleep periods become more similar to postsleep periods, and this similarity is reduced when the rat learns a new behavior (551).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [551] source
The Results (page not provided) report strong correlations between firing rates in sleep sessions before and after familiar behavior, but a much weaker, nonsignificant correlation before and after exploration of a novel environment. The paper does not show that similarity progressively increases with repeated performance, and it tests novel-environment exploration rather than learning a new behavior. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWhen rats were not allowed to enter the place field of one of two cells, firing rates of the exposed cell increased relative to the unexposed cell, and this pattern reoccurred during sleep after the wake experience.
“When the rats were not allowed to enter the place field of one of the two cells, firing rates of the exposed cell increased relative to the unexposed cell, and this pattern reoccurred during sleep (SWS and REM sleep) after the wake experience.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [893] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a task requiring the rat to run back and forth on the same elevated linear track, replay in the reverse order occurred mainly at the end of a run, whereas replay in a forward direction transpired in the anticipatory period before a new run.
“In a task requiring the rat to run back and forth on the same elevated linear track, replay in the reverse order occurred mainly at the end of a run, whereas replay in a forward direction transpired in the anticipatory period before a new run (288, 492).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThere is consistent evidence from animal and human studies that experimentally induced memory reactivations can invoke a transient labilization of respective traces, and the underlying neural and molecular mechanisms have been partly characterized.
“There is consistent evidence from animal and human studies that experimentally induced memory reactivations can invoke a transient labilization of respective traces, and also the underlying neural and molecular mechanisms have been partly characterized (403, 404, 588, 590, 639, 1043, 1118; for reviews, see e.g., Refs.14,844,1208).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationMEG responses to sensory inputs (pictures of indoor and outdoor scenes) were replayed during the 5-s delay in a working memory task; the strength of replay was modulated by the MEG theta rhythm, with theta phase coordination predicting working memory performance.
“application of multivariate pattern classifiers revealed that MEG responses to sensory inputs (pictures of indoor and outdoor scenes) were replayed during the 5-s delay in a working memory task (422).The strength of the replay was modulated by the MEG theta rhythm, with the amount of theta phase coordination predicting working memory per-formance on the pictures.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [422] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThere is a link between dream mentation during non-REM sleep and memory consolidation after a nap, although the effect was based on only four subjects who reported task-related mentation.
“The same group also reported a link between dream mentation during non-REM sleep and memory consolidation after a nap (1303), although the effect was based on only four subjects who actually reported task-related mentation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1303] source
The section “The Offline Reactivation of Memory during Sleep and Quiet Wakefulness” reports that participants who described task-related dreams during a nap showed enhanced memory for a virtual maze at retest. Our copy discusses NREM dreaming elsewhere, but does not specify that the nap finding was limited to NREM sleep or state that only four subjects reported task-related mentation. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationReactivation during wakefulness destabilized memories rendering them susceptible to interference learning, as indicated by impaired memory recall for the originally learned card-pair locations after interference learning.
“As expected from reconsolidation studies (e.g., Refs.844, 845, 1043), reactivation during wakefulness destabilized memories rendering them susceptible to interference learning, as indicated by impaired memory recall for the originally learned card-pair locations after interference learning (FIGURE 4D).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [844] source
- cites [845] source
- cites [1043] source
The Persistence of reconsolidation blockade section (page not provided) says reactivation rendered fear memories labile and extinction during that period prevented the return of fear. The paper does not report a card-pair location task or impaired recall of originally learned locations after interference learning; its experiments measured conditioned fear responses. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationPrior performance on procedural tasks produced relative enhanced activation in striatal and supplementary motor areas, whereas prior navigation performance enhanced activation in temporal lobe regions including the hippocampus.
“Prior performance on the procedural tasks produced relative enhanced activation in striatal and supplementary motor areas, whereas prior navigation performance enhanced activation in temporal lobe regions including the hippocampus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [913] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn addition to current learning experience, more remote learning experiences are also reactivated, indicating that wake reactivations do not depend on the actual perceptual input.
“In addition to current learning experience, more remote learning experiences are also reactivated, indicating that wake reactivations do not depend on the actual perceptual input (621).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [621] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationUsing an interference A-B A-C paradigm, Kuhl et al. observed distinct hippocampal activation during learning of new A-C object associations, which was predictive for later remembering the first-learned A-B associations, suggesting that reactivation of old associations during new learning prevented forgetting.
“Using an interference A-B A-C paradigm, Kuhl et al. ( 674) observed distinct hippocampal activation during learning of the new A-C object associations (interfering with the first learned A-B associations), which was predictive for later remembering the first-learned A-B associations, suggesting that reactivation of old associations during new learning prevented forgetting.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [674] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWake reactivations occur conjointly with SW-Rs that are observed at somewhat lower rates during wakefulness than during SWS.
“They also occur conjointly with SW-Rs that are observed at somewhat lower rates during wakefulness than during SWS (159,191,870).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [159] source
- cites [191] source
The Introduction (page unavailable) says reactivation occurs during waking activity and is most prevalent during ripples. It also says ripples are dominant during quiescence or slow-wave sleep but can occur during running; it does not establish that their rate is somewhat lower during wakefulness than during slow-wave sleep. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [870] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationWake reactivations were found to be particularly precise when the animal explores a novel environment, and the precision decreases when the animal becomes more and more familiar with the spatial task.
“Wake reactivations were found to be particularly precise when the animal explores a novel environment, and the precision decreases when the animal becomes more and more familiar with the spatial task (191).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [191] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe up-state reflects some balance between excitatory and inhibitory neuronal activity, whereas the hyperpolarizing down-state represents a period of disfacilitation that does not contain active inhibition.
“Whereas the up-state reflects some balance between excitatory and inhibitory neuronal activity (505, 1017, 1074), the hyperpolarizing down-state represents a period of disfacilitation that does not contain active inhibition (229,1146).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [505] source
- cites [1017] source
The Conductance time course during up- and down-state transitions section reports that excitation drives the onset of an up-state and that inhibition drops before an up-to-down transition in one cell. These findings are consistent with reduced synaptic activity around the down-state, but the analysis measures changes relative to the down-state, not to rest; it does not establish that the down-state contains no active inhibition. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.80)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1074] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationTraditionally, SWA is regarded as a marker of the homeostatically regulated sleep pressure, which increases after prolonged sleep deprivation and decreases from early to late sleep.
“Traditionally, SWA is regarded as a marker of the homeostatically regulated sleep pressure, which increases after prolonged sleep deprivation and decreases from early to late sleep (111, 113, 994, 1269).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [111] Borbely AA, 1982, Hum Neurobiol
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [113] Borbély AA, 1999, J Biol Rhythms
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [994] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationK-complexes during non-REM sleep stage 2 appear to represent isolated slow waves.
“K-complexes during non-REM sleep stage 2 appear to represent isolated slow waves (181).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [181] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationDuring human slow wave sleep (SWS), the EEG shows predominant slow wave activity (SWA), defined by the 0.5- to 4.0-Hz frequency band and including <1-Hz slow oscillations with a peak frequency of 0.8 Hz.
“During human slow wave sleep (SWS), the EEG shows predominant slow wave activity (SWA), which is defined by the 0.5-to 4.0-Hz frequency band and includes the Ͻ1-Hz slow oscillations with a peak frequency of 0.8 Hz (7,830).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [7] source
- cites [830] source
The Discussion reports a clear EEG power peak at 0.7–0.8 Hz during human SWS and identifies it as a <1-Hz slow oscillation. The paper does not define slow-wave activity as the 0.5–4.0-Hz band; its figure caption instead labels 0.16–4 Hz as the slow-oscillation band used for analysis. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSlow oscillations originating from thalamo-cortical neurons vanish when the thalamus is isolated from cortical inputs, indicating the slow oscillation is a primary cortical phenomenon.
“Slow oscillations originating from thalamo-cortical neurons (586) vanish when the thalamus is isolated from cortical inputs (1200), indicating the slow oscillation is a primary cortical phenomenon (993).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn the scalp EEG, the negative peak of the slow oscillation coincides with the beginning of the down-to-up state transition, whereas the depolarizing phase of sustained firing correlates with the positive EEG deflection.
“In the scalp EEG, the negative peak of the slow oscillation coincides with the beginning of the down-to-up state transition (281, 993, 1261), whereas the depolarizing phase of sustained firing corre-lates with the positive EEG deflection (33,998,1268).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [281] source
The ‘Slow-wave complexes are preceded by a generalized neuronal silence’ section reports that decreased firing accompanies depth-positive field potentials, followed by increased firing with depth-negative potentials. The introductory passage identifies depth-negative activity as surface-positive and associated with depolarization, supporting the second clause. The paper does not establish that a negative peak in scalp EEG marks the beginning of the down-to-up transition. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [993] source
- cites [1261] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationThe decrease in slope possibly reflects a decrease in the synchrony and speed of recruitment of neurons at the down-to-up state transition.
“possibly reflecting a decrease in the synchrony and speed of recruitment of neurons at the down-to-up state transition (87,360,994,1267).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationHigh-density EEG recordings in humans as well as depth recordings in epileptic patients and cats indicate that the slow oscillation behaves like a travelling wave, which originates most frequently in the frontal regions and propagates towards posterior regions, although other origins and directions of propagation occur.
“High-density EEG recordings in humans as well as depth recordings in epileptic patients and cats indicate that the slow oscillation behaves like a travelling wave, which originates most frequently in the frontal regions and propagates towards posterior regions, although other origins and directions of propagation occur (188, 748, 791, 841, 859, 1261, 1314).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [188] source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [748] source
- cites [791] source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe slow oscillation is generated in cortical networks and can occur in isolated cortical slices.
“The slow oscillation is generated in cortical networks and can occur in isolated cortical slices (239, 1028, 1198).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe consequences of memory reactivation depend on the brain state with opposing effects induced during waking and SWS, and these data refute opportunistic theories of sleep-associated memory consolidation assuming that reactivation-induced consolidation processes do not basically differ between sleep and wakefulness.
“In showing that the consequences of memory reactivation depend on the brain state with opposing effects induced during waking and SWS, these data refute”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [809] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationtDCS at the 5 Hz theta frequency during early non-REM sleep had an immediate suppressing rather than enhancing effect on endogenous slow oscillation and frontal slow spindle activity, and impaired overnight retention of word pairs.
“tDCS at the 5 Hz theta frequency during early non-REM sleep had an immediate suppressing rather than enhancing effect on endogenous slow oscillation and frontal slow spindle activity, and impaired overnight retention of word pairs (784).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [784] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationReducing SWA during sleep by the presentation of tones suppressed the sleep-dependent improvement in visuomotor adaptation skills and also in texture discrimination skills.
“Correspondingly, reducing SWA during sleep by the presentation of tones was revealed to suppress the sleep-dependent improvement in visuomotor adaptation skills (691, 692) and also in texture discrimination skills (10).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn humans, tDCS that oscillated at 0.003 Hz and was applied to the prefrontal cortex during early nocturnal non-REM sleep increased endogenous SWA and produced a significant improvement in the overnight retention of word pair memories.
“In humans, tDCS that oscillated at a very low frequency (0.003 Hz; 30-s on/30-s off) and was applied to the prefrontal cortex during early noctur-nal non-REM sleep, increased endogenous SWA, and produced a significant improvement in the overnight retention of word pair memories (785).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [785] source
The Abstract and Discussion report increased slow oscillatory activity and improved retention of word pairs after frontal tDCS during early slow-wave-rich sleep. But the Transcranial DC stimulation section specifies 15 seconds on and 15 seconds off, not the cited sentence’s 30 seconds on and 30 seconds off; that protocol also does not match its stated 0.003 Hz. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationApplying the 0.75 Hz slow oscillatory stimulation during wakefulness induced a widespread increase in theta (4-8 Hz), rather than slow oscillation activity, and this increase in theta activity was associated with a significant improvement in the encoding of declarative memories, rather than affecting retention of these memories.
“Applying the 0.75 Hz slow oscillatory stimulation during wakefulness induced a widespread increase in theta (4 -8 Hz), rather than slow oscillation activity, and this increase in theta activity was associated with a significant improvement in the encoding of declarative memories, rather than affecting retention of these memories (FIGURE 5D, Ref. 643).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [643] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationApplication of 5 Hz rTMS over the motor cortex induced an immediate potentiation of the TMS-induced cortical response which was followed by a marked (40%) increase in SWA in the same cortical region during subsequent sleep.
“Application of 5 Hz rTMS over the motor cortex induced an immediate potentiation of the TMS-induced cortical response which was followed by a marked (40%) increase in SWA in the same cortical region during subsequent sleep (580).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [580] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe synaptic homeostasis hypothesis originated from Borbely's two process model of sleep, assumes that, apart from a circadian process C, sleep and specifically SWS is regulated by a homeostatic process S, which rises during waking and declines during sleep.
“The synaptic homeostasis hypothesis originated from Borbely's”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [5] Achermann P, 2004, Aviat Space Environ Med
- cites [8] source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [111] Borbely AA, 1982, Hum Neurobiol
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn juvenile mice in vivo, two-photon microscopy in the sensorimotor cortex revealed a net decrease in spine growth across periods of sleep, although significant spine growth also occurred.
“In juvenile mice in vivo, two-photon microscopy in the sensorimotor cortex revealed a net decrease in spine growth across periods of sleep, although there was also significant spine growth at the same time (772).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [772] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationProcedures assumed to induce local net increases in synaptic potentiation (e.g., the cortical application of BDNF and KCl) induced cortical spreading depression and increased SWA during subsequent sleep, whereas BDNF receptor inhibition decreased SWA.
“Procedures assumed to induce local net increases in synaptic potentiation (e.g., the cortical application of BDNF and KCl) induced cortical spreading depression (81) and increased SWA during subsequent sleep, whereas BDNF receptor inhibition decreased SWA (366,367).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [81] source
- cites [366] source
The Experimental Design and Results passages report that cortical KCl infusion induced CSD in rats, and the Results report increased SWA afterward. The Introduction describes cortical BDNF application as increasing SWA, but does not say it induced CSD; that part of the wording is not supported by this source. The receptor-inhibition statement is attached to other citations, not this one. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [367] source
The Abstract reports that cortical BDNF injections in awake rats increased local SWA during subsequent NREM sleep, while the K252a injections section reports reduced SWA after blocking the BDNF receptor TrkB. The cited paper does not establish the claim about KCl application. Cortical spreading depression is attached to citation (81) in the citing sentence, not to this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn fruit flies, synapse size or number increased after a few hours of wakefulness and decreased only when flies were allowed to sleep.
“Using staining techniques in fruit flies, Bushey et al. (156) showed that synapse size or number increased after a few hours of wakefulness and decreased only when flies were allowed to sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [156] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe model predicted a decrease in the incidence of high-amplitude slow waves, a decrease in slope, as well as an increase in the number of multipeak waves from early to late sleep, which was confirmed in related animal and human studies.
“Specifically, the model predicted a decrease in the incidence of high-amplitude slow waves, a decrease in slope, as well as an increase in the number of multipeak waves from early to late sleep, which was con-firmed in related animal and human studies (994, 1269).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn rats, learning a reaching task increased the protein expression of two activity-dependent genes c-fos and arc in the motor cortex and increased subsequent SWA in the same brain region.
“In rats, learning a reaching task increased the protein expression of two activity-dependent genes c-fos and arc in the motor cortex and increased subsequent SWA in the same brain region (510).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [510] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn fruit flies, increased synaptic growth due to an enriched wake experience led to an increase in sleep, and time spent asleep after enriched experience was negatively correlated with spine density.
“Increased synaptic growth due to an enriched wake experience (12 h spent together with 100 other flies) led to an increase in sleep with the time spent asleep after enriched experience being negatively correlated with spine density, suggesting that sleep renormalized synapses after potentiation during wakefulness.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [156] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationFiring rates of cortical neurons were high after periods of sustained wakefulness and decreased during sleep, with the decrease correlating with SWA during sleep.
“Firing rates of cortical neurons were high after periods of sustained wakefulness and decreased during sleep, with the decrease correlating with SWA during sleep (1268).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1268] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAlthough stimulation at the ~1 Hz slow oscillation frequency typically induces LTD in vitro, in vivo such stimulation can remain ineffective or even induce LTP.
“Related to that, although stimulation at the ϳ1 Hz slow oscillation frequency typically induces LTD in vitro, in vivo such stimulation can remain ineffective or even induce LTP (e.g., Refs.497, 919).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [497] source
- cites [919] source
The Abstract reports that regular 1 Hz stimulation induced LTD in adult visual-cortex slices, while irregular Poisson-patterned 1 Hz stimulation did not induce net LTD. The Field potentials section reports that Poisson stimulation sometimes induced LTP. But the study tested slices, not stimulation in vivo; its Poisson pattern approximated irregular activity observed in vivo, so the claim overstates the setting of the result. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn rats, sleep deprivation hampered the induction of LTP in hippocampal regions, the expression of plasticity-related genes, and excitability of hippocampal neurons.
“Fittingly, in rats, sleep deprivation also hampered the induction of LTP in the hippocampal regions (170, 778, 1161, 1179), the expression of plasticity-related genes (496) as well as excitability of the hippocampal neurons (801, 802).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 7 sources checked- cites [170] Campbell IG, 2002, Sleep source
- cites [778] source
- cites [1161] source
- cites [1179] source
- cites [496] source
- cites [801] source
The Abstract and Discussion report that sleep-deprived rats had reduced NMDA-mediated synaptic currents in CA1 neurons, an alteration the authors link to impaired LTP induction. For the excitability clause to which this source appears attached, reduced synaptic transmission is relevant, but the paper does not show that the neurons’ intrinsic excitability was hampered. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [802] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSleep deprivation typically reduces spindle activity during subsequent recovery sleep, together with an increase in SWA.
“Sleep deprivation typically reduces spindle activity during subsequent recovery sleep, together with an increase in SWA (114, 300 -302)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 4 sources checked- cites [114] source
- cites [300] source
The available passages give the paper’s title and bibliographic details (labelled Abstract, no page), but no findings about spindle activity or SWA. Searches for spindle activity, recovery sleep, and EEG power changes found no passage in our copy that establishes the claimed pattern. (LLM, conf=0.72)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [301] source
The available copy returns bibliographic material rather than findings (passages labelled Abstract, no page number). Searches for spindle activity, sleep deprivation, recovery sleep, and slow-wave activity found no passage addressing whether spindle activity decreases while SWA increases. (LLM, conf=0.75)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [302] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn humans, the capacity to encode episodic memories deteriorates across the day and is restored after a period of sleep.
“In humans, the capacity to encode episodic memories deteriorates across the day and is restored after a period of sleep (759).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [759] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThalamic generation of spindles is linked to activation of T-type calcium channels and calcium-dependent small-conductance channels.
“Thalamic generation of spindles is linked to activation of T-type calcium channels (45,67,1162) and calcium-dependent small-conductance channels (1326).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim3 of 4 sources checked- cites [45] source
- cites [67] source
- cites [1162] source
The Discussion (page unavailable) says that calcium-dependent small-conductance (SK) channels are tightly associated with T-type calcium channels in thalamic reticular dendrites, and links T-type conductances to rhythmic bursting during non-REM sleep. It does not establish that SK-channel activation contributes to the thalamic generation of spindles—the part of the sentence for which this paper is cited. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1326] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSW-Rs occur mainly during SWS but also during nonexploratory wakefulness.
“SW-Rs occur mainly during SWS but also during nonexploratory wakefulness (e.g., drinking, grooming, and quiet wakefulness).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 7 sources checked- cites [159] source
- cites [162] source
- cites [196] source
- cites [241] source
The introductory passage (page unavailable) associates sharp waves and fast oscillations with slow-wave sleep, immobility, and consummatory behaviors, supporting occurrence during sleep and nonexploratory wakefulness. It does not establish that SW-Rs occur mainly during slow-wave sleep or specifically name drinking and grooming. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [459] source
- cites [832] source
The Event correlation of SPWs and slow oscillations section reports sharp wave-ripple events during rat slow-wave sleep. Our copy does not establish that they occur mainly during SWS relative to other states, or report their occurrence during nonexploratory wakefulness, including drinking, grooming, or quiet wakefulness. Page numbers are unavailable in the indexed copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1342] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn both studies, emergent ripple events were selectively disrupted by electrical stimulation during the rest period after learning, without disturbing sleep, which distinctly impaired consolidation of the acquired spatial memories.
“In both studies, emergent ripple events were selectively disrupted by electrical stimulation during the rest period after learning, without disturbing sleep, which distinctly impaired consolidation of the acquired spatial memories.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationNeurofeedback training to voluntarily increase EEG power in the 11.6-16 Hz sigma frequency band produced a small increase in sigma power also during subsequent sleep, but this increase was not associated with any change in the overnight retention of declarative memories.
“In another approach, neurofeedback training to voluntarily increase EEG power in the 11.6 -16 Hz sigma frequency band produced a small increase in sigma power also during subsequent sleep (86).This increase, however, was not associated with any change in the overnight retention of declarative memories.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [86] source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn humans, intense learning of vocabulary increased the slope of the down-to-up state transition of the slow oscillation during succeeding non-REM sleep, and concurrently enhanced fast spindle activity, with this increase concentrating on the up-states of the slow oscillation, whereas no changes were observed in hyperpolarizing down-states.
“In humans, intense learning of vocabulary did not only increase the slope of the down-to-up state transition of the slow oscillation during succeeding non-REM sleep, but concurrently enhanced fast spindle activity, with this increase concentrating on the up-states of the slow oscillation, whereas no changes were observed in hyperpolarizing down-states (826, 829).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationTraining on an active avoidance task is followed by a robust increase in PGO wave density for 3-4 h after training, and changes in PGO wave density were also proportional to the improvement in task performance between initial training and post-sleep retest.
“Training on an active avoidance task is followed by a robust increase in PGO wave density for 3-4 h after training, and changes in PGO wave density were also proportional to the improvement in task performance between initial training and post-sleep retest (259, 261, 1225).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationOnly classic fast spindles display strong phase synchronization with the emergent depolarizing upstate of the slow oscillation; slow frontal spindles tend to follow fast spindles by 200-500 ms and occur in the up-to-down state transition.
“As for spindles, only the classic fast spindles display the strong phase synchronization with the emergent depolarizing upstate of the slow oscillation.Slow frontal spindles, in contrast, tend to follow fast spindles by 200 -500 ms and thus occur already in the up-to-down state transition of the slow oscillation (38,826).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [38] source
The Results sections ‘Fast centroparietal spindles precede slow frontal spindles’ and ‘Association of spindles with slow wave up-states’ report that fast spindles precede slow frontal spindles by 203 ±16 ms and are more tightly associated with up-states. They do not say that only fast spindles synchronize with up-states. The Discussion section ‘The relation of spindles with sleep slow waves’ says frontal spindles occur later during up-states, not specifically at the up-to-down transition. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [826] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMuscimol and zolpidem impair sleep-dependent plastic changes in visual cortex in cats, suggesting GABA plays critical role for plastic processes during sleep.
“Conversely, the GABA A agonist muscimol and also zolpidem impaired sleep-dependent plastic changes in the visual cortex in a developmental model of synaptic plasticity in cats [i.e., ocular dominance plasticity (ODP); see sect.VIIA3 for details] (48,411,1059), suggesting that GABA plays a critical role for plastic processes occurring during sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [48] source
The Results section (‘Sleep enhances ODP’; page unavailable) confirms sleep-dependent visual-cortex plasticity in cats. But this paper tests the NMDA-receptor antagonist APV and the PKA inhibitor Rp-8-Cl-cAMPS, not muscimol or zolpidem. Its References list a separate zolpidem study; our copy does not establish the claimed GABA mechanism. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [411] source
- cites [1059] Seibt J, 2008, Sleep source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSystemic administration of GABA A receptor agonistic modulators reduces sleep latency and increases non-REM stage 2 and sleep spindles, but reduces SWS and SWA.
“In humans and rats, systemic administration of agonistic modulators of the GABA A receptor, including barbiturates, benzodiazepines, and zolipedem, reduces sleep latency and consistently increases both sleep in non-REM stage 2 and sleep spindles, but typically simultaneously reduces SWS and SWA (684).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [684] source
The “Effects of Agonistic Modulators of GABA A Receptors on Sleep” section reports shorter sleep latency, more NREM sleep and spindles, and reduced slow-wave activity for these modulators. But it does not support a general reduction in slow-wave sleep (SWS): phenobarbital increased SWS, while pentobarbital and zolpidem had little or no effect on it. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSodium oxybate or baclofen before nap increased SWS without affecting sleep-dependent declarative memory consolidation of word pairs and face-location associations.
“Administration of the GABA B agonists sodium oxybate or baclofen before a nap increased SWS, without affecting sleep-dependent declarative memory consolidation of word pairs and face-location associations (1255).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1255] source
The ‘SO Strongly Affects Nap Sleep’ section reports increased SWS during naps under sodium oxybate, but only a tendency toward increased SWS under baclofen. ‘A Nap with or without SO or BAC Improves Memory Performance’ reports no difference from placebo on the word-pair or face-location memory tasks. Thus, the memory finding is supported, but the claim overstates baclofen’s effect on nap SWS. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOrexin facilitates LTP induction in VTA and hippocampus, directly and via LC noradrenergic release.
“The wake-promoting neuropeptide orexin robustly facilitated LTP induction in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and in the hippocampus, directly and via LC noradrenergic release, respectively (115, 1296).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [115] source
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that orexin A potentiates synaptic responses in VTA dopamine neurons and that blocking its receptor prevents induction of cocaine-associated synaptic potentiation. But the paper describes orexin-induced late-phase LTP as a possibility, rather than establishing that orexin robustly facilitates LTP induction. The hippocampal mechanism appears to belong to the sentence’s other citation, not this one. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1296] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHistamine, norepinephrine, and acetylcholine support induction and maintenance of LTP.
“Supporting effects on the induction and maintenance of LTP were also consistently revealed for histamine (677, 750), norepinephrine, as well as acetylcholine (140, 585, 598, 1187, 1309).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [677] source
- cites [750] source
This citation is attached to histamine, not to norepinephrine or acetylcholine. The “LTP and histamine” section reports that septal histamine facilitated LTP induced during immobility, while histamine-receptor blockade suppressed the facilitation seen during walking. Figure 4 shows an association with LTP measured 60 and 120 minutes after induction, but the paper does not establish a separate effect of histamine on LTP maintenance. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [140] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSWS is associated with inhibition of glucocorticoid release and surge in GHRH and GH.
“SWS is associated with the inhibition of glucocorticoid release from the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) sys-tem and a profound surge in the release of growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) and GH from the somatotropic axis (122, 123, 1271).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [122] source
- cites [123] source
- cites [1271] source
The section “Regulation of the hypothalamo-pituitary axis (HPA) during sleep” (page unavailable) says that early SWS inhibits ACTH and cortisol release, supporting the glucocorticoid portion of the claim. Our copy does not state that SWS produces a surge in GHRH or GH; searches for those terms and the somatotropic axis found no supporting passage. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationNorepinephrine and acetylcholine are important for induction of late LTP and often synergistically enhance LTP and LTD.
“Indeed, norepinephrine and acetylcholine are also important for the induction of late LTP (12,1295) and were often found to synergistically act to enhance LTP (140, 1309) as well as LTD (642).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAdenosine via A1 receptors attenuates hippocampal LTP, whereas A2A receptor activation enhances it.
“Via activation of A1 receptors extracellular adenosine attenuates hippocampal LTP, whereas A2A receptor activation mediates an enhancing effect (233, 816, 972).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn children and adults, spindle number and density strongly correlate with IQ scores and overnight retention of memories.
“In children and adults, spindle number and density strongly correlate with IQ scores (106, 395, 439, 847, 1038, 1039) as well as overnight retention of memories (213, 1057, 1230).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim3 of 9 sources checked- cites [106] source
- cites [395] source
- cites [439] source
The ‘Relationship between Cognitive Abilities and the Sleep EEG’ section reports that spindle peak frequency and relative sigma power were associated with IQ in school-age children, and notes agreement with earlier adult findings. It does not establish that spindle number or density strongly correlates with IQ; those are different measures. The overnight-memory claim has a separate group of citations in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [847] Nader RS, 2001, Sleep
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [1038] source
- cites [1039] source
The Results (Spindle features and explicit memory change) report that increases in spindle activity correlated with overnight memory improvement and that absolute spindle activity was related to cognitive test scores. But the study involved adults aged 20–30, not children, and its key correlations concern spindle activity—not spindle number or density. The Results also state that absolute spindle activity was not significantly related to overnight improvement. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [213] source
- cites [1057] Seeck-Hirschner M, 2011, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry source
- cites [1230] source
The Results section ('Memory performance and sleep-spindle associations'; page unavailable) reports that fast spindle count correlated with context-memory retention in the nap group. Another Results passage reports that the correlation with spindle density was not significant (r = 0.37, P = 0.26). This paper's finding concerns retention after a nap, not overnight retention; the citations attached to IQ scores are separate from the citations attached to memory retention. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationGenetic differences account for 30-45% of variance in subjective sleep quality and sleep disturbances and for about 50% in physiological measures of sleep stages.
“Systematic twin studies using large samples indicate that genetic differences account for 30 -45% of the variance in subjective sleep quality and sleep disturbances (186, 526, 889) and for ϳ50% in physiological measures of sleep stages (137,737,738).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [186] source
- cites [526] source
- cites [889] source
The Results (page unavailable) give an overall heritability estimate of 0.44 for self-reported sleep quality, within the claimed 30–45% range. The paper does not report a corresponding estimate for sleep disturbances. The physiological sleep-stage claim has a separate citation group and is not attributed to this source here. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSeveral studies reported correlations between SWS or SWA and overnight retention of declarative memory and procedural motor skills.
“Several studies reported correlations between SWS or SWA and the overnight retention of declarative memory (55,58,464,1319) as well as procedural motor skills (581, 582).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 6 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn juvenile zebra finches, first exposure to a tutor song enhanced high-frequency bursting in RA neurons during subsequent sleep, with corresponding changes in singing occurring the following day.
“Thus, in juvenile zebra finches, the first exposure to a tutor song distinctly enhanced high-frequency bursting in RA neurons during subsequent sleep, with corresponding changes in singing occurring not until the following day (1063).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1063] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationImprinting increases activated CaMKII, dendritic spine postsynaptic density size, and delayed upregulation of NMDA receptors in the IMM, without changing the number of synapses per se.
“Imprinting increases also the amount of activated CaMKII, the size of dendritic spine postsynaptic densities, and a delayed upregulation of NMDA receptors in the IMM, without changing the number of synapses per se (129, 567, 799).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [129] source
- cites [567] source
- cites [799] source
The Abstract (p. 2849) reports increased NMDA-sensitive binding in the left IMHV after imprinting and says previous studies found larger postsynaptic densities there. It does not establish that the NMDA change was delayed, that activated CaMKII increased, or that synapse numbers were unchanged. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationReplay in RA neurons is driven by input from HVC neurons, which in juvenile songbirds show a decline in burst activation across sleep in parallel with deterioration of song structure.
“The replay in RA neurons is driven by input from HVC neurons (267, 504) which, in juvenile songbirds, show a decline in burst activation across sleep, in parallel with the deterioration of song structure (271).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [267] source
- cites [504] source
Citation 271 is attached to the claim that juvenile HVC neurons show declining burst activity across sleep alongside deteriorating song structure. The paper’s Discussion describes changes in bursting with arousal, but our copy does not address that juvenile, across-sleep relationship (searched: juvenile, song deterioration, and declining bursts during sleep). The separate claim about HVC input to RA is attributed to citations 267 and 504. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [271] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThere is evidence that ODP critically depends on T-type calcium channel function, which also plays an essential role in generating spindles and slow oscillations during non-REM sleep.
“Interestingly, there is evidence that ODP critically depends on the T-type calcium channel function ( 1224), which also plays an essential role in the generation of spindles and slow oscillations during non-REM sleep (282, 283).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [1224] source
- cites [282] source
Box 1 (Concluding remarks; page unavailable) describes T-type Ca²⁺ channel-mediated bursts at the start of slow-oscillation UP states and links sleep spindles to those states. The section on T-type Ca²⁺ channel-mediated bursts proposes that these bursts might trigger UP states, but the paper does not establish that T-type channel function is essential to generating both spindles and slow oscillations. The ODP claim is attached to a different citation and is not assessed here. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [283] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThere is evidence for song replay and systematic changes in RA burst activity patterns across sleep in adult zebra finches.
“There is evidence for song replay and for systematic changes in RA burst activity patterns across sleep in adult zebra finches as well (969).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [969] source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationPhosphorylation of regulators of protein synthesis and translation of plasticity-related mRNAs (e.g., Arc and BDNF) was increased during sleep, supporting the notion that sleep is a period of enhanced protein synthesis in these networks.
“Furthermore, phosphorylation of regulators of protein synthesis as well as translation of plasticity-related mRNAs (e.g., Arc and BDNF) was increased during sleep, overall speaking for the notion that sleep is a period of enhanced protein synthesis in these networks.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1060] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationODP was impaired following trazodone, probably via blocking 5-HT2c receptors during sleep.
“ODP was impaired following application of the atypical hypnotic trazodone, probably acting via blocking 5-HT 2c receptors during sleep (48).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [48] source
The Results section reports that APV and Rp-8-Cl-cAMPS blocked sleep-dependent ODP consolidation, and mentions a prior finding that hypnotic drugs did not impair ODP. Searches for trazodone and 5-HT2C receptors found no passage addressing whether trazodone impaired ODP or acted through that receptor. (LLM, conf=0.73)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe mechanisms mediating synaptic plasticity during critical periods differ in essential aspects from those during later life, and differences in regulation of synaptic plasticity may still exist between juveniles and adults.
“The mechanisms mediating synaptic plasticity during critical periods in essential aspects differ from those during later life (838) and differences in the regulation of synaptic plasticity may still exist between juveniles and adults (772).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationOf zaleplon, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and triazolam, only zolpidem impaired sleep-dependent ODP, although all reduced REM sleep and increased non-REM sleep.
“Of the GABA A agonistic substances zaleplon, eszopiclone, zolpidem, and triazolam, only zolpidem impaired sleep-dependent ODP, although all substances distinctly reduced REM sleep and increased non-REM sleep (48,1059).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [48] source
The Results (Experiment 1; page unavailable) say that hypnotic drugs profoundly inhibited post-deprivation REM sleep without impairing ODP. The References list a study titled “The non-benzodiazepine hypnotic Zolpidem impairs sleep-dependent cortical plasticity.” Our copy does not establish the four-drug comparison or that all four increased non-REM sleep. (LLM, conf=0.79)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1059] Seibt J, 2008, Sleep source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe EEG during SWS shows developmental changes: amplitude and slope of slow waves and SWA increase until puberty at 10-12 years to levels higher than adults, then decrease.
“The EEG during SWS also shows typical changes during development: the amplitude and slope of slow waves as well as SWA (i.e., spectral power in the 0.5-4 Hz band, including both Ͻ1 Hz slow oscillation and 1-4 Hz delta activity) increases until the beginning of puberty at the age of 10 -12 years to levels distinctly higher than in adults, and thereafter starts to decrease (169, 604, 680).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked- cites [169] source
- cites [604] Jenni OG, 2004, Sleep source
- cites [680] source
The Introduction and Discussion describe SWA increasing until shortly before puberty and then declining through adolescence; the Discussion says the authors also observed the adolescent decline. The copy does not establish the same trajectory for slow-wave amplitude and slope, specify a peak at ages 10–12, or show levels distinctly higher than adults. It defines SWA as 1–4.5 Hz rather than the cited sentence’s 0.5–4 Hz. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationParticularly in initial training stages, explicit learning mechanisms involving prefrontal-hippocampal circuitry can be essential for skill acquisition, with parallel storing of procedural and hippocampus-dependent declarative aspects favoring interactions and competitions between memory systems, which can impair implicit task performance.
“Particularly in the initial stages of training, contributions of explicit (i.e., conscious) learning mechanisms involving prefrontal-hippocampal circuitry can be essential for skill acquisition, with the parallel storing of procedural and hippocampus-dependent declarative aspects favoring interactions and competitions between the two memory systems (16,43,937,1042), which can result in an impaired”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 6 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationA diminished capability to consolidate hippocampus-dependent memory (for word pairs) was not confirmed in a recent study by Wilson et al. including young, middle-aged (30-55 years) and old (55-70 years) participants; with reference to retention rates across daytime wake intervals, sleep improved retention rates in all age groups to the same extent.
“A diminished capability to consolidate hippocampus-dependent memory (for word pairs) was not confirmed in a recent study by Wilson et al. (1324) including, besides young subjects, middle-aged (30 -55 years) as well as old (55-70 years) participants.With reference to retention rates across daytime wake intervals, sleep improved retention rates in all age groups to the same extent.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1324] source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationUsing a finger sequence tapping task, one study reported that elderly subjects (60-79 years) maintained their performance across 24 h including sleep, while their performance was impaired after 12 h of wakefulness, suggesting a role for sleep in optimal motor consolidation also in the elderly.
“In contrast, using a finger sequence tapping task, one study reported that elderly subjects (60 -79 years) maintained their performance across 24 h including sleep, while their performance was impaired after 12 h of wakefulness, suggesting a role for sleep in optimal motor consolidation also in the elderly (1214).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1214] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAging rats at rest after spatial memory encoding showed weaker reactivations of temporal firing patterns in hippocampal neuron ensembles, and this was associated with diminished spatial memory performance in the Morris Water maze at the final testing day.
“Consistent with this notion, aging rats at rest after spatial memory encoding showed weaker reactivations of temporal firing patterns in hippocampal neuron ensembles, and this was associated with diminished spatial memory performance in the Morris Water maze at the final testing day (e.g., Ref. 448, see sect.IIIA4).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [448] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationA recent study reported no beneficial effect of sleep on memory and no correlation between SWS and consolidation of word pairs across sleep in elderly subjects (60-84 years), whereas a positive correlation with SWS and a sleep-dependent memory improvement was observed in younger participants (18-22 years).
“A recent study reported no beneficial effect of sleep on memory and no correlation between SWS and consolidation of word pairs across sleep in elderly subjects (60 -84 years), whereas a positive correlation with SWS and a sleep-dependent memory improvement was observed in younger participants (18 -22 years) (1055)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [1055] Scullin MK, 2012, Psychol Aging source
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationImmunological memory, like neurobehavioral memory, is formed as part of an adaptive organismic response to an environmental stressor, and shares the basic subprocesses of encoding, consolidation, and retrieval.
“Nevertheless, immunological memory, like neurobehavioral memory, is formed as part of an adaptive organismic response to an environmental stressor, and shares the basic subprocesses of encoding, consolidation, and retrieval (641, 695).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [641] source
The “Future Challenges: Memory” passage says that both systems retain information from past experience and respond to an appropriate stimulus, supporting the comparison and a form of retrieval. The paper also describes both systems as responding to environmental changes, but it does not identify encoding and consolidation as shared memory subprocesses or specifically say that memory forms in response to an environmental stressor. No page number is available for the deciding passage in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [695] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSleep in humans enhances the production of IL-12 by monocytes and premyeloid dendritic cells (pre-mDC) which represent the most important precursors of mature professional APC circulating in blood.
“Thus sleep in humans enhances the production of IL-12 by monocytes and premyolid dendritic cells (pre-mDC) which represent the most important precursors of mature professional APC circulating in blood (307, 696).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [307] source
The Results section reports that sleep increased the percentage of pre-mDC producing IL-12 after laboratory stimulation. The Discussion reports a comparable increase for monocytes in an earlier study, but says that result was variable and cautions that sleep does not affect monocytes globally. It also clarifies that the pre-mDC finding concerns capacity to produce IL-12 after stimulation, not spontaneous production in circulation. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [696] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSeveral reports indicated an enhancing influence of sleep on T-cell production of IL-2 which acts to further promote T-cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation, although other studies failed to reveal such effects when examining IL-2 production in specific T-cell subpopulations.
“Furthermore, several reports indicated an enhancing influence of sleep on T-cell production of IL-2 which acts to further promote T-cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation (120, 595), although other studies failed to reveal such effects when examining IL-2 production in specific T-cell subpopulations (109,308).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSleep-dependent benefits are also not consistently revealed in younger subjects for this task, possibly due to the great complexity of the underlying sequence rules associated with a higher degree of implicitness at learning.
“However, sleepdependent benefits are also not consistently revealed in younger subjects for this task, possibly due to the great complexity of the underlying sequence rules associated with a higher degree of implicitness at learning (852,1122,1123).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites [852] source
The Discussion (pp. 13–14) reports no sleep-dependent benefit in young adults on the ASRT task and says sleep effects are likely task-dependent. The paper describes its sequences as probabilistic and second-order and notes that participants generally lack explicit knowledge of them (p. 3). It does not specifically propose that the complexity of the sequence rules, through greater implicitness at learning, explains the absent benefit. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1122] source
The Subjects and design section describes participants aged 18–25, and the General summary reports no sleep-dependent consolidation of sequence learning. The Introduction says probabilistic sequences are less likely to produce explicit awareness, while Lack of sleep-related effects proposes lack of explicit awareness as one possible explanation. The paper does not attribute the finding to the great complexity of the underlying sequence rules. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites [1123] Song SS, 2009, Dissertation Abstr Int B Sci Eng
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSleep increased proliferation of Th cells as well as the activity of natural regulatory T (nTreg) cells.
“Sleep increased proliferation of Th cells as well as the activity of natural regulatory T (nTreg) cells (109).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [109] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThis circadian rhythm is mainly driven by cortisol which upregulates the chemokine receptor CXCR4 on these cells and thereby facilitates their redistribution to the bone marrow during daytime.
“This circadian rhythm is mainly driven by cortisol which upregulates the chemokine receptor CXCR4 on these cells and thereby facilitates their redistribution to the bone marrow during daytime (305, 693).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningIn combination, these data support the view that sleep favors an accumulation of T cells in lymph nodes, and there might be a parallel effect on APC migration.
“In combination, these data support the view that sleep favors an accumulation of T cells in lymph nodes, and there might be a parallel effect on APC migration (307, 627).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [307] source
- cites [627] source
The Results (page not available) report circadian changes in T-cell proportions and immune-cell trafficking in the spleen, not T-cell accumulation in lymph nodes during sleep. Searches for sleep-related lymph-node accumulation and APC migration found no passage addressing either point. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationEffects of SO-tDCS depend on brain state: when applied during waking (rather than during non-REM sleep), tDCS induced a widespread increase in 4-8 Hz theta and 16-14 Hz beta activity, rather than slow oscillation activity, and these increases were associated with an enhanced encoding of declarative memory (for words), particularly in later learning trials (R5, R6), whereas consolidation across the
“D: effects of SO-tDCS depend on brain state: when applied during waking (rather than during non-REM sleep), tDCS induced a widespread increase in 4 -8 Hz theta and 16 -14 Hz beta activity, rather than slow oscillation activity, and these increases were associated with an enhanced encoding of declarative memory (for words), particularly in later learning trials (R5, R6), whereas consolidation”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [643] source
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationtDCS oscillating at 5 Hz (theta-tDCS) decreased slow oscillation activity at all recording sites and slow frontal spindle activity, and these effects were associated with an impaired retention of declarative memory across sleep.
“C:in contrast, tDCS oscillating at 5 Hz (theta-tDCS) decreased slow oscillation activity at all recording sites and slow frontal spindle activity, and these effects were associated with an impaired retention of declarative memory across sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked- cites [784] source
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe correlation between fast spindles and short-term picture recall was entirely explained by gender differences, as women remembered more pictures and had more spindles.
“However, this correlation was entirely explained by gender differences, as women remembered more pictures and exhibited also an increased number of spindles.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataNo associations were observed for SWS-related measures, spindles, or sleep length with overnight retention of pictures.
“No such associations were observed for SWS-related measures, spindles, or sleep length.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataShort-term recall of pictures was also correlated with percentage of REM sleep (r = 0.09), and this correlation survived control for gender.
“Short-term recall of pictures was also correlated with the percentage of REM sleep (r ϭ 0.09), with this correlation surviving control for gender.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe consolidation hypothesis is now widely accepted based on numerous studies showing that psychological, pharmacological, and electrophysiological manipulations can effectively impair or enhance memory when administered after encoding.
“The consolidation hypothesis is now widely accepted based on numerous studies showing that psychological, pharmacological, and electrophysiological manipulations, such as interference learning, the administration of norepinephrine and protein synthesis inhibitors or electroconvulsive shocks, can effectively impair or enhance memory, when administered after encoding (e.g., Refs. 803, 1332).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSleep is a brain state optimizing memory consolidation, whereas the waking brain is optimized for encoding of memories.
“newer findings characterize sleep as a brain state optimizing memory consolidation, in opposition to the waking brain being optimized for encoding of memories.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: The waking brain is optimized for acute processing of external stimuli involving encoding and retrieval, while the sleeping brain provides optimal conditions for consolidation processes that integrate newly encoded memory into a long-term store.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSleep functions proposed as energy-saving, restoration, thermoregulation, metabolic regulation, and adaptive immune functions could be achieved in quiet wakefulness and would not explain the loss of consciousness and responsiveness to external threats during sleep.
“However, these functions could be likewise achieved in a state of quiet wakefulness and would not explain the loss of consciousness and responsiveness to external threats during sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenSleep in mammals consists of two core sleep stages: slow-wave sleep (SWS) and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, which alternate in a cyclic manner.
“Sleep in mammals consists of two core sleep stages: slowwave sleep (SWS) and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, which alternate in a cyclic manner (FIGURE 1A).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe two-stage model has received strong support from lesion studies, indicating that lesions of the hippocampus abolish the ability to acquire new declarative memory and simultaneously produce a temporally graded retrograde amnesia where older memories remain intact.
“For the declarative memory system, the two-stage model has received strong support from lesion studies, indicating that lesions of the hippocampus abolish the ability to acquire new declarative memory and simultaneously produce a temporally graded retrograde amnesia where older memories remain intact (231,418).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- The authors state this as an assumption: Memories are initially encoded into a fast learning store (the hippocampus in the declarative memory system) and then gradually transferred to a slow learning store for long-term storage (the neocortex).
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAnimals deprived of sleep for several weeks show temperature and weight dysregulation and ultimately die of infections and tissue lesions.
“animals deprived of sleep for several weeks show temperature and weight dysregulation and ultimately die of infections and tissue lesions (973).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [973] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThese manipulations are time dependent and have strongest effects when applied immediately after learning.
“Importantly, these manipulations are time dependent and have strongest effects when applied immediately after learning (for reviews, see Refs. 194,805).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [194] Chorover S, 1976
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [805] McGaugh JL, 1976
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationDeclarative and nondeclarative memory systems are distinguished depending on the critical involvement of medial temporal lobe regions, particularly the hippocampus, in the acquisition of memory.
“In neuropsychology, declarative and nondeclarative memory systems are distinguished depending on the critical involvement of medial temporal lobe regions, particularly of the hippocampus, in the acquisition of memory (1134).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1134] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSystem consolidation builds on synaptic consolidation and refers to processes in which reverberating activity in newly encoded representations stimulate a redistribution of neuronal representations to other neuronal circuitries for long-term storage.
“System consolidation builds on synaptic consolidation and refers to processes in which reverberating activity in newly encoded representations stimulate a redistribution of the neuronal representations to other neuronal circuitries for long-term storage (418).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [418] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationMany studies subsequently confirmed the positive effect of sleep on memory, examining also longer retention intervals of from 24 h up to 6 days.
“Many studies subsequently confirmed the positive effect of sleep on memory (63, 79, 80, 248, 341-343, 350, 408, 478, 479, 592, 745, 853, 855, 1068, 1131, 1192, 1241), examining also longer retention intervals of from 24 h up to 6 days (79,80,474,592,990).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 10 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe pure hypothesis that simply the amount of interference between learning and recall determines the degree of forgetting is critically challenged by the fact that effects of retroactive interference are time dependent and much stronger when occurring immediately after learning than at a later time, speaking in favor of a time-dependent process of consolidation after encoding that strengthens the
“However, the pure hypothesis that simply the amount of interference between learning and recall determines the degree of forgetting is critically challenged by the fact that effects of retroactive interference are time dependent and much stronger when occurring immediately after learning than at a later time, speaking in favor of a time-dependent process of consolidation after encoding that”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [840] Müller GPA, 1900, Z Psychol
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningBecause the time between learning and retrieval as well as the time spent sleeping was identical for immediate versus delayed sleep conditions, the findings cannot be explained by interference reduction per se, but stress the importance of the timing of reduced interference with reference to the learning period.
“Importantly, because the time between learning and retrieval as well as the time spent sleeping was identical for the immediate versus delayed sleep conditions of these studies, the findings cannot be explained by interference reduction per se, but stress the importance of the timing of reduced interference with reference to the learning period.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationREM sleep improves creative problem solving instead of reducing creativity.
“Furthermore, priming before naps filled with REM sleep had a much stronger impact on later creative answers compared with naps without REM or quiet resting, indicating that REM sleep improves creative problem solving instead of reducing creativity (163).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningREM sleep may benefit procedural memory consolidation, but this effect is linked to specific conditions and to underlying REM-sleep-associated biological and molecular mechanisms that are so far unknown.
“To summarize, although REM sleep may benefit procedural memory consolidation, this effect appears to be linked to specific conditions and to underlying, REMsleep associated biological and molecular mechanisms that are so far unknown.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationBlocking of NMDA receptors was most effective in impairing memory consolidation when administered after a PSW, suggesting that PSW-associated memory processing induces subsequent NMDA-dependent plasticity.
“Interestingly, blocking of NMDA receptors was most effective in impairing memory consolidation when administered after a PSW, suggesting that PSW-associated memory processing induces subsequent NMDA-dependent plasticity (1094, 1099).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [1094] source
- cites [1099] Smith C, 1993, Sleep Res
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a third study, SWS-rich sleep enhanced free recall of declarative materials but not recognition.
“In a third study measuring recognition right after free recall, this effect was not replicated, although SWS-rich sleep still enhanced free recall of the declarative materials (966).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [966] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSleep after fear conditioning in humans increases the conditioned response and associated amygdala activity, with this enhancement positively associated with postlearning REM sleep.
“Sleep after fear conditioning in humans increases the conditioned response and the associated amygdala activity, with this enhancement being positively associated with postlearning REM sleep (Menz, Rihm, Born, Kalisch, Pape, Marshall, and Büchel, unpublished observation).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Menz, Rihm, Born, Kalisch, Pape, Marshall, and Büchel, unpublished observation
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAdrenergic activity during SWS, instead of REM sleep, is involved in consolidation of emotional information.
“Furthermore, a recent study points towards an involvement of adrenergic activity during SWS instead of REM sleep for the consolidation of emotional information (482).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [482] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationNegative memories have reduced dependency on sleep-dependent consolidation processes.
“For example, two studies have shown that memory recall of negative pictures is less impaired by sleep deprivation after encoding compared with neutral pictures, suggesting a reduced dependency of negative memories on sleep-dependent consolidation processes (46,1147).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationREM sleep-rich sleep amplifies subjectively experienced aversion to previously viewed emotional pictures.
“With respect to emotional reactivity, one study showed that REM sleep-rich sleep amplified subjectively experienced aversion to previously viewed emotional pictures (1273).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1273] Wagner U, 2002, Psychosom Med source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSelective REM sleep deprivation after picture viewing reduces arousal ratings to negative pictures presented again the next morning.
“Conversely, selective REM sleep deprivation after picture viewing reduced arousal ratings to negative pictures presented again on the next morning (704).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [704] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationGreatest improvement in texture discrimination thresholds occurs after a whole night of sleep containing both early SWS-rich and late REM-rich sleep; early SWS-rich sleep alone has intermediate effects; REM-rich late sleep alone is completely ineffective.
“Similarly, studies adopting the night-half paradigm revealed the greatest improvement in texture discrimination thresholds after a whole night of sleep contained both early SWS-rich and late REM-rich sleep, whereas early SWS-rich sleep per se had only intermediate effects, and REM-rich late sleep was completely ineffective (433).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [433] source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningBehavioral findings have shed little light on putative processes of memory reactivation and reorganization mediating consolidation during sleep.
“However, these behavioral findings have but shed little light on the putative processes of memory reactivation and reorganization mediating the consolidation process during sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationActive reprocessing of skill representations occurs during sleep and sharpens the respective representations.
“With regard to procedural memory, findings that sleep after training of perceptual and motor skills like visual texture discrimination and finger sequence tapping can produce significant improvement (i.e., a gain in skill at a later retesting) have pointed towards an active reprocessing of skill representations occurring during sleep that sharpens the respective representations (47,57,147,274,275,”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSWS-REM sleep sequences comprising a short period of transitional sleep accurately predict whether rats learned active avoidance tasks; in absence of interposed transitional sleep, rats do not reach learning criterion.
“SWS-REM sleep sequences comprising a short period of transitional sleep accurately predicted whether rats learned the active avoidance tasks, whereas in the absence of interposed transitional sleep, rats did not reach the learning criterion (26,760,1254).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationExperimentally fragmenting sleep such that cyclic structure is disturbed strongly impairs overnight retention of words, whereas the same degree of fragmentation does not impair word recall when sleep cycles are preserved.
“Experimentally fragmenting sleep such that the cyclic structure was disturbed strongly impaired overnight-retention of words, whereas the same degree of fragmentation did not impair word recall when the sleep cycles were preserved (378).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [378] source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningMany findings support the sequential hypothesis, although it has rarely been subjected to direct testing.
“Indeed, it appears that many findings support the sequential hypothesis, although this hypothesis has rarely been subjected to direct testing.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationDiscrimination thresholds in the visual texture discrimination task improve only after a longer 90-min nap containing both non-REM and REM sleep, but not after a shorter 60-min nap solely containing non-REM sleep.
“In nap studies, discrimination thresholds in the same task improved only after a longer 90-min nap containing both non-REM and REM sleep, but not after a shorter 60-min nap solely containing non-REM sleep (808).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [808] source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationSpindles and stage 2 sleep are also involved in declarative memory formation.
“However, sleep stage 2 spindle activity and spindle counts were found to similarly correlate with the overnight retention of verbal and visuospatial memories, suggesting that spindles and stage 2 sleep are also involved in declarative memory formation (213,214,1016).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationGains in skill measured with reference to performance at end of training can occur within a few hours after training in absence of sleep, and may partly reflect a recovery process independent of sleep.
“Moreover, recent studies have shown that such gains in skill that are typically measured with reference to the performance level at the end of training, can occur also within a few hours after training in the absence of sleep, and may thus partly reflect a recovery process that is independent of sleep (364,573,(1002)(1003)(1004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn adults performing a statistical learning task, sleep promotes abstraction of probabilistic regularities in tone sequences, associated with increased SWS during postlearning sleep.
“Similarly, in adults performing on a statistical learning task, sleep promoted the abstraction of probabilistic regularities in tone sequences, with this effect being associated with increased SWS during postlearning sleep (337).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [337] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSleep-induced extraction of explicit sequence knowledge from implicitly trained SRTT is particularly pronounced in children and correlated with enhanced EEG slow oscillation activity during posttraining sleep.
“The sleepinduced extraction of explicit sequence knowledge from an implicitly trained SRTT was particularly pronounced in children, where this extraction process was correlated with enhanced EEG slow oscillation activity during posttraining sleep (1321).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1321] source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningConsolidation processes acting during sleep are driven by motivational factors and specifically strengthen memories relevant to goals and future behavior.
“Collectively these findings indicate that consolidation processes acting during sleep are driven by motivational factors and specifically strengthen those memories, which are relevant for our goals and future behavior.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningReactivation of new representations spreading to closely associated older memories enhances efficacy and primes gradual integration of new memories into networks of preexisting old memories.
“Efficacy of this process is probably enhanced as the reactivation of new representations also spreads to closely associated older memory representations, whereby reactivations simultaneously prime the gradual integration of new memories into networks of preexisting old memories.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationCells contributing to reactivations are not only coactivated, but a temporal order of spiking in the assembly is also preserved.
“Importantly, further studies showed that cells contributing to reactivations are not only coactivated, but a temporal order of spiking in the assembly is also preserved (1089).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1089] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn rats and mice, sleep specifically supported consolidation of contextual fear conditioning but did not alter consolidation of cued fear conditioning.
“In rats and mice, sleep specifically supported consolidation of contextual fear conditioning which is well known to involve the hippocampal function, but did not alter consolidation of cued fear conditioning that does not require the hippocampal function (e.g., Refs.476, 165, but see Ref. 676).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Refs.476, 165
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Ref. 676
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDuring subsequent SWS, the correlation pattern of CA1 place cells was strikingly similar to the pattern observed during awake performance, and the assemblies did not exhibit such firing patterns during sleep before running along the track.
“During subsequent SWS, the correlation pattern of these place cells was strikingly similar to the pattern observed during the awake performance.Importantly, the place cell assemblies did not exhibit such firing patterns during sleep before running along the track.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1325] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRetention of the place and time of an event requires sleep after learning, whereas retention of the event per se (item recognition) does not require sleep.
“Likewise, in studies of novel object recognition, novel place object recognition, and temporal order tasks, retention of the place and time of an event was found to require sleep after the learning phase, whereas the retention of the event per se (item recognition) did not require sleep (e.g., Refs.92 and 593, but see Ref. 882).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Refs.92 and 593
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Ref. 882
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationExtraction processes might facilitate creation of prototypes and cognitive schemes that are less context-dependent and less sensitive to interference.
“Indeed, such extraction processes might facilitate the creation of prototypes and the development of cognitive schemes, i.e., memories less dependent on specific contexts in which they were learned (166, 734), and also less sensitive to interference (291, 295).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe improvement in recall was significantly reduced if the odor presented during SWS differed from that during learning, and associated increases in EEG delta (1.5-4.5 Hz) and spindle (13-15 Hz) activity during sleep were also reduced.
“experiments (Rihm, Diekelmann, Born, and Rasch, unpublished observation) showed that the improvement in recall was significantly reduced, if the odor presented during SWS differed from that during learning (FIGURE 4C), and so were also associated increases in EEG delta (1.5-4.5 Hz) and spindle (13-15 Hz) activity during sleep”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rihm, Diekelmann, Born, and Rasch, unpublished observation
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationReactivation of memories during wakefulness can strengthen these memories in the long run, but the reactivation transfers the representation into a transient unstable state such that memory is in need of reconsolidation.
“Whereas the reactivation of memories during wakefulness, as it occurs for example during rehearsal, can strengthen these memories in the long run (623, 1006), the reactivation transfers the representation into an transient unstable state such that memory is in need of reconsolidation (470, 718, 731, 844, 1033).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningExperimentally induced reactivation of declarative and procedural memories robustly enhances later recall of the memories, demonstrating a causal role of such reactivations for memory consolidation.
“Taken together, in showing that experimentally induced reactivation of declarative and also procedural memories robustly enhance later recall of the memories, these studies demonstrate a causal role of such reactivations for memory consolidation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningAccording to the reconsolidation concept, memories exist either in an active or inactive state; consolidation transforms active but unstable memories into passive but stable memories, and reactivation renders these memories again susceptible to interfering influences.
“Thus, according to the”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationExtracellular Ca2+ concentrations are increased during the downstate, which enhances synaptic efficacy, such that a single spike generated in this condition may effectively excite the whole network.
“Moreover, extracellular Ca 2ϩ concentrations are increased during the downstate, which enhances synaptic efficacy, such that a single spike generated in this condition may effectively excite the whole network (238, 790), in particular when such spikes originate from neurons in deep cortical layers with larger numbers of synaptic contacts to other neurons (188).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAdditional fMRI recordings showed that whereas memory reactivations during SWS mainly resulted in activation of the hippocampus and posterior cortical brain areas, reactivating memories during wakefulness primarily induced activation of the lateral prefrontal cortex.
“Additional fMRI recordings showed that whereas memory reactivations during SWS mainly resulted in activation of the hippocampus and posterior cortical brain areas, reactivating memories during wakefulness primarily induced activation of the lateral prefrontal cortex (295).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [295] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDuring natural SWS, cortical neurons are depolarized and fire during the depth-negative (surface-positive) field potential of the slow oscillation half-wave and are hyperpolarized and silent during the depth-positive (surface-negative) half-wave, whereas neurons are depolarized and tonically fire during waking and REM sleep.
“Later studies confirmed that also during natural SWS, cortical neurons are indeed depolarized and fire during the depth-negative (surface-positive) field potential of the slow oscillation half-wave and are hyperpolarized and silent during the depth-positive (surface-negative) half-wave, whereas neurons are depolarized and tonically fire during waking and REM sleep (552,1143,1146,1199).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationReactivation during SWS had an immediate enhancing effect on the originally learned card-pair locations, although participants also learned the interference locations right after reactivation.
“In sharp contrast, reactivation during SWS had an immediate enhancing effect on the originally learned card-pair locations, although the participants also in this condition learned the interference locations right after reactivation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [295] source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThese findings support the view that SWA (as well as the amplitude and down-to-up state slope of the slow oscillation during SWS) reflect the intensity and amount of encoding during prior wakefulness, with some studies also indicating an association of these measures with later retrieval.
“Overall, these findings support the view that SWA (as well as the amplitude and down-to-up state slope of the slow oscillation during SWS) reflect the intensity and amount of encoding during prior wakefulness, with some studies also indicating an association of these measures with later retrieval.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThese results agree with findings that reveal increased cortical excitability following oscillatory electrical stimulation in the wake state and provided initial hints at a causal role of EEG theta activity for the encoding of new memories in humans.
“These results agree with findings that reveal increased cortical excitability following oscillatory electrical stimulation in the wake state (83,484) and provided initial hints at a causal role of EEG theta activity for the encoding of new memories in humans (646, 647, 687).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationtDCS at the same frequency (0.75 Hz) during late REM-rich sleep was ineffective in enhancing both endogenous slow oscillations and overnight retention of word pairs.
“tDCS at the same frequency (0.75 Hz) during late REM-rich sleep was ineffective in enhancing both endogenous slow oscillations and overnight retention of word pairs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [783] source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationAccording to this concept, linear downscaling across synapses enhances memory indirectly as this process nullifies the strength of connections that were only weakly potentiated during wakefulness leading to the improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio for more strongly encoded memory representations.
“According to this concept, linear downscaling across synapses enhances memory indirectly as this process nullifies the strength of connections that were only weakly potentiated during wakefulness leading to the improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio for more strongly encoded memory representations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- The authors state this as an assumption: Memories are enhanced by sleep as a by-product of synaptic downscaling.
- The authors state this as an assumption: During learning, correct (signal) as well as erroneous information (noise) is encoded, although the latter at a weaker strength; proportional downscaling of synapses during SWS reduces the weights of weaker synapses below a threshold, making them completely ineffective, whereby the signal-to-noise ratio and subsequent recall of the memory representation is enhanced.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAn influential concept proposed by Tononi and Cirelli assumes that the slow waves of SWS serve primarily to globally down-scale the strength of synapses that were potentiated in the course of encoding of information during prior waking.
“An influential concept proposed by Tononi and Cirelli (1203, 1204) assumes that the slow waves of SWS serve primarily to globally down-scale the strength of synapses that were potentiated in the course of encoding of informa- tion during prior waking.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- The authors state this as an assumption: Wakefulness in general is a state of information intake and encoding that induces processes of LTP in cortical networks resulting in a net increase in synaptic weights.
- The authors state this as an assumption: SWA is a direct marker of the amount of synaptic potentiation during prior wakefulness such that the higher the amount of synaptic potentiation in cortical circuits during wakefulness, the higher the increase in slow wave activity during subsequent sleep.
- The authors state this as an assumption: SWA is implicated in the downscaling of synaptic weights.
- The authors state this as an assumption: SWA and in particular the <1 Hz slow oscillations proportionally downscale the potentiated synapses by a long-term depression-like mechanism.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Memories are enhanced by sleep as a by-product of synaptic downscaling.
- The authors state this as an assumption: During learning, correct (signal) as well as erroneous information (noise) is encoded, although the latter at a weaker strength; proportional downscaling of synapses during SWS reduces the weights of weaker synapses below a threshold, making them completely ineffective, whereby the signal-to-noise ratio and subsequent recall of the memory representation is enhanced.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn humans, intense learning of declarative memories (word pairs) enhanced amplitudes of the slow oscillation up-states as well as coherence in the SWA frequency band during succeeding SWS.
“In humans, intense learning of declarative memories (word pairs) enhanced amplitudes of the slow oscillation up-states as well as coherence in the SWA frequency band during succeeding SWS (829, 831).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe increase in slow wave amplitude after visuomotor adaptation training was locally restricted to the motor areas mainly involved in prior training and correlated with the overnight improvement on the task.
“The increase was locally restricted to the motor areas mainly involved in prior training and correlated with the overnight improvement on the task.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenThe most important marker of process S is SWA during non-REM sleep, which reliably increases as a function of time awake and shows an exponential decrease in the course of subsequent non-REM sleep.
“The most important marker of process S is SWA during non-REM sleep, which reliably increases as a function of time awake and shows an exponential decrease in the course of subsequent non-REM sleep.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe synaptic homeostasis hypothesis basically links process S to processes of synaptic plasticity.
“The synaptic homeostasis hypothesis basically links process S to processes of synaptic plasticity (1203, 1204).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationAnother study reported a decrease in TMS-induced cortical excitability after 40 h of sleep deprivation.
“although another study reported a decrease in TMS-induced cortical excitability after 40 h of sleep deprivation (445).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [445] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationLevels of postsynaptic glutamatergic AMPA receptors containing the glutamate receptor (GluR1)-1 subunit reliably indicate synaptic plasticity and were revealed to be high during wakefulness and distinctly lower (by 40%) during sleep.
“Levels of postsynaptic glutamatergic AMPA receptors containing the glutamate receptor (GluR1)-1 subunit reliably indicate synaptic plasticity and were revealed to be high during wakefulness and distinctly lower (by 40%) during sleep (1264).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1264] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn rats, slope and amplitude of the electrically evoked cortical potential increased during sustained wakefulness and decreased after sleep, and these changes correlated with SWA.
“Indeed, in rats, slope and amplitude of the electrically evoked cortical potential as indicators of synaptic strength progressively increased during sustained wakefulness and decreased after sleep, and these changes were correlated with SWA (1264).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1264] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn humans, cortical excitability measured by combined TMS/EEG increased after sustained wakefulness and decreased after sleep.
“In humans, cortical excitability as measured by a combined TMS/EEG study was increased after sustained wakefulness and decreased after sleep (71), although another study reported a decrease in TMS-induced cortical excitability after 40 h of sleep deprivation (445).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [71] Bellina V, 2008, J Sleep Res
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationProtein synthesis involved in LTP stabilization is enhanced during sleep, with the rate of synthesis linked particularly to SWS.
“Furthermore, there is evidence that protein synthesis involved in LTP stabilization is enhanced during sleep, with the rate of synthesis linked particularly to SWS (848, 956, 1245)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe SWS-related enhancement in synaptic strength is a calcium-dependent postsynaptic mechanism requiring the hyperpolarizing down-state of the slow oscillation and coactivation of AMPA and NMDA receptors.
“Further experiments in vitro confirmed that the SWS-related enhancement in synaptic strength is a calciumdependent postsynaptic mechanism which requires (i) the hyperpolarizing down-state of the slow oscillation and (ii) the coactivation of AMPA and NMDA receptors”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [118] source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationAs any synaptic downscaling per se cannot explain the memory consolidating effects of sleep, reactivation-based consolidation has been proposed as a core mechanism driving active system consolidation during SWS, including local processes of up-scaling and synaptic strengthening.
“As any synaptic downscaling per se cannot explain the memory consolidating effects of sleep, reactivation-based consolidation has been proposed as a core mechanism driving active system consolidation during SWS, including basically local processes of up-scaling and synaptic strengthening.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [293] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenCompared with older memories, new memories appear to be generally more labile, i.e., linked to weak synaptic weights, and thus would be at a greater risk of being erased during sleep.
“Compared with older memories, new memories appear to be generally more labile, i.e., linked to weak synaptic weights and thus would be at a greater risk of being erased during sleep.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPrior sleep deprivation impairs verbal learning ability and reduces temporal lobe activation during learning.
“Prior sleep deprivation impairs verbal learning ability and reduces temporal lobe activation during learning (328,329).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAfter 36 h of total sleep deprivation, encoding of emotional pictures was strongly impaired, with this effect sparing negative emotional pictures.
“After 36 h of total sleep deprivation, encoding of emotional pictures was strongly impaired, with this effect sparing negative emotional pictures (1291).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1291] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe isolated reticular thalamic nucleus is able to generate spindles, whereas the thalamus isolated from the reticular thalamus is not.
“The isolated reticular thalamic nucleus is indeed able to generate spindles, whereas the thalamus isolated from the reticular thalamus is not (1141,1142).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThese observations suggest that spindles occur preferentially in potentiated synaptic networks and may contribute to maintaining this potentiation.
“These observations suggest that spindles occur preferentially in potentiated synaptic networks and may contribute to maintaining this potentiation.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationFast spindles were also associated with increased activation in the hippocampus, suggesting a particular relationship between classic fast spindles and hippocampus-dependent memory processes during sleep.
“Importantly, fast spindles were also associated with increased activation in the hippocampus, suggesting a particular relationship between classic fast spindles and hippocampus-dependent memory processes during sleep.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1036] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBergmann et al. observed conjoint reactivations in relevant neocortical and hippocampal regions that occurred in temporal synchrony with spindle events (12-14 Hz) during non-REM sleep after learning of face-scene associations, and the strength of reactivations covaried with spindle amplitude.
“Using combined EEG/fMRI recordings, Bergmann et al. (84) observed conjoint reactivations in relevant neocortical and hippocampal regions that occurred in temporal synchrony with spindle events (12-14 Hz) during non-REM sleep after learning of facescene associations.The strength in reactivations covaried with spindle amplitude.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [84] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationHippocampal stimulation protocols that induce LTP concurrently facilitate the generation of SW-Rs in CA3, and SW-Rs during sleep can be initiated by neurons whose recurrent connectivity had been transiently potentiated during preceding wakefulness.
“Hippocampal stimulation protocols that induce LTP concurrently facilitate the generation of SW-Rs in CA3, and SW-Rs during sleep can be initiated by neurons whose recurrent connectivity had been transiently potentiated during preceding wakefulness (70).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [70] source
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningIn spite of robust correlational evidence for the involvement of spindles in memory processing, a causal role of spindles in memory consolidation has not yet been demonstrated, as this requires selective experimental manipulation of spindle activity.
“In spite of the quite robust correlational evidence for the involvement of spindles in memory processing, a causal role of spindles in memory consolidation has not yet been demonstrated, as this requires the selective experimental manipulation of spindle activity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationTheta activity, i.e., periods of synchronized activity in the 4-8 Hz frequency band, is a hallmark of tonic REM sleep and correlates with rapid eye movements and PGO waves.
“Theta activity, i.e., periods of synchronized activity in the 4 -8 Hz frequency band, is a hallmark of tonic REM sleep (REM sleep without actual rapid eye movements) (161) and correlates with rapid eye movements and PGO waves (618 -620).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPrimary generating mechanisms for theta appear to be located within the hippocampus, i.e., in CA1, although extrahippocampal input, mainly from the septum, contributes.
“Primary generating mechanisms appear to be located within the hippocampus, i.e., in CA1 (472), although extrahippocampal input, mainly from the septum, contributes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [472] source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningConsolidation of hippocampus-dependent memory involves reactivation of glutamatergic synapses, although exact mechanisms might differ between memories with primary hippocampal and primary neocortical representations.
“These data suggest that the consolidation of hippocampusdependent memory involves the reactivation of glutamatergic synapses, although the exact mechanisms of glutamatergic reactivation might differ between memories with primary hippocampal and primary neocortical representations.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
InterpretationreasoningLocal information processing might be enhanced during REM sleep, as evidenced by increased theta and gamma synchrony between dentate and CA3 and high levels of theta and fast EEG frequencies.
“At the same time, local information processing might be enhanced, as evidenced by increased theta and gamma synchrony between dentate and CA3 to levels even higher than during wakefulness”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn patients with Alzheimer's disease, theta activity during REM and SWS was faster compared with age-matched controls, and fast theta activity correlated with better overnight memory formation.
“In patients with Alzheimer's disease, theta activity during not only REM but also SWS was faster compared with age-matched controls, and fast theta activity correlated with better overnight memory formation (572).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [572] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationHigh levels of local information processing in absence of coordinated long-range communication, together with specific neurochemical milieu during REM sleep, represent conditions that favor synaptic consolidation.
“It has been argued that such high levels of local information processing in the absence of coordinate longrange communication, together with the specific neurochemical milieu during REM sleep, represent conditions that favor processes of synaptic consolidation (293).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [293] source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationTonic REM sleep is characterized by diminished coordinated information flow between hippocampal input and output regions and between hippocampus and neocortex.
“suggesting altogether diminished coordinated information flow between hippocampal input and output regions and between the hippocampus and neocortex during tonic REM sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationExperimental induction of LTP and LTD is feasible during wakefulness and REM sleep, but induction of long-lasting changes was less likely during SWS.
“While experimental induction of LTP and LTD is feasible during wakefulness and REM sleep, induction of long-lasting changes was less likely (although not impossible) during SWS (130).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [130] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationDiazepam suppresses generation of SW-Rs in slice preparations, dose-dependently, not observed with zolpidem.
“At the network level, GABA A agonistic drugs like diazepam in slice preparations suppressed the generation of SW-Rs that are known to accompany the neuronal reactivation of newly encoded memory representations during SWS.The effect was dose-dependent and not observed following the GABA A -receptor modulator zolpidem (655).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [655] source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationREM sleep theta is involved not only in unspecific synaptic downscaling but also in reorganizing and shaping hippocampal memory representations.
“These data suggest that REM sleep theta is not only involved in an unspecific synaptic downscaling but also in reorganizing and shaping hippocampal memory representations (118).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [118] source
May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenMost neurotransmitters and neuromodulators involved in sleep regulation are also involved in memory and plasticity, indicating high overlap and functional interaction.
“Most neurotransmitters and neuromodulators involved in sleep regulation are also involved in processes of memory and plasticity, speaking in favor of a high degree of overlap and functional interaction between these processes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSleep-dependent consolidation of motor skill memories was impaired following tiagabin, paralleled by increase in SWS and SWA.
“Sleep-dependent consolidation of motor skill memories was also impaired following administration of the GABA reuptake inhibitor tiagabin, and this impairment was paralleled by a substantial increase in SWS and SWA (370).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [370] Feld G, Sleep.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBlocking cholinergic receptors in waking subjects improved consolidation of declarative memories during wakefulness but decreased ability to encode new information.
“Conversely, blocking cholinergic receptors in waking subjects by simultaneous administration of nicotinic and muscarinic receptor antagonists improved the consolidation of declarative memories during wakefulness, but concomitantly decreased the ability to encode new information (963).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [963] source
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningNoradrenergic and serotonergic activity reaches a minimum during REM sleep and intermediate level during SWS.
“Noradrenergic and serotonergic activity reaches a minimum during REM sleep, and is at an intermediate level during SWS.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationNoradrenergic activity during SWS is related to depolarizing up-state of slow oscillations, with LC firing entrained to up-states.
“Noradrenergic activity during SWS, arising from the LC as the brain's main source of norepinephrine, seems to be particularly related to the depolarizing up-state of the slow oscillations as LC firing has been found to be entrained to these up-states (353).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [353] source
May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningCholinergic activity reaches a minimum during SWS, whereas during REM sleep it reaches levels comparable or higher than wakefulness.
“Cholinergic activity reaches a minimum during SWS, whereas during REM sleep it reaches levels well comparable or even higher compared with cholinergic activity during wakefulness.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe effects of cholinergic manipulation are consistent with a role of acetylcholine in synaptic consolidation, e.g., by promoting activity of plasticity-related immediate early genes and maintenance of LTP in cortico-striatal networks.
“The effects are consistent with a role of acetylcholine in synaptic consolidation, e.g., by promoting activity of plasticity-related immediate early genes (475, 615, 1182) and maintenance of LTP in cortico-striatal networks (742).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationHuman sleep and particularly oscillatory EEG activity during sleep is highly heritable and very stable within individuals.
“Human sleep and particularly oscillatory EEG activity during sleep is highly heritable and very stable within individuals (689).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [689] source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThere is presently little empirical support for theories that REM sleep inhibition of noradrenergic activity enhances procedural memory and that REM sleep allows replay of amygdala-dependent emotional memories to decrease emotional tone.
“However, there is presently little empirical support for these theories.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn healthy humans, administration of SSRI fluvoxamine and SNRI reboxetine during a postlearning period of REM-rich sleep did not impair sleep-dependent consolidation of mirror tracing or finger sequence tapping skills, although after SNRI REM sleep was almost completely suppressed.
“In healthy humans, administration of the SSRI fluvoxamine and the SNRI reboxetine during a postlearning period of REM-rich sleep likewise did not lead to any impairment in the sleep-dependent consolidation of mirror tracing or finger sequence tapping skills, although after the SNRI REM sleep was almost completely suppressed (962).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [962] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn some studies, gifted children tended to sleep longer and had more stage 2 sleep compared with controls.
“In some studies, gifted children tended to sleep longer and had more stage 2 sleep, compared with controls (153, 1183).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn humans, mentally retarded children generally exhibit less REM sleep, longer REM sleep latencies, and less REM density relative to normal controls.
“In humans, mentally retarded children generally exhibit less REM sleep, longer REM sleep latencies, and less REM density relative to normal controls (182-184, 211, 368, 369, 425, 922-924, 1045).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 10 sources checked- cites [182] Castaldo V, 1969, Am J Ment Defic
- cites [183] Castaldo V, 1973, J Ment Defic Res
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [184] Castaldo V, 1974, Biol Psychiatry
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [211] source
- cites [368] source
- cites [369] Feinberg I, 1969, Biol Psychiatry
- cites [425] Fukuma E, 1974, Folia Psychiat Neurol J source
- cites [922] source
- cites [923] Petre-Quadens O, 1970, Dev Med Child Neurol source
- cites [924] source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningAn individual can display higher SWA than others due to neuroanatomical and genetic factors without memory differences, yet increasing SWA in that individual might still improve memory consolidation during sleep.
“For example, one individual can display higher SWA than others due to neuroanatomical and related genetic factors in the absence of any differences in memory among these individuals, yet increasing SWA in this same individual might still lead to a distinct improvement in memory consolidation during sleep.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn rats, learning-dependent increases in sleep spindles occurred only in those that successfully learned the task, and these increases were positively correlated with post-sleep improvements in performance.
“However, learning-dependent increases in sleep spindles only occurred in rats that successfully learned the task, and these increases were positively correlated with post-sleep improvements in performance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [397] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSong learning has been conceptualized as a two-stage process: first acquiring a sensory template of the tutored song, then gradually learning to imitate it, with auditory feedback essential for imitation.
“Song learning has been conceptualized as a two-stage process (660, 661): first, the bird acquires a sensory model (”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationYoung birds showing the greatest morning deterioration in song structure achieved the best final imitation of the tutored song, suggesting a functional role of sleep-related deterioration for overall learning.
“Interestingly, the young birds showing the greatest morning deterioration in song structure achieved the best final imitation of the tutored song at the end of the 45-day monitoring period, suggesting a functional role of the sleep-related deterioration in singing behavior for the overall learning process.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [279] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe effects occurred on a background of gradual day-to-day increase in song structure and were not seen in adult birds.
“The effects occurred on the background of a gradual day-to-day increase in song structure and were not seen in adult birds.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [279] source
The quote only partly states this claim.
InterpretationcitationReactivated template activity during sleep may drive plastic changes in song representation that, under unsupervised conditions, may manifest as deterioration of song structure in the morning after sleep.
“Given that RA burst activity during sleep reflects sensory experience of the tutored song during the wake phase, reactivated”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Premisenone givenAlong with deterioration of song structure, HVC neurons show a decline in burst activation across sleep in juvenile songbirds.
“Along with the deterioration of song structure, HVC neurons show a decline in burst activation across sleep in juvenile songbirds.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn that study, final testing after the second sleep period revealed stable memory for the imprinting stimulus and an overall doubled number of IMM neurons responding to the imprinting stimulus compared with before sleep.
“Final testing after the second sleep period revealed a stable memory for the imprinting stimulus together with an overall doubled number of IMM neurons responding to the imprinting stimulus (compared to imprinting training before sleep).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [600] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationGiven that the IMM receives significant hippocampal input, such inputs during sleep may drive stabilization of IMM representations, although hippocampal neurons do not appear to selectively respond to the imprinting stimulus after training.
“Given that the IMM corresponds to parts of the mammalian neocortex receiving significant input from the hippocampus (819, 979), such inputs during sleep may drive the stabilization of IMM representations, although hippocampal neurons do not appear to selectively respond to the imprinting stimulus after training (600, 858).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningEarly in song development, reactivated sensory representations and sensorimotor feedback are poorly correlated, resulting in large morning-evening singing differences that disappear with increased learning.
“Early during song development, reactivated sensory representations and sensorimotor feedback as experienced during actual singing are poorly correlated, resulting in large differences in singing between morning and evening performance which disappear with increased learning.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAn early study suggested involvement of sleep in imprinting: a single imprinting session 12 h after ecclosion increased REM sleep episodes and amount, whereas pseudo-imprinting decreased REM sleep.
“An involvement of sleep in imprinting was suggested by an early study (1120) in which a single imprinting session starting 12 h after ecclosion produced a significant increase in the number of episodes and the amount of REM sleep, whereas after pseudo-imprinting REM sleep decreased.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1120] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationChicks with disturbed sleep in the first 6-h interval after training and undisturbed sleep in the second interval showed no significant memory for the imprinting stimulus and a strong decrease in responsive IMM neurons.
“In contrast, chicks that experienced disturbed sleep in the first 6-h interval after training and undisturbed sleep in the second 6-h interval, at final testing did not exhibit any significant memory for the imprinting stimulus and showed a strong decrease in the number of IMM neurons responsive to the imprinting stimulus.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [600] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn juvenile zebra finches, song structure profoundly deteriorated after nocturnal sleep compared with the evening before sleep, and was regained only after intense morning singing.
“Monitoring the structure of the song and its syllable features by frequency-based automated song analyses across the whole period of song development in juvenile zebra finches, they revealed that song structure profoundly deteriorated after nocturnal sleep compared with the evening before sleep, and was regained only after intense morning singing (FIGURE 8A).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [279] source
May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenRecent research indicates that filial imprinting, song learning, and ocular dominance plasticity critically depend on sleep.
“Recent research has indicated that the formation of these three types of memory indeed critically depends on sleep.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationRetention of word pairs across the sleep interval was positively correlated with time in non-REM sleep and negatively with time in REM sleep.
“Retention of word pairs across the sleep interval was positively correlated with the time spent in non-REM sleep and negatively with the time in REM sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [56] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe power of sleep in forming memory during early life and the fact that these memories are the first to be formed may suffice to explain the unique strength of these memories being difficult to overwrite or reverse.
“Indeed, the power of sleep in forming memory during early life and the fact that these memories are the first to be formed may suffice to explain the unique strength of these memories being difficult to overwrite or reverse.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationChildren's recall after sleep was better than after wake intervals and better than before sleep, suggesting a genuine gain of declarative memory produced by intervening sleep.
“The children's recall performance after sleep was not only better than that after the wake-retention intervals, but also compared with recall performance tested before sleep, suggesting a genuine gain of declarative memory that is produced by intervening sleep in children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [56] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationODP is sleep-dependent: sleep after monocular deprivation resulted in almost twofold increase in synaptic remodeling in visual cortical areas, whereas a similar waking interval in darkness tended toward erasure of monocular deprivation effects.
“ODP is sleepdependent inasmuch as sleep following a period of monocular deprivation resulted in an almost twofold increase in synaptic remodeling in visual cortical areas, whereas after a similar waking interval in complete darkness, a tendency for erasure of the effects induced by the preceding monocular deprivation was observed (412).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [412] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn adults, SWS has been revealed to play a causal role for consolidation of hippocampus-dependent declarative memories, but may play a similar role for explicitly acquired procedural memory.
“In adults, SWS has been revealed to play a causal role for the consolidation of hippocampus-dependent declarative memories (783, 957), but may play a similar role for explicitly acquired procedural memory (e.g., Ref. 691, see also sect.IVA).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAlthough time in SWS did not differ between groups, a significant positive correlation between slow oscillation power during non-REM sleep was observed only in healthy children, possibly reflecting impaired functionality of this rhythm in ADHD children.
“Although time in SWS did not differ be- tween the groups, a significant positive correlation between slow oscillation power during non-REM sleep was only observed in the healthy children, possibly reflecting impaired functionality of this rhythm in ADHD children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [948] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationCompared with adults, the proportion of REM sleep in children increases only during the first 6 months of life, whereas the proportion of SWS remains enhanced throughout development until adolescence.
“However, compared with adults, the proportion of REM sleep in children increases only during the first 6 mo of life, whereas the proportion of SWS remains enhanced throughout development until adolescence (480, 866).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSince serotonin activity is minimal during REM sleep and intermediate during non-REM sleep, this finding suggests processes during non-REM are more important for ODP expression.
“Since serotonin activity is at a minimum during REM sleep and at intermediate levels during non-REM sleep, this finding suggests that processes during non-REM are more important for the expression of ODP.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
InterpretationreasoningThis view may account especially for developmental learning processes less clearly linked to an early postnatal critical period but extending towards adolescence, like song learning in birds or language learning in children.
“This view may account especially for developmental learning processes that are less clearly linked to an early postnatal critical period but extend towards adolescence, like song learning in birds or language learning in children.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationODP was paralleled by increased multiunit activity during both SWS and REM sleep and was correlated with time spent in non-REM sleep.
“ODP was paralleled by increased multiunit activity during both SWS and REM sleep, and was correlated to the time spent in non-REM sleep (412).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [412] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationChildren aged 4-6 years who received high amounts of training in a finger-tapping task developed a significant gain in tapping skill across sleep, whereas low-performing children with standard training did not.
“Indeed, children (aged 4 -6 years) who received high amounts of training in a finger-tapping task did develop a significant gain in tapping skill across sleep, whereas no such gain was observed in low performing children who had received the standard amount of training (1320).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1320] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe majority of studies on sleep-dependent procedural memory formation in children indicated an impairing rather than improving effect of sleep on skill, similar to findings in juvenile songbirds where overnight sleep deteriorated tutored song performance.
“In fact, the majority of studies on sleepdependent procedural memory formation in children indicated an impairing rather than improving effect of sleep on skill (385, 947, 949, 1318), remarkably similar to findings in juvenile song birds where overnight sleep likewise deteriorated performance on the tutored song (280).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 5 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSleep restored daytime deficits in procedural memory (serial reaction time task) in children with ADHD, while no overnight improvements were observed in healthy children.
“Interestingly, sleep restored daytime deficits in procedural memory (serial reaction time task) in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, while again no overnight improvements were observed in healthy children (949).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [949] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationcitationThe lack of sleep-dependent gains in skill performance in children might be ascribed to a competitive interaction between declarative and procedural memory systems.
“Alternatively, the lack of sleep-dependent gains in skill performance in children might be ascribed to a competitive interaction between declarative and procedural memory systems (385, 1318).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn that study, the size of the sleep effect was closely comparable between children and adults, although SWS during experimental nights was more than twofold higher in children.
“Unexpectedly, in this study comprising a comparison of memory performance in adults, the size of the sleep effect was closely comparable between children and adults, although the amount of SWS during experimental nights was on average more than twofold higher in the children.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [1318] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenIn the adult brain, more associative schemas may be available than in the child's brain.
“In the adult brain, more of such schemas may be available than in the child's brain.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningOn the basis of the assumption that SWS predominantly supports consolidation of hippocampus-dependent declarative memory, it was argued that sleep in children, because of its great amounts of SWS, preferentially strengthens hippocampus-dependent explicit aspects in a skill representation, thereby hampering implicit performance.
“On the basis of the assumption that SWS predominantly supports consolidation of hippocampus-dependent declarative memory, it was argued that sleep in children, because of its great amounts of SWS, preferentially strengthens hippocampus-dependent explicit aspects in a skill representation, thereby hampering implicit perfor-mance.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- The authors state this as an assumption: SWS predominantly supports consolidation of hippocampus-dependent declarative memory.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationNon-REM sleep in the elderly is characterized by decreases in SWA, especially over the prefrontal cortex, as well as decreases in spindle density.
“Non-REM sleep in the elderly is characterized by decreases in SWA, especially over the prefrontal cortex, as well as decreases in spindle density (176,177,690,786).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationAccording to active system consolidation, processes during SWS supporting redistribution of memories from temporary hippocampal to extrahippocampal long-term storage sites do not only strengthen memory representations, but also bring about qualitative transformations, manifesting behaviorally in increased knowledge about invariant repeating and relevant features in learned materials.
“According to this concept, processes during SWS supporting the redistribution of memories from temporary hippocampal to extrahippocampal long-term storage sites, do not only strengthen these memory representations, but also bring about qualitative transformations, manifesting themselves behaviorally in increased knowledge about invariant repeating and relevant features in the learned materials.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationVaccination as an experimental model of infection has been used as a straightforward approach to comprehensively assess effects of sleep on the formation of immunological memory mainly in humans where this approach quite consistently revealed an enhancing effect of sleep on the adaptive immune response and measures of antigenic memory.
“Vaccination as an experimental model of infection has been used as a straightforward approach to comprehensively assess effects of sleep on the formation of immunological memory mainly in humans where this approach quite consistently revealed an enhancing effect of sleep on the adaptive immune response and measures of antigenic memory.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningConcurrent upregulation of nTreg activity might reflect a counterregulatory response preventing overshooting of Th1 responses.
“Concurrent upregulation of nTreg activity might reflect a counterregulatory response preventing overshooting of Th1 responses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn humans, early nocturnal SWS-rich sleep is associated with a shift towards Th1 cytokine activity predominating over Th2 activity which is replaced by a shift towards the predominance of Th2 cytokine production during late sleep when SWS is fading and REM sleep becomes prevalent.
“Moreover, in humans, early nocturnal SWS-rich sleep is associated with a shift towards Th1 cytokine activity predominating over Th2 activity which is replaced by a shift towards the predominance of Th2 cytokine production during late sleep when SWS is fading and REM sleep becomes prevalent (308).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [308] source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationIn addition to the suppression of cortisol release during early nocturnal SWS, sleep may ease T-cell trafficking to lymph nodes via sympathetic and peptidergic innervation of lymph nodes and influences on cytokine release.
“In addition to the suppression of cortisol release during early nocturnal SWS, sleep may ease T-cell trafficking to lymph nodes via sympathetic and peptidergic innervation of lymph nodes and influences on cytokine release (117,234,876).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSome of these cytokines were found, conversely, to promote SWS, pointing towards a positive-feedback loop between the central nervous and immune systems.
“Interestingly, some of these cytokines were found, conversely, to promote SWS, pointing towards a positive-feedback loop between the central nervous and immune systems (693).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [693] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOn top of this circadian rhythm, nocturnal sleep, compared with wakefulness, induces a slight but significant reduction in circulating naive and central memory T cells, which indeed might reflect a redistribution of these cells to lymph nodes that is specific to sleep.
“On top of this circadian rhythm, nocturnal sleep, compared with wakefulness, induces a slight but significant reduction in circulating naive and central memory T cells (695), which indeed might reflect a redistribution of these cells to lymph nodes that is specific to sleep.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [695] source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThese migratory effects probably occur in concert with synergistic actions of the circadian rhythm and eventually might serve to enhance the rate of APC-Th cell interactions in secondary lymphoid tissues during sleep.
“These migratory effects probably occur in concert with synergistic actions of the circadian rhythm and eventually might serve to enhance the rate of APC-Th cell interactions in secondary lymphoid tissues during sleep.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn contrast to sleep, wakefulness appears to support the recruitment of cells in circulating blood that have high cytotoxic effector potential, like proinflammatory monocytes, terminally differentiated cytotoxic T cells, and cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells, and serve the immediate immune defense against pathogens invading the organism preferentially during the activity period.
“In contrast to sleep, wakefulness appears to support the recruitment of cells in circulating blood that have high cytotoxic effector potential, like proinflammatory monocytes, terminally differentiated cytotoxic T cells, and cytotoxic natural killer (NK) cells, and serve the immediate immune defense against pathogens invading the organism preferentially during the activity period (e.g., Refs.42, 2”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn humans, early nocturnal SWS is associated with an increased release of the immune-supportive hormones prolactin and growth hormones while release of the immunosuppressive glucocorticoids is suppressed.
“In humans, early nocturnal SWS is associated with an increased release of the immune-supportive hormones prolactin and growth hormones while release of the immunosuppressive glucocorticoids is suppressed (117).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [117] source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationAlthough effects of the experimental manipulation of specific sleep stages on the adaptive immune response have not, thus far, been systematically assessed, there is converging though indirect evidence that the strengthening effects of sleep on the formation of long-term antigenic memory originates from processes during SWS.
“Although effects of the experimental manipulation of specific sleep stages on the adaptive immune response have not, thus far, been systematically assessed, there is converging though indirect evidence that the strengthening effects of sleep on the formation of long-term antigenic memory originates from processes during SWS.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisereasoningSleep appears to affect also the migratory pattern of leukocytes, although the trafficking of T cells as well as APC has not been studied thoroughly in the context of sleep.
“Sleep appears to affect also the migratory pattern of leukocytes, although the trafficking of T cells as well as APC has not been studied thoroughly in the context of sleep.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationThe increase in percentage of hepatitis A virus specific antigen-specific Th cells measured 18-20 wk after vaccination was correlated with r=0.72, and that measured 1 year later with a coefficient of r=0.94 with SWA.
“The increase in percentage of hepatitis A virus specific antigen-specific Th cells measured 18 -20 wk after vaccination was correlated with r ϭ 0.72, and that measured 1 year later with a coefficient of r ϭ 0.94 with SWA.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [693] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationGH and prolactin are well known to promote T-cell proliferation and differentiation as well as Th1 cytokine activity, and to develop adjuvant-like actions when given shortly after vaccination.
“GH and prolactin are well known to promote T-cell proliferation and differentiation as well as Th1 cytokine activity (193,217,436,814), and to develop adjuvantlike actions when given shortly after vaccination (1124, 1136).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThere are first cues that sleep-dependent memory formation in the immune and central nervous system share common mechanisms, that in both domains appear to be linked to SWS.
“There are first cues that sleep-dependent memory formation in the immune and central nervous system share common mechanisms, that in both domains appear to be linked to SWS.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThe effective reorganization of the representation requires a specific milieu of neurotransmitter and endocrine activity as it is established only during sleep, specifically during SWS.
“The effective reorganization of the representation requires a specific milieu of neurotransmitter and endocrine activity as it is established only during sleep, specifically during SWS.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSleep and wakefulness appear to be associated with different and mutually exclusive modes of memory processing, with sleep favoring processes of memory consolidation that are incompatible with the efficient encoding and retrieval of stimuli, as required while coping with environmental demands in the wake phase.
“Thus sleep and wakefulness appear to be associated with different and mutually exclusive modes of memory processing, with sleep favoring processes of memory consolidation that are incompatible with the efficient encoding and retrieval of stimuli, as required while coping with environmental demands in the wake phase.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningThis conveys the idea that forming long-term memory is a general function of sleep, which eventually serves to strategically adapt the organism to environmental stressors in entirely different domains.
“This, indeed, conveys the idea that forming long-term memory is a general function of sleep, which eventually serves to strategically adapt the organism to environmental stressors in entirely different domains.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn contrast and consistent with reconsolidation theory, odor-induced reactivations during wakefulness destabilized memories, as indicated by an impaired card-pair recall when reactivations during waking were followed by learning an interference card-pair task.
“In contrast and consistent with reconsolidation theory, odor-induced reactivations during wakefulness destabilized memories, as indicated by an impaired card-pair recall when reactivations during waking were followed by learning an interference card-pair task.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [295] source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOnly reexposure during SWS to the same odor as during learning effectively enhanced card-pair memory (congruent odor condition), whereas an odor different from that administered during learning (incongruent condition) was not effective.
“C: only reexposure during SWS to the same odor as during learning effectively enhanced card-pair memory (congruent odor condition), whereas an odor different from that administered during learning (incongruent condition) was not effective.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Rihm et al., unpublished observation
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationtDCS during non-REM sleep oscillating at the 0.75 Hz slow oscillation frequency (SO-tDCS) increased endogenous slow oscillation activity (0.5-1 Hz) at all recording sites and slow frontal spindle activity, and these effects were associated with an enhanced retention (consolidation) of declarative memory (for word pairs) across sleep, compared with the sham condition.
“B: tDCS during non-REM sleep oscillating at the 0.75 Hz slow oscillation frequency (SO-tDCS) increased endogenous slow oscillation activity (0.5-1 Hz) at all recording sites and slow frontal spindle activity(8)(9)(10)(11)(12), and these effects were associated with an enhanced retention (consolidation) of declarative memory (for word pairs) across sleep, compared with the sham condition.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [783] source
May combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningSleep benefits memory not only in the neurobehavioral domain, but also in the formation of immunological long-term memories, stimulating the idea that forming long-term memories represents a general function of sleep.
“Most recently, the focus of research in the field has broadened, indicating that sleep benefits memory not only in the neurobehavioral domain, but also in the formation of immunological long-term memories, stimulating the idea that forming long-term memories represents a general function of sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn a control experiment, retention of card-pairs remained unchanged when the odor was not administered during learning, excluding unspecific effects of odor exposure on memory processing during sleep.
“In a control experiment, retention of card-pairs remained unchanged when the odor was not administered during learning, excluding unspecific effects of odor exposure on memory processing during sleep.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [959] source
The authors state this as an assumption.
The waking brain is optimized for acute processing of external stimuli involving encoding and retrieval, while the sleeping brain provides optimal conditions for consolidation processes that integrate newly encoded memory into a long-term store.
“We assume that whereas the waking brain is optimized for the acute processing of external stimuli that involves the encoding of new information and memory retrieval, the sleeping brain provides optimal conditions for consolidation processes that integrate newly encoded memory into a long-term store.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Memories are initially encoded into a fast learning store (the hippocampus in the declarative memory system) and then gradually transferred to a slow learning store for long-term storage (the neocortex).
“It assumes that memories are initially encoded into a fast learning store (i.e., the hippocampus in the declarative memory system) and then gradually transferred to a slow learning store for long-term storage (i.e., the neocortex).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
By repeated reactivation of new memories during off-line periods like sleep, the slowly learning long-term store is trained and the new memories are gradually strengthened and adapted to preexisting long-term memories.
“It is assumed that by the repeated reactivation of the new memories during off-line periods like sleep, the slowly learning long-term store is trained and the new memories are gradually strengthened and adapted to preexisting long-term memories.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
REM sleep after an aversive emotional experience strengthens the content of the respective representations in memory but simultaneously reduces the emotional tone associated with this memory.
“The SFSR hypothesis assumes that REM sleep after an (aversive) emotional experience strengthens the content of the respective representations in memory, but simultaneously reduces the emotional tone associated with this memory, i.e., reduces the emotional response when the memory is retrieved.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Different sleep stages serve the consolidation of different types of memories.
“The dual processes hypothesis assumes that different sleep stages serve the consolidation of different types of memories (428, 765, 967, 1096).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Declarative memory profits from SWS, whereas the consolidation of nondeclarative memory is supported by REM sleep.
“Specifically, it has been assumed that declarative memory profits from SWS, whereas the consolidation of nondeclarative memory is supported by REM sleep.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
In a first processing step during SWS, nonadaptive memories are weakened and adaptive responses are strengthened, whereas during a second processing step during REM sleep, adaptive memories are integrated and stored in preexisting knowledge networks.
“The sequential hypothesis originally assumed that in a first processing step during SWS, nonadaptive memories were weakened and adaptive responses were strengthened, whereas during the second processing step during REM sleep, the adaptive memories would be integrated and stored in preexisting knowledge networks (23,460,461).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
During wakefulness, the various aspects of an experienced episode are encoded into cortical networks with the different parts of the new memory representation bound together by areas in the medial temporal lobe, especially the hippocampus.
“Basically, the model assumes that during wakefulness the various aspects of an experienced episode are encoded into cortical networks with the different parts of the new memory representation bound together by areas in the medial temporal lobe, especially the hippocampus.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
During sleep, reactivation of episodic memory originating from hippocampal networks activates the different memory parts at the cortical level, successively strengthening cortico-cortical connections and transforming temporary representations into long-term memories.
“During sleep, reactivation of the episodic memory originating from hippocampal networks results in the activation of the different memory parts also at the cortical level, thereby successively strengthening cortico-cortical connections and transforming the temporary representations into long-term memories (158).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Because resources for strengthening synaptic connections are less available during SWS, reactivations during SWS might only tag involved cortical synapses for later strengthening during subsequent REM sleep.
“Because resources for the strengthening of synaptic connections are less available during SWS, reactivations during SWS might only tag the involved cortical synapses for later strengthening during subsequent REM sleep, in accordance with the sequential hypothesis (989).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Memories are reactivated during the consolidation phase.
“The assumption that memories are reactivated during the consolidation phase is an integral part of standard consolidation theory as well as of the “active system consolidation” view of the memory function of sleep (418, 780, 800) (see sect.IIF).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Wakefulness in general is a state of information intake and encoding that induces processes of LTP in cortical networks resulting in a net increase in synaptic weights.
“First, it is assumed that wakefulness in general is a state of information intake and encoding that induces processes of LTP in cortical networks resulting in a net increase in synaptic weights.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
SWA is a direct marker of the amount of synaptic potentiation during prior wakefulness such that the higher the amount of synaptic potentiation in cortical circuits during wakefulness, the higher the increase in slow wave activity during subsequent sleep.
“Second, it is assumed that SWA is a direct marker of the amount of synaptic potentiation during prior wakefulness such that”
The authors state this as an assumption.
SWA is implicated in the downscaling of synaptic weights.
“Third, it is assumed that SWA is implicated in the downscaling of synaptic weights.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
SWA and in particular the <1 Hz slow oscillations proportionally downscale the potentiated synapses by a long-term depression-like mechanism.
“SWA and in particular the Ͻ1 Hz slow oscillations are assumed to proportionally downscale the potentiated synapses by a long-term depression-like mechanism, as neuronal firing at frequencies Ͻ1 Hz is known to preferentially induce long-term depression (630, 789).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Memories are enhanced by sleep as a by-product of synaptic downscaling.
“Fourth, the synaptic homeostasis hypothesis assumes that memories are enhanced by sleep as a by-product of synaptic downscaling.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
During learning, correct (signal) as well as erroneous information (noise) is encoded, although the latter at a weaker strength; proportional downscaling of synapses during SWS reduces the weights of weaker synapses below a threshold, making them completely ineffective, whereby the signal-to-noise ratio and subsequent recall of the memory representation is enhanced.
“During learning, correct (signal) as well as erroneous information (noise) is encoded, although the latter at a weaker strength.The proportional downscaling of synapses during SWS reduces the weights of weaker synapses below a threshold, making them completely ineffective, whereby the signal-to-noise ratio and the subsequent recall of the memory representation is enhanced.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Synaptic scaling in the cortical network is proportional.
“nor for the assumption that synaptic scaling in the cortical network is proportional (293).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
There exists a threshold below which weakly potentiated synapses are nullified.
“So far, there is no experimental data supporting the existence of such a threshold, nor for the assumption that synaptic scaling in the cortical network is proportional (293).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Periods of reduced synaptic activity, like sleep, produce net up-scaling rather than downscaling of synapses.
“In fact, the original concept of synaptic scaling as a self-tuning process of neuron networks assumes that periods of reduced synaptic activity, like sleep, produce net up-scaling rather than downscaling of synapses (409, 1219, 1220).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Maintenance of LTP, i.e., the development of late LTP from early LTP, requires a tagging of synapses due to associative heterosynaptic stimulation within a certain time window of about 30 min following LTP induction.
“Maintenance of LTP, i.e., the development of late LTP from early LTP, is assumed to require a “tagging” of synapses due to associative heterosynaptic stimulation within a certain time window (ϳ30 min) following LTP induction (419).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Reactivation and redistribution of memory representations constitute a central mechanism of memory consolidation during sleep.
“Considering that reactivation and redistribution of memory representations constitute a central mechanism of memory consolidation during sleep, then the basic question arises whether these reactivations during sleep can newly induce LTP and LTD or merely serve to support the maintenance of LTP and LTD induced during prior waking.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Cholinergic activity during REM sleep is high and comparable with that during waking.
“Cholinergic activity during REM sleep is high and comparable with that during waking, which might be particularly relevant for the consolidation of procedural memories during this sleep stage.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Sleep is genetically controlled.
“Sleep is genetically controlled.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
SWS predominantly supports consolidation of hippocampus-dependent declarative memory.
“On the basis of the assumption that SWS predominantly supports consolidation of hippocampus-dependent declarative memory”
The paper relies on this without support.
Compared with adults, infants and children sleep longer and deeper.
“First, compared with adults, infants and children sleep longer and deeper.”
The paper relies on this without support.
During early life the brain exhibits particularly strong plasticity shaping memory systems and underlying neuronal circuit formation.
“In parallel, during early life the brain exhibits particularly strong plasticity shaping memory systems and underlying neuronal circuit formation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Only a handful of studies have been conducted to explore memory-consolidating functions of sleep during early postnatal periods, infancy, and adolescence in humans.
“Only a handful of studies have been conducted to explore memory-consolidating functions of sleep during early postnatal periods, infancy, and adolescence in humans.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Specific synaptic connections active during awake periods are strengthened during sleep, allowing memory consolidation, and inactive connections are weakened.
“the general understanding is that specific synaptic connections that were active during awake-periods are strengthened during sleep, allowing for the consolidation of memory, and synaptic connections that were inactive are weakened.5,14,15”
From Sleep quality, duration, and consistency are associated with better academic performance in college students (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
The section “A model of active system consolidation during sleep” describes reactivation of memories encoded during wakefulness as strengthening cortical connections and forming long-term memories. But “The concept” describes sleep-related weakening as downscaling synapses potentiated during wakefulness, particularly reducing the effect of weakly potentiated connections—not specifically weakening connections that were inactive. “A. LTP/LTD During Sleep” also says the mechanisms remain unclear, so the claim presents the proposed account too definitively. Page numbers were unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSleep promotes memory consolidation in many domains.
“Sleep promotes memory consolidation in many domains (Rasch and Born, 2013) and has consistently been shown to enhance consolidation of emotional memory albeit with mixed findings as to whether sleep preferentially augments emotional over neutral memories (reviewed in Goldstein and Walker, 2014;Hutchison and Rathore, 2015;Kahn et al., 2013;Pace-Schott, 2015;Palmer and Alfano, 2016;Tempesta et al.,”
From Physiological feelings (2019) · cites this paper as Rasch and Born, 2013
Sleep is involved in the consolidation of memories, including emotional memories.
“It is now well established that sleep is involved in the consolidation of memories, including emotional memories.9,10”
From Effects of Sleep after Experimental Trauma on Intrusive Emotional Memories. (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
Sleep is thought to play a crucial and specific role in memory consolidation.
“Sleep is thought to play a crucial and specific role in memory consolidation.”
From Sleep quality, duration, and consistency are associated with better academic performance in college students (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
Sleep-related reactivation and integration processes occur in a fine-tuned interaction with several oscillatory signals, including hippocampal sharp-wave ripples, cortical slow oscillations, and parietal fast spindles.
“The sleep-related reactivation and integration processes occur in a fine-tuned interaction with several oscillatory signals, including hippocampal sharp-wave ripples, cortical slow oscillations, and parietal fast spindles.10”
From Effects of Sleep after Experimental Trauma on Intrusive Emotional Memories. (2016) · cites this paper as [10]
The outcome that better "content-relevant sleep" leads to improved performance is supported by previous controlled studies on the role of sleep in memory consolidation.
“The outcome that better “content-relevant sleep” leads to improved performance is supported by previous controlled studies on the role of sleep in memory consolidation.14,15”
From Sleep quality, duration, and consistency are associated with better academic performance in college students (2019) · cites this paper as [15]
Normal sleep plays a role in learning and memory consolidation.
“the role that normal sleep plays in learning and memory consolidation (7).”
From Sleepmore in Seattle: Later school start times are associated with more sleep and better performance in high school students (2018) · cites this paper as [7]
Memory retention is improved by post-learning sleep.
“Memory retention is improved by post-learning sleep [5–11], suggesting that sleep supports the consolidation of newly learned information.”
From Sleep bolsters schematically incongruent memories (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
Contemporary models of sleep-associated memory processing propose that memories are reactivated during sleep and thereby integrated into long-term storage.
“Contemporary models of sleep-associated memory processing propose that memories are reactivated during sleep, and thereby integrated into long-term storage [5,12–16].”
From Sleep bolsters schematically incongruent memories (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
Sleep supports the consolidation of newly learned information.
“Memory retention is improved by post-learning sleep [5–11], suggesting that sleep supports the consolidation of newly learned information.”
From Sleep bolsters schematically incongruent memories (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
Sleep supports offline memory processing.
“In conclusion, our online study adds to an extensive body of laboratory-based literature demonstrating that sleep supports offline memory processing [5–8].”
From Sleep bolsters schematically incongruent memories (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
Newly formed episodic memories are thought to be reactivated in hippocampus during post-learning sleep.
“and newly formed episodic memories are thought to be reactivated in hippocampus during post-learning sleep [5]”
From Sleep bolsters schematically incongruent memories (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
Across experimental designs, post-encoding sleep enhances memory retrieval on non-verbal and verbal tasks assumed to assess hippocampus-dependent episodic memories.
“Across experimental designs, post-encoding sleep has been consistently found to enhance memory retrieval on non-verbal (e.g., object-location associations) and verbal (e.g., lists of word pairs) tasks assumed to assess hippocampus-dependent episodic types of memories.”
From Sleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation (2023) · cites this paper as [3]
For declarative and procedural forms of memory, sleep promotes the consolidation stage of memory formation.
“For declarative and procedural forms of memory, sleep has been widely demonstrated to promote the consolidation stage of memory formation [65–68], including processes related to prioritization and integration of newly acquired memories with existing stores [69–72].”
From Sleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory (2015) · cites this paper as [67]
Slow oscillations (<1 Hz) during slow wave sleep promote the consolidation of declarative memory.
“Slow oscillations (<1 Hz) during slow wave sleep (SWS) promote the consolidation of declarative memory.”
SO synchronizes hippocampal sharp wave ripple activity and fosters integration of newly encoded hippocampus-related memories into existing neocortical memory networks.
“SO synchronizes hippocampal sharp wave ripple activity and thus fosters the integration of newly encoded hippocampus-related memories into already existing memory networks located in the neocortex [27,31,46].”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
U-shaped curve conflicts with a peak at intermediate strength
MinorThe text says sleep benefits memories of intermediate initial strength most, but a U-shaped relationship would put the smallest benefit at the intermediate point. A peak there would instead be an inverted U-shaped relationship.
“sleep mainly benefits memories encoded at an intermediate memory strength”
“the effect of sleep on memories with varying initial encoding levels follows an U-shaped curve (1320).”
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“In addition to current learning experience, more remote learning experiences are also reactivated, indicating that wake reactivations do not depend on the actual perceptual input (621).”
BackgroundThe reorganization and reactivation of hippocampal maps predict spatial memory performance
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BackgroundResultBDNF: A key regulator for protein synthesis-dependent LTP and long-term memory?
Lü, Y., Christian, K. M., & Lu, B. (2007) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2007.08.018 · Cited by 768 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The expression of BDNF and PKM- are further important signals not only supporting induction of LTP but in particular for mediating the emergence of late LTP (746, 850, 1020).”
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Peyrache, A., Khamassi, M., Benchenane, K., Wiener, S. I., & Battaglia, F. P. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2337 · Cited by 767 · see citing works
Are spatial memories strengthened in the human hippocampus during slow wave sleep?
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Sleep, learning, and dreams: off-line memory reprocessing
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“The slow oscillations during SWS drive the repeated reactivation of hippocampal memory representations during sharp wave-ripples (SW-Rs; FIGURE 1B) in the hippocampus together with thalamo-cortical spindles, which are involved in inducing enduring plastic changes in cortical areas (FIGURE 3B).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialExperience-dependent changes in cerebral activation during human REM sleep
Maquet, P., Laureys, S., Peigneux, P., Fuchs, S., Petiau, C., Phillips, C., Aerts, J., Del Fiore, G., Degueldre, C., Meulemans, T., et al. (2000) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/77744 · Cited by 747 · cited 1× · see citing works
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BackgroundObliviscence during sleep and waking
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Cortical firing and sleep homeostasis
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“In a task requiring the rat to run back and forth on the same elevated linear track, replay in the reverse order occurred mainly at the end of a run, whereas replay in a forward direction transpired in the anticipatory period before a new run (288, 492).”
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“Interestingly, RA burst activity during sleep in some of these cases appeared to be more similar to that observed during singing after sleep than before sleep, suggesting a kind of “preplay” that occurs during sleep and creates new song features (323).”
ResultVisual discrimination learning requires sleep after training
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Self-citationHuman theta oscillations exhibit task dependence during virtual maze navigation
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Adenosine A2A, but not A1, receptors mediate the arousal effect of caffeine
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Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Response to Immunizaton
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Extensive and divergent effects of sleep and wakefulness on brain gene expression
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Self-citationSynaptic tagging: implications for late maintenance of hippocampal long-term potentiation
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BackgroundThe labile nature of consolidation theory
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Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on human circulating immune cells
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BackgroundResultSelf-citationAn fMRI Study of the Role of the Medial Temporal Lobe in Implicit and Explicit Sequence Learning
Schendan, H. E., Searl, M. M., Melrose, R. J., & Stern, C. E. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00123-5 · Cited by 610 · see citing works
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REM sleep, prefrontal theta, and the consolidation of human emotional memory
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A deficit in the ability to form new human memories without sleep
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Sleep as a fundamental property of neuronal assemblies
Krueger, J. M., Rector, D. M., Roy, S., Van Dongen, H. P. A., Belenky, G., & Panksepp, J. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2521 · Cited by 596 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Contributions of glia cells to the regulation of Ca(2) concentrations and excitability in neighboring neurons are likely (30, 31, 506, 672).”
BackgroundSleep-dependent learning: A nap is as good as a night
Mednick, S., Nakayama, K., & Stickgold, R. (2003) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1078 · Cited by 594 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, a gain in skill at a later retesting) have pointed towards an active reprocessing of skill representations occurring during sleep that sharpens the respective representations (47, 57, 147, 274, 275, 291, 322, 383, 384, 433, 582, 622, 631, 664, 665, 679, 762, 770, 808, 810, 863, 930, 1003, 1153, 1157, 1286, 1287, 129…”
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Effects of sleep and circadian rhythm on the human immune system
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“On top of this circadian rhythm, nocturnal sleep, compared with wakefulness, induces a slight but significant reduction in circulating naive and central memory T cells (695), which indeed might reflect a redistribution of these cells to lymph nodes that is specific to sleep.”
BackgroundSelf-citationSleep forms memory for finger skills
Fischer, S., Hallschmid, M., Elsner, A. L., & Born, J. (2002) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.182178199 · Cited by 589 · cited 4× · see citing works
“, the subjects are aware about the skill to be acquired) (383, 664, 1285) compared with implicit learning conditions (385, 1003, 1122, 1128).”
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“, high-frequency local field potential oscillations (100– 300 Hz) originating in CA1] to form SW-R events (159, 162, 196, 241, 459, 832, 1342).”
Fast-Forward Playback of Recent Memory Sequences in Prefrontal Cortex During Sleep
Euston, D. R., Tatsuno, M., & McNaughton, B. L. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1148979 · Cited by 586 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Similar to hippocampal replay, reactivation of spatiotemporal patterns during sleep in the medial prefrontal cortex was compressed by a factor of 6–7 (361).”
BackgroundSteriade, M., Contreras, D., & Nuiiez, A. (1993) · Cited by 584 · see citing works
Functional neuroimaging of normal human sleep by positron emission tomography
Maquet (2000) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.2000.00214.x · Cited by 581 · cited 2× · see citing works
“, parietal and prefrontal cortices) (189, 253, 764, 769, 1335).”
BackgroundArm immobilization causes cortical plastic changes and locally decreases sleep slow wave activity
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“Several studies reported correlations between SWS or SWA and the overnight retention of declarative memory (55, 58, 464, 1319) as well as procedural motor skills (581, 582).”
BackgroundInfluentialMemory consolidation during sleep: a neurophysiological perspective
Buzsáki, G. (1998) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1046/j.1365-2869.7.s1.3.x · Cited by 578 · cited 1× · see citing works
“During sleep, reactivation of the episodic memory originating from hippocampal networks results in the activation of the different memory parts also at the cortical level, thereby successively strengthening cortico-cortical connections and transforming the temporary representations into long-term memories (158).”
BackgroundLow-frequency (<1Hz) oscillations in the human sleep electroencephalogram
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“In the scalp EEG, the negative peak of the slow oscillation coincides with the beginning of the down-to-up state transition (281, 993, 1261), whereas the depolarizing phase of sustained firing correBJÖRN RASCH AND JAN BORN”
BackgroundRecollection and familiarity: Examining controversial assumptions and new directions
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“In adults, the level of skill performance at learning has repeatedly been demonstrated to modulate sleep-dependent memory consolidation, whereby benefits from sleep appeared to be most robust with intermediate performance levels (16, 297, 679, 1151).”
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“Supporting effects on the induction and maintenance of LTP were also consistently revealed for histamine (677, 750), norepinephrine, as well as acetylcholine (140, 585, 598, 1187, 1309).”
BackgroundVisual Discrimination Task Improvement: A Multi-Step Process Occurring During Sleep
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Sleep Spindles and Their Significance for Declarative Memory Consolidation
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Early sleep triggers memory for early visual discrimination skills
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“The hypothesis has been challenged by findings showing that procedural tasks like visuomotor adaptation and visual texture discrimination also benefit from SWS (10, 433, 581, 582).”
BackgroundSelf-citationAltered brain response to verbal learning following sleep deprivation
Drummond, S. P. A., Brown, G. G., Gillin, J. C., Stricker, J. L., Wong, E. C., & Buxton, R. B. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35001068 · Cited by 557 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Prior sleep deprivation impairs verbal learning ability and reduces temporal lobe activation during learning (328, 329).”
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Self-citationREM, not incubation, improves creativity by priming associative networks
Cai, D. J., Mednick, S. A., Harrison, E. M., Kanady, J. C., & Mednick, S. C. (2009) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0900271106 · Cited by 556 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Furthermore, priming before naps filled with REM sleep had a much stronger impact on later creative answers compared with naps without REM or quiet resting, indicating that REM sleep improves creative problem solving instead of reducing creativity (163).”
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Sorted by citations
Tononi, G., & Cirelli, C. (2014) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.12.025 · Cited by 2,356 · see citing works
“Reactivation during NREM sleep may set the stage for the induction of synaptic potentiation during a subsequent REM sleep episode (Diekelmann and Born, 2010; Rasch and Born, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialHippocampal sharp wave-ripple: A cognitive biomarker for episodic memory and planning
Buzsáki, G. (2015) · Hippocampus · doi:10.1002/hipo.22488 · Cited by 1,759 · see citing works
“Since their accomplishments and those of others have been reviewed extensively (Hasselmo, 1999; Stickgold et al., 2000; Stickgold, 2005; Walker and Stickgold, 2006; Born et al., 2006; Marshall and Born, 2007; Diekelmann and Born, 2010; Payne and Kensinger, 2011; Lewis and Durrant, 2011; Rasch and Born, 2013), I will o…”
BackgroundThe Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease
Besedovsky, L., Lange, T., & Haack, M. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00010.2018 · Cited by 1,479 · see citing works
Mechanisms of systems memory consolidation during sleep
Klinzing, J. G., Niethard, N., & Born, J. (2019) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-019-0467-3 · Cited by 1,176 · see citing works
Self-citationBaldwin, J. R., Reuben, A., Newbury, J. B., & Danese, A. (2019) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2019.0097 · Cited by 1,094 · see citing works
Sleep and mental disorders: a meta-analysis of polysomnographic research
Baglioni, C., Nanovska, S., Regen, W., Spiegelhalder, K., Feige, B., Nissen, C., Reynolds, C. F., & Riemann, D. (2016) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000053 · Cited by 1,074 · see citing works
“Decades of research have shown that sleep disturbances are highly prevalent in mental disorders and have been associated with adverse effects for cognitive, emotional, and interpersonal functioning (e.g. Kahn, Sheppes & Sadeh, 2013; Rasch & Born, 2013; Walker, 2009).”
BackgroundNeural Circuitry of Wakefulness and Sleep
Scammell, T. E., Arrigoni, E., & Lipton, J. O. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.01.014 · Cited by 966 · see citing works
“cortical rhythms, as these topics have been covered well in other recent papers (Allada and Siegel, 2008; McCormick et al., 2015; Pimentel et al., 2016; Rasch and Born, 2013).”
EEG and MEG: Relevance to Neuroscience
Lopes da Silva, F. (2013) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2013.10.017 · Cited by 900 · see citing works
“There is solid experimental evidence to support the contention that slow-wave sleep plays an active role in promoting the conditions for the consolidation of memories (see for details Rasch and Born, 2013).”
Staresina, B. P., Bergmann, T. O., Bonnefond, M., van der Meij, R., Jensen, O., Deuker, L., Elger, C. E., Axmacher, N., & Fell, J. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4119 · Cited by 831 · see citing works
Sleep spindles: mechanisms and functions
Fernandez, L. M. J., & Lüthi, A. (2020) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00042.2018 · Cited by 716 · see citing works
The Consolidation and Transformation of Memory
Dudai, Y., Karni, A., & Born, J. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.09.004 · Cited by 741 · see citing works
Self-citationBrain Insulin Resistance at the Crossroads of Metabolic and Cognitive Disorders in Humans
Kullmann, S., Heni, M., Hallschmid, M., Fritsche, A., Preissl, H. T., & Häring, H. (2016) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2015 · Cited by 632 · see citing works
“Since sleep plays a crucial role in the formation of memory traces, particularly in the declarative memory domain (286), the role of central nervous insulin in the sleep-related formation of memory contents was investigated in healthy men and women (102).”
BackgroundLatchoumane, C.-F. V., Ngo, H.-V. V., Born, J., & Shin, H.-S. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.06.025 · Cited by 561 · see citing works
“Sleep is known to support the consolidation of memory (Rasch and Born, 2013).”
Self-citationUltrastructural evidence for synaptic scaling across the wake/sleep cycle
de Vivo, L., Bellesi, M., Marshall, W., Bushong, E. A., Ellisman, M. H., Tononi, G., & Cirelli, C. (2017) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aah5982 · Cited by 574 · see citing works
REM sleep selectively prunes and maintains new synapses in development and learning
Li, W., Ma, L., Yang, G., & Gan, W.-B. (2017) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4479 · Cited by 543 · see citing works
Lane, R. D., Ryan, L., Nadel, L., & Greenberg, L. S. (2014) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x14000041 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Old brains come uncoupled in sleep: slow wave-spindle synchrony, brain atrophy, and forgetting
Helfrich, R. F., Mander, B. A., Jagust, W. J., Knight, R. T., & Walker, M. P. (2018) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.11.020 · Cited by 497 · see citing works
“In particular, the depolarizing ‘‘up-states’’ of the SOs are proposed to facilitate sleep spindle and ripple expression, with hippocampal ripples being temporally nested into spindle troughs (Rasch and Born, 2013; Staresina et al., 2015).”
InfluentialSleep, Cognition, and Normal Aging
Scullin, M. K., & Bliwise, D. L. (2015) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691614556680 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
“Such findings are somewhat surprising given much of the zeitgeist of sleep–cognition findings in young adults (Rasch & Born, 2013) and animal models (Rolls et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialA contextual binding theory of episodic memory: systems consolidation reconsidered
Yonelinas, A. P., Charan Ranganath, A., Ekstrom, A. D., & Wiltgen, B. J. (2019) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-019-0150-4 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
Cholinergic modulation of the hippocampal region and memory function
Haam, J., & Yakel, J. L. (2017) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/jnc.14052 · Cited by 446 · see citing works
“Memory encoding and consolidation processes can interfere with each other and are therefore temporally separated (Hasselmo 1999; Rasch and Born 2013; Stickgold and Walker 2013).”
BackgroundBlake, M. J., Trinder, J. A., & Allen, N. B. (2018) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2018.05.006 · Cited by 452 · see citing works
Environment and Brain Plasticity: Towards an Endogenous Pharmacotherapy
Sale, A., Berardi, N., & Maffei, L. (2014) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00036.2012 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
Vandecasteele, M., Varga, V., Berényi, A., Papp, E., Barthó, P., Venance, L., Freund, T. F., & Buzsáki, G. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1411233111 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Sleep deprivation impairs molecular clearance from the human brain
Eide, P. K., Vinje, V., Pripp, A. H., Mardal, K., & Ringstad, G. A. (2020) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awaa443 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
“Sleep is essential for human life, including cognitive function (Rasch and Born, 2013), but it remains a mystery why man spends about one-third of life asleep.”
BackgroundNetwork Homeostasis and State Dynamics of Neocortical Sleep
Watson, B. O., Levenstein, D., Greene, J. P., Gelinas, J. N., & Buzsáki, G. (2016) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2016.03.036 · Cited by 358 · see citing works
“, 2012), which is of particular interest when combined with findings that REM and nonREM sleep may contribute to different types of memory (Grosmark and Buzsáki, 2016; Rasch and Born, 2013) and that alterations of REM sleep can affect cognitive and affective disorders (Gierz et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialSleep—A brain-state serving systems memory consolidation
Brodt, S., Inostroza, M., Niethard, N., & Born, J. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.005 · Cited by 343 · see citing works
Self-citationOkano, K., Kaczmarzyk, J. R., Dave, N., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Grossman, J. C. (2019) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-019-0055-z · Cited by 335 · see citing works
“The outcome that better “content-relevant sleep” leads to improved performance is supported by previous controlled studies on the role of sleep in memory consolidation.(14,15) Consistent with some previous research(45,46) female students tended to experience better quality sleep and with more consistency than male stu…”
BackgroundResultFunctions and Mechanisms of Sleep
Zielinski, M. R., McKenna, J. T., & McCarley, R. W. (2016) · AIMS neuroscience · doi:10.3934/neuroscience.2016.1.67 · Cited by 347 · see citing works
“One hypothesis of sleep and memory suggests that NREMS and REMS contribute to different types of memory [53].”
BackgroundMemory consolidation is linked to spindle-mediated information processing during sleep
Cairney, S. A., Guttesen, A. Á. V., El Marj, N., & Staresina, B. P. (2018) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.01.087 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
The metabolic burden of sleep loss
Schmid, S. M., Hallschmid, M., & Schultes, B. (2015) · The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(14)70012-9 · Cited by 328 · see citing works
Paul, S., Chakraborty, S., Anand, U., Dey, S., Nandy, S., Ghorai, M., Saha, S. C., Patil, M. T., Kandimalla, R., Proćków, J., et al. (2021) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112175 · Cited by 306 · see citing works
Immordino‐Yang, M. H., Darling‐Hammond, L., & Krone, C. R. (2019) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2019.1633924 · Cited by 348 · see citing works
“Sleep is fundamental for neural plasticity and the consolidation of memories (Potkin & Bunney, 2012; Rasch & Born, 2013), as well as for removing toxic proteins that build up in the brain over waking hours (Xie et al., 2013).”
BackgroundAndrews, P. W., Bharwani, A., Lee, K. R., Fox, M., & Thomson, J. A. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.01.018 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
“Finally, the increase in REM sleep also points to complex nformation processing, because REM sleep promotes consolidaion of hippocampal memory representations encoding complex nformation (Rasch and Born, 2013).”
BackgroundCortical circuit activity underlying sleep slow oscillations and spindles
Niethard, N., Ngo, H.-V. V., Ehrlich, I., & Born, J. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1805517115 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
Self-citationAcoustic Enhancement of Sleep Slow Oscillations and Concomitant Memory Improvement in Older Adults
Papalambros, N. A., Santostasi, G., Malkani, R. G., Braun, R., Weintraub, S., Paller, K. A., & Zee, P. C. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00109 · Cited by 259 · see citing works
“In young individuals, sleep has been shown to play an important role in memory consolidation, and sleep deprivation can disrupt the ability to encode and consolidate new memories (Rasch and Born, 2013).”
BackgroundLustenberger, C., Boyle, M. R., Alagapan, S., Mellin, J. M., Vaughn, B. V., & Frӧhlich, F. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.06.044 · Cited by 260 · see citing works
“Besides sleep spindles, slow waves have been proposed to play an important role in memory consolidation [8].”
InfluentialEnhancement of sleep slow waves: underlying mechanisms and practical consequences
Bellesi, M., Riedner, B. A., Garcia-Molina, G. N., Cirelli, C., & Tononi, G. (2014) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00208 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
“The role of slow waves in the consolidation of memories has been investigated extensively (Marshall and Born, 2007; Diekelmann and Born, 2010; Rasch and Born, 2013).”
BackgroundSleep and REM sleep disturbance in the pathophysiology of PTSD: the role of extinction memory
Pace-Schott, E. F., Germain, A., & Milad, M. R. (2015) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/s13587-015-0018-9 · Cited by 255 · see citing works
“Similar encoding-induced changes in subsequent sleep physiology are reported human polysomnographic and neuroimaging studies (reviewed in [67]).”
BackgroundDifferential Effects of Non-REM and REM Sleep on Memory Consolidation?
Ackermann, S., & Rasch, B. (2014) · Current Neurology and Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s11910-013-0430-8 · Cited by 262 · see citing works
“Does procedural memory consolidation only benefit from non-REM sleep and induced reactivation when it 430, Page 6 of 10 Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep (2014) 14:430”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationSlow-wave sleep: From the cell to the clinic
Léger, D., Debellemanière, E., Rabat, A., Bayon, V., Benchenane, K., & Chennaoui, M. (2018) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2018.01.008 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
The role of REM sleep theta activity in emotional memory
Hutchison, I. C., & Rathore, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01439 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
“…with the high amplitude slow waves of SWS is thought to drive the transfer of declarative memory traces from the hippocampus to the neocortex (Rasch and Born, 2013) by providing windows of wide-spread depolarization during which higher frequency activity (including spindles) is synchronized…”
BackgroundThe Effect of Physical Activity on Sleep Quality and Sleep Disorder: A Systematic Review
Alnawwar, M. A., Alraddadi, M. I., Algethmi, R. A., Salem, G. A., Salem, M. A., & Alharbi, A. A. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.43595 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
“Sleep promotes memory consolidation and learning while allowing the body to recover and restore itself [1].”
BackgroundPromoting memory consolidation during sleep: A meta-analysis of targeted memory reactivation
Hu, X., Cheng, L. Y., Chiu, M. H., & Paller, K. A. (2020) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000223 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
“More recently it has become widely accepted that sleep plays an important role in consolidating and transforming memories (Diekelmann & Born, 2010; Inostroza & Born, 2013; Rasch & Born, 2013; Stickgold & Walker, 2013).”
InfluentialBidirectional prefrontal-hippocampal dynamics organize information transfer during sleep in humans
Helfrich, R. F., Lendner, J. D., Mander, B. A., Guillen, H., Paff, M., Mnatsakanyan, L., Vadera, S., Walker, M. P., Lin, J. J., & Knight, R. T. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-11444-x · Cited by 222 · see citing works
Lecci, S., Fernandez, L. M. J., Weber, F. D., Cardis, R., Chatton, J.-Y., Born, J., & Lüthi, A. (2017) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.1602026 · Cited by 242 · see citing works
Biological underpinnings for lifelong learning machines
Kudithipudi, D., Aguilar-Simon, M., Babb, J., Bazhenov, M., Blackiston, D., Bongard, J., Brna, A. P., Chakravarthi Raja, S., Cheney, N., Clune, J., et al. (2022) · Nature Machine Intelligence · doi:10.1038/s42256-022-00452-0 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
“For example, procedural, presumably hippocampus-independent memories 55,56 (for example, some motor tasks) can be learned without forgetting old skills.”
BackgroundLüthi, A. (2013) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858413500854 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
“Close temporal associations exist between hippocampal SPWRs and cortical spindles mostly in prefrontal but also in sensory areas in rats and humans (reviewed in Rasch and Born 2013).”
InfluentialThe claustrum coordinates cortical slow-wave activity
Narikiyo, K., Mizuguchi, R., Ajima, A., Mitsui, S., Shiozaki, M., Hamanaka, H., Johansen, J. P., Mori, K., & Yoshihara, Y. (2020) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-020-0625-7 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
“(3) The synchronous firing of these inhibitory interneurons results in a prolonged silencing of most neocortical neurons, induction of a Down-state, and orchestration of neocortical SW”
BackgroundPrecise Slow Oscillation–Spindle Coupling Promotes Memory Consolidation in Younger and Older Adults
Muehlroth, B. E., Sander, M. C., Fandakova, Y., Grandy, T. H., Rasch, B., Shing, Y. L., & Werkle‐Bergner, M. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-36557-z · Cited by 227 · see citing works
“(2) SO-induced SP initiation is not a necessity, but rather a rare occurrence.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationHow memory replay in sleep boosts creative problem-solving
Lewis, P. A., Knoblich, G., & Poe, G. (2018) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2018.03.009 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Unraveling the evolutionary determinants of sleep
Joiner, W. J. (2016) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2016.08.068 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Effects of sleep on memory for conditioned fear and fear extinction.
Pace-Schott, E. F., Germain, A., & Milad, M. R. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000014 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
“Hippocampus-dependent tasks have, in turn, been those most clearly linked with the NREM-sleep oscillatory activity such as percent SWS, sleep spindles, sharp-wave ripple events and the < 1Hz slow oscillation (Diekelmann & Born, 2010; Rasch & Born, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialPace-Schott, E. F., Amole, M. C., Aue, T., Balconi, M., Bylsma, L. M., Critchley, H., Demaree, H. A., Friedman, B. H., Gooding, A. E. K., Gosseries, O., et al. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.002 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“Sleep promotes memory consolidation in many domains (Rasch and Born, 2013) and has consistently been shown to enhance consolidation of emotional memory albeit with mixed findings as to whether sleep preferentially augments emotional over neutral memories (reviewed in”
Ladenbauer, J., Ladenbauer, J., Külzow, N., de Boor, R., Avramova, E., Grittner, U., & Flöel, A. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0260-17.2017 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
“According to the “active system consolidation” account, newly encoded memories are reactivated during sleep, accompanied by sharp-wave ripple events (80 –100 Hz) in the hippocampus, and redistributed to cortical long-term storage networks through a coordinated dialog between the hippocampus and neocortex (Rasch and Bo…”
BackgroundNon-invasive brain stimulation and neuroenhancement
Antal, A., Luber, B. M., Brem, A., Bikson, M., Brunoni, A. R., Kadosh, R. C., Dubljević, V., Fecteau, S., Ferreri, F., Flöel, A., et al. (2022) · Clinical Neurophysiology Practice · doi:10.1016/j.cnp.2022.05.002 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
“Brain oscillations that dominate non-rapid eye movement sleep (NREM) are thought to mediate the beneficial effect of sleep on various functions (Rasch and Born, 2013; Tononi and Cirelli, 2020).”
BackgroundBoosting vocabulary learning by verbal cueing during sleep
Schreiner, T., & Rasch, B. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhu139 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep and synaptic down-selection
Tononi, G., & Cirelli, C. (2020) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.14335 · Cited by 217 · see citing works
“So far, it seems that the memory benefits of sleep, especially for declarative memories, are due primarily to non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep, but in some instances REM sleep or a combination of NREM-REM cycles may also play a role (Rasch and Born 2013).”
InfluentialThe microstructure of REM sleep: Why phasic and tonic?
Simor, P., van der Wijk, G., Nobili, L., & Peigneux, P. (2020) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2020.101305 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Sleep for cognitive enhancement
Diekelmann, S. (2014) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2014.00046 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
“The largest amount of research on enhancing cognition during sleep, however, has focused on the domain of learning and memory (Rasch and Born, 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSleep and anxiety in late childhood and early adolescence
McMakin, D. L., & Alfano, C. A. (2015) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0000000000000204 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
The hippocampus is crucial for forming non-hippocampal long-term memory during sleep
Sawangjit, A., Oyanedel, C. N., Niethard, N., Salazar, C., Born, J., & Inostroza, M. (2018) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0716-8 · Cited by 208 · see citing works
Sleeping on the motor engram: The multifaceted nature of sleep-related motor memory consolidation
King, B. R., Hoedlmoser, K., Hirschauer, F., Dolfen, N., & Albouy, G. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.04.026 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“Slow oscillations are suggested to exert a topdown synchronizing influence on hippocampal sharp wave-ripple complexes, sleep spindles and on faster cortical beta and gamma activity (Born and Wilhelm, 2012; Diekelmann and Born, 2010; Rasch and Born, 2013).”
Veniero, D., Vossen, A. Y., Groß, J., & Thut, G. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00477 · Cited by 202 · see citing works
“…aftereffects that correspond to the reported tACS/otDCS-induced EEG modulations has been provided by those studies using frontal 0.75Hz tACS/otDCS aiming to either enhance or disrupt slow waves during sleep, a rhythm that has been associated with memory consolidation (e.g., Rasch and Born, 2013).”
MethodLafon, B., Henin, S. E., Huang, Y., Friedman, D. J., Melloni, L., Thesen, T., Doyle, W., Buzsáki, G., Devinsky, O., Parra, L. C., et al. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01045-x · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Richards, A. L., Kanady, J. C., & Neylan, T. C. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0486-5 · Cited by 204 · see citing works
Individual Differences in Frequency and Topography of Slow and Fast Sleep Spindles
Cox, R., Schapiro, A. C., Manoach, D. S., & Stickgold, R. (2017) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2017.00433 · Cited by 195 · see citing works
The translational neuroscience of sleep: A contextual framework
Grandner, M. A., & Fernandez, F. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abj8188 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
A single pair of neurons links sleep to memory consolidation in Drosophila melanogaster
Haynes, P. R., Christmann, B. L., & Griffith, L. C. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.03868 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“Sleep deprivation following an associative learning task impairs consolidated memory in Drosophila, rodents, and humans whereas sleep immediately after a learning task actually improves consolidated memory across the same broad range of organisms (Ganguly-Fitzgerald et al., 2006; Donlea et al., 2011; Rasch and Born, 2…”
BackgroundInfluentialElectrophysiological mechanisms of human memory consolidation
Zhang, H., Fell, J., & Axmacher, N. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-06553-y · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Cortical dendritic activity correlates with spindle-rich oscillations during sleep in rodents
Seibt, J., Richard, C. J., Sigl-Glöckner, J., Takahashi, N., Kaplan, D. I., Doron, G., de Limoges, D., Bocklisch, C., & Larkum, M. E. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00735-w · Cited by 165 · see citing works
The role of sleep in recovery following ischemic stroke: A review of human and animal data
Duss, S. B., Seiler, A., Schmidt, M. H., Pace, M., Adamantidis, A., Müri, R. M., & Bassetti, C. L. (2016) · Neurobiology of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms · doi:10.1016/j.nbscr.2016.11.003 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Schreiner, T., Petzka, M., Staudigl, T., & Staresina, B. P. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-23520-2 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
A serotonergic axon-cilium synapse drives nuclear signaling to alter chromatin accessibility
Sheu, S.-H., Upadhyayula, S., Dupuy, V., Pang, S., Deng, F., Wan, J., Walpita, D., Pasolli, H. A., Houser, J., Sanchez-Martinez, S., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.026 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
Léger, D., Quera-Salva, M.-A., Vecchierini, M., Ogrizek, P., Perry, C. A., & Dressman, M. A. (2015) · Expert Opinion on Drug Safety · doi:10.1517/14740338.2015.1093112 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“Recent research has indeed concentrated on how sleep is important for cognition, memory consolidation, energy balance, cardiovascular regulation and immunity [21-25].”
BackgroundInfluence of reward motivation on human declarative memory
Lombard, E., Bavelier, D., & Schwartz, S. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.11.015 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
“Box 2: Role of sleep in the consolidation and generalization of rewarded memories The role of sleep in memory consolidation as well as generalization is well established (Rasch and Born, 2013; Stickgold and Walker, 2013).”
BackgroundGeneralization of word meanings during infant sleep
Friedrich, M., Wilhelm, I., Born, J., & Friederici, A. D. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms7004 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
Prehn-Kristensen, A., Munz, M., Göder, R., Wilhelm, I., Korr, K., Vahl, W., Wiesner, C. D., & Baving, L. (2014) · Brain Stimulation · doi:10.1016/j.brs.2014.07.036 · Cited by 176 · see citing works
“5e5 Hz) [27].”
Sculpting memory during sleep: concurrent consolidation and forgetting
Feld, G. B., & Jan Born, A. (2017) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2017.02.012 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Self-citationA Neural Chronometry of Memory Recall
Staresina, B. P., & Wimber, M. (2019) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2019.09.011 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“The fast timescale of ripples enables spike-timing-dependent plasticity, resulting in synaptic strengthening of the connections between coactive neural assemblies that represent the different elements of a memory [114].”
BLUMBERG, M. S., Lesku, J. A., Libourel, P., Schmidt, M. H., & Rattenborg, N. C. (2020) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.045 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Sleep and memory in mammals, birds and invertebrates
Vorster, A. P., & Born, J. (2015) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.09.020 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Self-citationRestless REM Sleep Impedes Overnight Amygdala Adaptation
Wassing, R., Lakbila‐Kamal, O., Ramautar, J. R., Stoffers, D., Schalkwijk, F. W., & Someren, E. J. W. V. (2019) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.06.034 · Cited by 172 · see citing works
Draxler, F., Werner, A., Lehmann, F., Hoppe, M., Schmidt, A., Buschek, D., & Welsch, R. (2024) · ACM Transactions on Computer-Human Interaction · doi:10.1145/3637875 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
“• The Perceived Creepiness of Technology Scale (PCTS) for the system in general [108] Part 3: Two days after the interaction Memory • Sleep and mood to identify possible impacts on the participants’ memory [86, 91] • Text remembrance based on [66] –”
BackgroundArcher, S. N., & Oster, H. (2015) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12307 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Dunster, G. P., de la Iglesia, L., Ben-Hamo, M., Nave, C., Fleischer, J. G., Panda, S., & de la Iglesia, H. O. (2018) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau6200 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
Experts bodies, experts minds: How physical and mental training shape the brain
Debarnot, U., Sperduti, M., Rienzo, F. D., & Guillot, A. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00280 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“For all of these memory processes, sleep has been shown to play a critical role in meeting the demands of the organism (Walker and Stickgold, 2010; Rasch and Born, 2013).”
BackgroundOng, J. L., Lo, J. C.-Y., Chee, N. I. Y. N., Santostasi, G., Paller, K. A., Zee, P. C., & Chee, M. W. L. (2015) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2015.10.016 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“Original Article Effects of phase-locked acoustic stimulation during a nap on EEG spectra and declarative memory consolidation Ju Lynn Ong a, June C. Lo a, Nicholas I.Y.N. Chee a, Giovanni Santostasi b, Ken A. Paller c, Phyllis C. Zee b, Michael W.L. Chee a,* a Center for Cognitive Neuroscience,…”
BackgroundInfant sleep and its relation with cognition and growth: a narrative review
Tham, E. K. H., Schneider, N., & Broekman, B. F. P. (2017) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s125992 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“Similar to findings in adults,(22,23) researchers have found evidence that infant sleep also plays an important role in memory consolidation, a process whereby a initially weak memory representation becomes stable and more resistant to forgetting.(22,24) Seehagen et al found that 6- and 12-monthold infants who napped…”
Enhanced Memory Consolidation Via Automatic Sound Stimulation During Non-REM Sleep
Leminen, M., Virkkala, J., Saure, E., Paajanen, T. I., Zee, P. C., Santostasi, G., Hublin, C., Müller, K., Porkka‐Heiskanen, T., Huotilainen, M., et al. (2017) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsx003 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“INTRODUCTION Recent evidence stresses the critical role of sleep in learning, in particular for memory consolidation.(1) Being awake after the initial learning increases the risk of forgetting,(2) whereas even a short nap protects memories against new conflicting experiences.”
BackgroundThe role of rapid eye movement sleep for amygdala-related memory processing
Genzel, L., Spoormaker, V. I., Konrad, B. N., & Dresler, M. (2015) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2015.01.008 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“…transformations of memories, the most convincing theoretical and empirical support for a role of sleep in more basal processes of memory integration and reorganization emphasizes NREM rather than REM sleep processes (see e.g., (Genzel et al., 2014; Lewis Durrant, 2011; Rasch Born, 2013)).”
BackgroundTimely sleep facilitates declarative memory consolidation in infants
Seehagen, S., Konrad, C., Herbert, J. S., & Schneider, S. (2015) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1414000112 · Cited by 166 · see citing works
“There were no other significant effects, biggest F(1, 30) = 1.”
BackgroundInfluentialNREM and REM Sleep: Complementary Roles in Recovery after Wakefulness
Vyazovskiy, V. V., & Delogu, A. (2014) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858413518152 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“In addition, there is evidence that REM sleep plays a role in memory formation (Karni and others 1994; Perogamvros and others 2013; Rasch and Born 2013; Smith 1985; Stickgold 1998; Watts and others 2012), neuronal plasticity and excitability (Grosmark and others 2012; Poe and others 2010; Ribeiro and Nicolelis 2004),…”
BackgroundDecoding material-specific memory reprocessing during sleep in humans
Schönauer, M., Alizadeh, S., Jamalabadi, H., Abraham, A., Pawlizki, A., & Gais, S. (2017) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms15404 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
“The subsequent steps for data preparation were implemented to (1) increase signal-to-noise ratio, (2) reduce dimensionality of the data and (3) adapt the signal for between-subject classification.”
MethodMemory and Sleep: How Sleep Cognition Can Change the Waking Mind for the Better
Paller, K. A., Creery, J. D., & Schechtman, E. (2021) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010419-050815 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
Ketz, N., Jones, A. P., Bryant, N. B., Clark, V. P., & Pilly, P. K. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0273-18.2018 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“This has been suggested to facilitate the consolidation of recent experiences, such that ripples indicate hippocampal reactivation, and ripple spindle-slowwave events mark the transfer of that content to the neocortex (Rasch and Born, 2013; Staresina et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSleep spindles mediate hippocampal-neocortical coupling during long-duration ripples
Ngo, H.-V. V., Fell, J., & Staresina, B. P. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.57011 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Slow oscillation-spindle coupling predicts enhanced memory formation from childhood to adolescence
Hahn, M. A., Heib, D., Schabus, M., Hoedlmoser, K., & Helfrich, R. F. (2020) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.53730 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
“Importantly, SO-spindle coupling is one of the main building blocks of the active system memory consolidation theory, which posits that sleep-dependent memory consolidation is coordinated by a temporal hierarchy of SO, sleep spindles and hippocampal ripples (Clemens et al., 2011; Diekelmann and Born, 2010; Helfrich et…”
BackgroundInfluentialAcetylcholine bidirectionally regulates learning and memory
Huang, Q., Liao, C., Ge, F., Ao, J., & Liu, T. (2022) · Journal of Neurorestoratology · doi:10.1016/j.jnrt.2022.100002 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Boyce, R., Williams, S., & Adamantidis, A. (2017) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2017.05.001 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Neural Markers of Responsiveness to the Environment in Human Sleep
Andrillon, T., Poulsen, A. T., Hansen, L. K., Léger, D., & Kouider, S. (2016) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0902-16.2016 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
“Disconnection from the external world may play a crucial role in memory consolidation, allowing the brain to turn inward and protect endogenous mechanisms of neural plasticity from external interferences (Rasch and Born, 2013).”
Background
- Authors
- Rasch, B., & Born, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Division of Biopsychology, Neuroscience Center Zurich and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland; and Institute of Medical Psychology and Behavioral Neurobiology, and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
- Corresponding author
- Rasch, Björn
- ORCID
- Rasch, Björn
- Venue
- Physiological Reviews
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2013-04
- Volume
- 93
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 681-766
- ISSN
- 0031-9333 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1210
- PMC
- PMC3768102
- OpenAlex
- W2102656701
- Semantic Scholar
- c201cff713db94cd98fcd1fb1aea2b00e0299307
- Cited by
- 2,783
- References
- 1,378
- Citations by year
- 2026: 208 · 2025: 287 · 2024: 270 · 2023: 273 · 2022: 286 · 2021: 252 · 2020: 242 · 2019: 218 · 2018: 183 · 2017: 177 · 2016: 149 · 2015: 130 · 2014: 90 · 2013: 16
- FWCI
- 10.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Physiological Reviews (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (SFB654)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Keywords
- sleep, memory consolidation, slow-wave sleep, REM sleep, memory reactivation, hippocampal-dependent memory, long-term memory formation, memory encoding, immunological memory
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain, Humans, Learning, Memory, Neuronal Plasticity, Neurons, Sleep
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