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Cerebellar Contributions to Adaptive Control of Saccades in Humans
Open accessAbstract
The cerebellum may monitor motor commands and through internal feedback correct for anticipated errors. Saccades provide a test of this idea because these movements are completed too quickly for sensory feedback to be useful. Earlier, we reported that motor commands that accelerate the eyes toward a constant amplitude target showed variability. Here, we demonstrate that this variability is not random noise, but is due to the cognitive state of the subject. Healthy people showed within-saccade compensation for this variability with commands that arrived later in the same saccade. However, in people with cerebellar damage, the same variability resulted in dysmetria. This ability to correct for variability in the motor commands that initiated a saccade was a predictor of each subject's ability to learn from endpoint errors. In a paradigm in which a target on the horizontal meridian jumped vertically during the saccade (resulting in an endpoint error), the adaptive response exhibited two timescales: a fast timescale that learned quickly from endpoint error but had poor retention, and a slow timescale that learned slowly but had strong retention. With cortical cerebellar damage, the fast timescale of adaptation was effectively absent, but the slow timescale was less impaired. Therefore, the cerebellum corrects for variability in the motor commands that initiate saccades within the same movement via an adaptive response that not only exhibits strong sensitivity to previous endpoint errors, but also rapid forgetting.
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“The motor deficits in patients with cerebellar disorders are consistent with corrupted forward models, including loss of saccade accuracy due to motor command variability (Golla et al., 2008; Xu-Wilson et al., 2009), inability to adapt reaching movements to motor perturbations such as force fields or visuomotor rotations (Maschke et al., 2004; Tseng et al., 2007; Taylor et al., 2010) and selective”
From Cerebellum, Predictions and Errors (2019) · cites this paper as Xu-Wilson et al., 2009
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“Yet, the variability in the motor command, as reflected in eye movement velocity, is corrected to maintain saccade accuracy (Golla et al., 2008; Xu-Wilson et al., 2009).”
From Cerebellum, Predictions and Errors (2019) · cites this paper as Xu-Wilson et al., 2009
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Metadata
- Authors
- Xu-Wilson, M., Chen-Harris, H., Zee, D. S., & Shadmehr, R.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2009-10-14
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 41
- Pages
- 12930-12939
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC2994243
- OpenAlex
- W2064904949
- Cited by
- 190
- References
- 162
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 18 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 6.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (EY01849, NS37422)
- National Eye Institute (EY-01849, R21EY019581, EY19581, R01EY001849)
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007057)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (F31NS062513, NS 37422, R01NS037422, R56NS037422)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Vestibular and auditory disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- cerebellum, saccades, internal feedback, adaptive control, dysmetria, cerebellar lesions, learning retention, forgetting, eye movements
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Adult, Aged, Analysis of Variance, Biofeedback, Psychology, Biomechanical Phenomena, Cerebellar Diseases, Cerebellum, Eye Movements, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Noise, Psychomotor Performance, Reaction Time, Saccades, Statistics as Topic, Task Performance and Analysis, Time Factors, Calcium Channels, Case-Control Studies, Calcium Channels, N-Type
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