Cited by 195Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation StudiesCognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skillsNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

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Cognitive Enhancement or Cognitive Cost: Trait-Specific Outcomes of Brain Stimulation in the Case of Mathematics Anxiety

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Sarkar, Amar, Dowker, Ann, Cohen Kadosh, Roi·2014·The Journal of Neuroscience

DOI 10.1523/jneurosci.3129-14.2014PMC PMC4261089

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Abstract

The surge in noninvasive brain stimulation studies investigating cognitive enhancement has neglected the effect of interindividual differences, such as traits, on stimulation outcomes. Using the case of mathematics anxiety in a sample of healthy human participants in a placebo-controlled, double-blind, crossover experiment, we show that identical transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) exerts opposite behavioral and physiological effects depending on individual trait levels. Mathematics anxiety is the negative emotional response elicited by numerical tasks, impairing mathematical achievement. tDCS was applied to the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, a frequent target for modulating emotional regulation. It improved reaction times on simple arithmetic decisions and decreased cortisol concentrations (a biomarker of stress) in high mathematics anxiety individuals. In contrast, tDCS impaired reaction times for low mathematics anxiety individuals and prevented a decrease in cortisol concentration compared with sham stimulation. Both groups showed a tDCS-induced side effect-impaired executive control in a flanker task-a cognitive function subserved by the stimulated region. These behavioral and physiological double dissociations have implications for brain stimulation research by highlighting the role of individual traits in experimental findings. Brain stimulation clearly does not produce uniform benefits, even applied in the same configuration during the same tasks, but may interact with traits to produce markedly opposed outcomes.

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Authors: Sarkar, A., Dowker, A., & Cohen Kadosh, R.
Affiliations: University of Oxford (GB)
ORCID: Sarkar, Amar
Dowker, Ann
Venue: The Journal of Neuroscience
Publisher: Society for Neuroscience
Published: 2014-12-10
Volume: 34
Issue: 50
Pages: 16605-16610
ISSN: 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
1529-2401
DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3129-14.2014
PMC: PMC4261089
OpenAlex: W2085626196
Cited by: 195
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 26 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 10.73
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/ (vor, 182 d)
Locations: Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Wellcome Trust (WT 88378)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: mathematics anxiety, transcranial direct current stimulation, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, individual differences, cortisol, stress response, executive function, flanker task, arithmetic performance, emotion regulation, placebo effect
MeSH terms: Adult, Anxiety, Cognition, Double-Blind Method, Female, Humans, Male, Mathematics, Reaction Time, Cross-Over Studies, Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation, Young Adult

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Cognitive Enhancement or Cognitive Cost: Trait-Specific Outcomes of Brain Stimulation in the Case of Mathematics Anxiety

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