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The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat
Open accessAbstract
The processing of interoceptive signals in the insular cortex is thought to underlie self-awareness. However, the influence of interoception on visual awareness and the role of the insular cortex in this process remain unclear. Here, we show in a series of experiments that the relative timing of visual stimuli with respect to the heartbeat modulates visual awareness. We used two masking techniques and show that conscious access for visual stimuli synchronous to participants' heartbeat is suppressed compared with the same stimuli presented asynchronously to their heartbeat. Two independent brain imaging experiments using high-resolution fMRI revealed that the insular cortex was sensitive to both visible and invisible cardio–visual stimulation, showing reduced activation for visual stimuli presented synchronously to the heartbeat. Our results show that interoceptive insular processing affects visual awareness, demonstrating the role of the insula in integrating interoceptive and exteroceptive signals and in the processing of conscious signals beyond self-awareness. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT There is growing evidence that interoceptive signals conveying information regarding the internal state of the body influence perception and self-awareness. The insular cortex, which receives sensory inputs from both interoceptive and exteroceptive sources, is thought to integrate these multimodal signals. This study shows that cardiac interoceptive signals modulate awareness for visual stimuli such that visual stimuli occurring at the cardiac frequency take longer to access visual awareness and are more difficult to discriminate. Two fMRI experiments show that the insular region is sensitive to this cardio–visual synchrony even when the visual stimuli are rendered invisible through interocular masking. The results indicate a perceptual and neural suppression for visual events coinciding with cardiac interoceptive signals.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Visual stimuli presented synchronously with the heartbeat had reduced access to visual awareness and lower discrimination accuracy than asynchronous stimuli. High-resolution fMRI showed reduced anterior insula activation for synchronous cardio-visual stimuli, even when rendered invisible by continuous flash suppression.
Key findings
- In continuous flash suppression, synchronous cardio-visual stimuli took longer to break suppression than asynchronous stimuli: Experiment 1, 3.6 s (SD 1.2) vs 3.4 s (SD 1.05), t(29)=2, p=0.02, Cohen’s d′=0.38; Experiment 2 replicated this, t(14)=3.5, p=0.008, d′=0.65.
- In visual crowding, accuracy was lower for synchronous stimuli at the smallest center-to-center distance: 56.1 vs 69.4, t(14)=3.93, p=0.0007, d′=1.1; no reaction-time effect was found.
- Participants were at chance when explicitly judging cardio-visual synchrony: 52.8% ±13.1, t(22)=1.03, n.s., BF=0.22; this accuracy did not correlate with the suppression effect, r=−0.14, p=0.52.
- fMRI showed weaker anterior insula activation for synchronous than asynchronous stimuli, both when visible, F(1,6)=17.7, p=0.005, and when invisible under CFS, F(1,7)=9.3, p=0.018; control regions ACC, rSTG, and occipital cortex showed no such difference.
Methods
- Nine experiments: seven psychophysical experiments using CFS, heartbeat awareness, CFS control, visual control, phase-shifted CFS, and visual crowding; 153 right-handed healthy volunteers were recruited and 143 were included in final psychophysical analyses.
- CFS presented dynamic Mondrian masks to the dominant eye and a yellow octagon target to the other eye; synchronous targets were timed to the QRS complex, while asynchronous targets were at 80% or 120% of the participant’s heartbeat. Crowding used a three-alternative forced-choice letter discrimination task with peripheral flankers.
- Two high-resolution 7T fMRI experiments used a BVP sensor and event-related design; a heartbeat awareness task localized anterior insula ROIs, and GLM/ROI analyses compared synchronous vs asynchronous conditions, with RETROICOR used to regress out cardiac signal.
Limitations
- Stated: the authors cannot rule out other interpretations, including anterior insula roles in temporal processing, temporal synchrony, agency, and error monitoring; predictive coding was not directly tested and requires manipulation of prior expectations.
- Stated: respiration signals were not available and were not regressed from the fMRI data; breaking CFS as a measure of conscious access has been criticized, though the study supplemented it with visual crowding, Bayesian statistics, and full-suppression fMRI.
- Evident: the fMRI samples were small (8 and 9 participants, with one excluded from each due to motion artifacts >2 mm) and data were analyzed separately in native space rather than transformed to a standardized space, limiting generalizability.
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31 Own result · 24 Not checked yet · 18 Own interpretation · 15 Own method · 1 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here, we show in a series of experiments that the relative timing of visual stimuli with respect to the heartbeat modulates visual awareness.”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Abstract
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In the paper
“and are more difficult to discriminate.”
- Also stated in: § Significance Statement · plain
“and are more difficult to discriminate (visual crowding) than the same stimuli presented asynchronously to the heartbeat.”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Significance Statement
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- Also stated in: § Significance Statement · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We used two masking techniques and show that conscious access for visual stimuli synchronous to participants' heartbeat is suppressed compared with the same stimuli presented asynchronously to their heartbeat.”
- Also stated in: § Significance Statement · plain
“visual stimuli occurring at the cardiac frequency take longer to access visual awareness”
- Also stated in: § Significance Statement · plain
“visual targets presented synchronously to the cardiac frequency require more time (CFS)”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Abstract
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Significance Statement · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The results showed that participants were at chance for judging cardio-visual synchrony even when the flashing visual stimuli were fully visible ( ϭ 52.8 ϭ 13.1, t (22) ϭ 1.03, n.s., BF ϭ 0.22), suggesting substantial evidence for the null hypothesis (one-sample t test vs 50% chance value).”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Suppression of synchronous cardio-visual stimuli: CFS
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In the paper
“After regressing out the cardiac signal, the difference between synchronous and asynchronous conditions in the insulae was significant (F (1,7) ϭ 6.4, p ϭ 0.039)”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Neural suppression of unseen synchronous cardio-visual stimuli: fMRI
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In the paper
“Even when the visual stimuli were rendered fully invisible through CFS, we found lower activations in the anterior insulae for synchronous compared with asynchronous stimuli (F (1,7) ϭ 9.3, p ϭ 0.018; see Fig. 7a for a single representative subject and Fig. 7b for group data).”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Neural suppression of unseen synchronous cardio-visual stimuli: fMRI
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“As predicted (based on our CFS results), we found that cardio-visual stimulation affected the discrimination of crowded stimuli: accuracy was lower for stimuli presented synchronously with respect to the heartbeat (accuracy for the smallest center-to-center distance: ϭ 56.1 vs ϭ 69.4,t (14) ϭ 3.93, p ϭ 0.0007, Cohen's dЈ ϭ 1.1; Fig. 3b).”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Suppression of synchronous cardio-visual stimuli: visual crowding
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In the paper
“To ensure further that the suppression effect was only found in the insula, we analyzed control regions as in the first fMRI experiment, which showed no differential activity between the two cardio-visual conditions.”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Neural suppression of unseen synchronous cardio-visual stimuli: fMRI
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The results of Experiment 6 confirmed our predictions as there was no significant difference in the duration required to detect synchronous ( ϭ 5.5 s, ϭ 1.7) versus delayed phase-shifted ( ϭ 5.5 s, ϭ 1.6; t (14) ϭ 0.036, n.s., BF ϭ 0.25, i.e., suggesting substantial evidence for the null hypothesis) cardio-visual stimuli.”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Suppression of synchronous cardio-visual stimuli: CFS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“and did not differ from the synchronous condition (t (14) ϭ-0.22,n.s., BF ϭ 0.86, i.e., inconclusive regarding the null or alternative hypothesis), replicating the findings of Experiment 6.”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Suppression of synchronous cardio-visual stimuli: visual crowding
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 19
- The quote only partly states this claim. 3
- Probably not a substantial claim. 22
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Two independent brain imaging experiments using high-resolution fMRI revealed that the insular cortex was sensitive to both visible and invisible cardio-visual stimulation, showing reduced activation for visual stimuli presented synchronously to the heartbeat.”
- Also stated in: § Significance Statement · plain
“Two fMRI experiments show that the insular region is sensitive to this cardio-visual synchrony even when the visual stimuli are rendered invisible through interocular masking.”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Abstract
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- Also stated in: § Significance Statement · plain
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In the paper
“Importantly, this effect was robust and stable in 14 of the 15 present fMRI participants, showing lower BOLD activity in the synchronous condition in the right anterior insula.”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Neural suppression of unseen synchronous cardio-visual stimuli: fMRI
boostedcorrelationaln = 15- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Furthermore, when decoupled (Experiment 5), no differences between visual stimuli that were”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Suppression of synchronous cardio-visual stimuli: CFS
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), right posterior superior temporal gyrus (rSTG), and occipital visual regions were consistently activated and were selected as ROIs for each subject (at p Ͻ 0.001 FDR).”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Scanning parameters.
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In the paper
“Estimating the mean BOLD signal response in the left and right anterior insulae (as defined above) for the synchronous and asynchronous cardio-visual conditions, we found that insula activation was weaker during synchronous than asynchronous cardio-visual stimulation (F (1,6) ϭ 17.7, p ϭ 0.005), compatible with suppression of visually induced activation in the insula depending on cardio-visual”
- Also stated in: § Neural suppression of seen synchronous cardio-visual stimuli: fMRI · plain
“The difference between the BOLD activity in the anterior insulae between synchronous and asynchronous conditions was significant (F (1,6) ϭ 18.4, p ϭ 0.005), with no difference between the left and right insulae (F (1,6) ϭ 1.3, n.s.).”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Neural suppression of seen synchronous cardio-visual stimuli: fMRI
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- Also stated in: § Neural suppression of seen synchronous cardio-visual stimuli: fMRI · plain
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In the paper
“Another line of work has linked self-awareness to the processing of interoceptive signals in the insular cortex (i.e., cardiac signals; Damasio, 2000;Craig, 2002;Critchley et al., 2004;Park et al., 2014)”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Damasio, 2000
- Not checked yetcites Craig, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Critchley et al., 2004
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“To ensure that trial onset did not maintain a specific phase in relation to participants' heartbeat, an intertrial interval of 0.5, 0.8, or 1.3 s was presented between trials such that any spurious temporal relation between cardiac and visual stimuli would not be maintained.”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Heartbeat detection and online graphical animation.
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In the paper
“The target type, center-to-center distance between target and flanker, and cardio-visual synchronicity were fully randomized.”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Stimuli and procedure.
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In the paper
“These predictive models of interoception are held to mediate widespread sensory consequences of interoceptive signals such as cardiac activity (Barrett and Simmons, 2015), thus reducing their influence on perception (comparable to suppression of retinal changes due to ocular motion).”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Barrett and Simmons, 2015
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In the paper
“Pilot testing indicated that the BVP on the fingertip was delayed by ϳ250 ms compared with the ECG R-wave, but that the frequency detected by the BVP and ECG systems was identical (also see Lu et al., 2009).”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Experiment 8: high-resolution fMRI experiment without interocular suppression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lu et al., 2009
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In the paper
“However, the influence of interoception on visual awareness and the role of the insular cortex in this process remain unclear.”
- Also stated in: § Significance Statement · plain
“their role in other forms of awareness such as visual awareness is yet unclear.”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Abstract
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Significance Statement · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recently, theories have suggested that the insula may be involved in interoceptive inference in which predictions regarding interoceptive signals are compared with actual sensory and interoceptive afferent inputs (Critchley and Seth, 2012;Seth, 2013;Apps and Tsakiris, 2014).”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Critchley and Seth, 2012
- Not checked yetcites Seth, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Apps and Tsakiris, 2014
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“The participants were explicitly asked not to monitor their heartbeat by means other than interoceptive attention (such as taking their pulse).”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Experiment 3: heartbeat awareness
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In the paper
“A 1 s intertrial interval was used to avoid intertrial phase locking.”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Stimuli and procedure.
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In the paper
“The echo-planar images acquired during the functional runs were corrected for low frequencies (e.g., due to cardiac and breathing artifacts) and 3D motion and were then transformed to the native space of the anatomical run.”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Scanning parameters.
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In the paper
“The naivety of the subjects to this relationship was important to avoid recording any brain activity resulting from interoceptive attention to their heartbeat; therefore, this relationship was not mentioned before this task.”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Experiment 8: high-resolution fMRI experiment without interocular suppression
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In the paper
“Using the BVP signal, the six cardiac specific regressors created by the RETROICOR toolbox were used used as control covariates in our design matrix.”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Scanning parameters.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Ten participants were excluded from the analysis (Experiment 1, n ϭ 1; Experiment 2, n ϭ 3; Experiment 4, n ϭ 3; Experiment 5, n ϭ 2; Experiment 7, n ϭ 1).”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Participants
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This second task served as a functional localizer for the anterior insula regions, which have been shown previously to be activated by interoceptive attention to one's heartbeat (Critchley et al., 2004;Wiebking et al., 2014).”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Experiment 8: high-resolution fMRI experiment without interocular suppression
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Critchley et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Wiebking et al., 2014
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“To test for possible effects of cardiac activity on the results, the cardiac signal was regressed out using the RETROICOR approach (Glover et al., 2000).”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Scanning parameters.
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Glover et al., 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This indicates that cardio-visual effects on CFS (Experiments 1 and 2) depend on cardio-visual coupling and not on visual differences between synchronous and asynchronous visual stimulation.”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Suppression of synchronous cardio-visual stimuli: CFS
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A prime candidate region responsible for suppressing such signals is the insular cortex because of the following: (1) it is involved in the processing of interoceptive information including cardiac signals (Craig, 2002;Critchley et al., 2004), (2) it is involved in the the comparison of auditory and cardiac signals (Critchley et al., 2004), and (3) it has recently been hypothesized as a site for”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Neural suppression of seen synchronous cardio-visual stimuli: fMRI
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Craig, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Critchley et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Critchley and Seth, 2012
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This suggests that the results in the anterior insulae are independent of vascular fluctuations and are more likely to reflect neuron-related BOLD changes.”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Neural suppression of seen synchronous cardio-visual stimuli: fMRI
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This task was always performed before the localizer task to ensure that participants were naive to the purpose of Experiment 8.”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Neural suppression of seen synchronous cardio-visual stimuli: fMRI
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We restricted our analysis to trials in which the participants were fully unaware of the visual stimuli (78.6% of trials).”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Neural suppression of unseen synchronous cardio-visual stimuli: fMRI
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Because respiration signals were not available, they were not regressed from the functional data.”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Scanning parameters.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, the heartbeat affects tactile afferent output (Macefield, 2003), muscle spindle discharge (Birznieks et al., 2012), and generates mechanical effects on the eyes modulating interocular pressure and eye movements (de Kinkelder et al., 2011).”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Macefield, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Birznieks et al., 2012
- Not checked yetcites de Kinkelder et al., 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Previous investigations of cardiac influences on behavior and neural processing have focused on specific epochs of the cardiac cycle (e.g., systole vs diastole) and have been successful in showing cardiac effects on somatosensory (Edwards et al., 2009;Gray et al., 2009), nociceptive (Edwards et al., 2001;McIntyre et al., 2006;Edwards et al., 2008;Gray et al., 2010), and emotional (Gray et al., 200”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Edwards et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Gray et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Garfinkel et al., 2014
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These results converge in suggesting the possible role of the insula for multimodal predictive coding (Singer et al., 2009;Seth et al., 2011;Apps and Tsakiris, 2014) and salience processing (Seeley et al., 2007).”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Singer et al., 2009
- Not checked yetcites Seth et al., 2011
- Not checked yetcites Seeley et al., 2007
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The anterior insula has been implicated in temporal processing (Craig, 2009a;Wiener et al., 2010), which has been suggested to relate to its role in integrating internal interoceptive temporal cues with external signals (Wittmann, 2009;Wittmann et al., 2010).”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Indeed, the anterior insula has been activated in studies investigating temporal synchrony (Bushara et al., 2001) and the sense of agency and error monitoring that require matching exteroceptive sensory signals with self-generated actions (Menon et al., 2001;Klein et al., 2007;Karnath and Baier, 2010;Sperduti et al., 2011;Klein et al., 2013).”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Craig, 2009a
- Not checked yetcites Bushara et al., 2001 source
- Not checked yetcites Menon et al., 2001
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interoceptive information regarding cardiac activity is conveyed by several afferent sources, including cardiac and somatosensory mechanoreceptors as well as blood vessel baroreceptors (Knapp and Brener, 1998), and is affected by several cardiac factors (Schandry et al., 1993).”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Knapp and Brener, 1998
- Not checked yetcites Schandry et al., 1993
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the current study, however, the breaking CFS paradigms were supplemented with an additional psychophysical method of visual crowding (Experiment 7), which allowed us to replicate our finding in the accuracy domain, thus circumventing the possible limitations of time to emergence used with the CFS method.”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The insular cortex has been found to be activated by a wide range of perceptual and cognitive processes (Kurth et al., 2010).”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kurth et al., 2010
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“This region is thought to enable the convergence of interoceptive and exteroceptive signals (Craig, 2002;Critchley et al., 2004;Wiebking et al., 2014) and has recently also been proposed to underlie self-awareness (Damasio, 2000;Craig, 2009b;Craig, 2010;Apps and Tsakiris, 2014) and exteroceptive multisensory bodily perception and movement control in healthy and neurological patients (Karnath et al”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Craig, 2002
- Not checked yetcites Critchley et al., 2004
- Not checked yetcites Karnath et al., 2005
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The heartbeat is a lifelong and critical signal for the organism that must be monitored continuously and kept within tight limits to avoid arrhythmia or asystolia, and this monitoring normally occurs outside awareness because one does not experience control over one's heart.
“The heartbeat is a lifelong and critical signal for the organism, which must be monitored continuously and kept within tight limits to avoid, for example, arrhythmia or asystolia; such monitoring, in most instances, occurs outside of awareness because one does not experience control over one's heart.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The frequency of cardiac-related effects is identical across all afferent inputs.
“In contrast, the frequency of cardiac-related effects is identical across all afferent inputs.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sensory consequences of the heartbeat differ in their temporal delay as a function of the distance from the heart.
“Although the heartbeat is a periodic signal, its sensory consequences differ in their temporal delay as a function of the distance from the heart.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Accumulating clinical data and experimental evidence are revealing the mechanisms by which interoceptive signalling shapes experiences of self, and also of perceptions of stimuli originating from the external environment (e.g. [94,95]).”
From Active interoceptive inference and the emotional brain (2016) · cites this paper as [94]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“and the processing of either auditory 39 or visual 40 stimuli attenuated when synchronized with the heartbeat.”
From Interoceptive rhythms in the brain (2023) · cites this paper as [40]
In the citing paper
“Recent findings have shown that BSC impacts several perceptual and cognitive functions such as tactile perception [48,49], pain perception [50,51], visual perception [52–54], as well as egocentric cognitive processes [55].”
From First-person view of one’s body in immersive virtual reality: Influence on episodic memory (2019) · cites this paper as [54]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“Trial duration was 24 s: after a 6 s fixation epoch, the stimuli were presented for 6 s.There were 2 s to respond to each of the 2 questions, which was followed by a rest epoch lasting 6 s.”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Experiment 9: High-resolution fMRI experiment with CFS
Reported 24 · recomputed 22
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“We recruited 153 right-handed healthy volunteers (46 females) from the student population at E ´cole Polytechnique Fe ´de ´rale de Lausanne (EPFL) (age 18 -32 years, ϭ 22.2 years) for the first 7 experiments (Experiment 1, n ϭ 31; Experiment 2, n ϭ 18; Experiment 3, n ϭ 23, i.e., participants in Experiment 1 who agreed to return; Experiment 4, n ϭ 33; Experiment 5, n ϭ 17; Experiment 6, n ϭ 15; Experiment 7, n ϭ 16).”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Participants
Reported 153 · recomputed 130
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“The same 7T MRI-scanner as in Experiment 8 was used and the functional runs were acquired using echo-planar images of 34 axial slices (1.8 mm isotropic voxels with no gap) placed to comprise the primary visual cortex (V1), the insular cortex, and as much of the superior parietal cortex as possible (matrix size 160 ϫ 160, FOV 210 mm, TE ϭ 27 ms, TR ϭ 2.0 s, GRAPPA 2).”
§ The Insula Mediates Access to Awareness of Visual Stimuli Presented Synchronously to the Heartbeat > Experiment 9: High-resolution fMRI experiment with CFS
Reported 1.8 · recomputed 1.3125
Citations
Cites
Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control
Seeley, W. W., Menon, V., Schatzberg, A. F., Keller, J., Glover, G. H., Kenna, H., Reiss, A. L., & Greicius, M. D. (2007) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5587-06.2007 · Cited by 7,426
How do you feel — now? The anterior insula and human awareness
(Bud) Craig, A. D. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2555 · Cited by 6,657 · cited 4×
“The anterior insula has been implicated in temporal processing (Craig, 2009a; Wiener et al., 2010), which has been suggested to relate to its role in integrating internal interoceptive temporal cues with external signals (Wittmann, 2009; Wittmann et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialHow do you feel? Interoception: The sense of the physiological condition of the body
Craig, A. D. (2002) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn894 · Cited by 6,006
The feeling of what happens: body and emotion in the making of consciousness
(2000) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.37-6553 · Cited by 6,001
Bayesian t tests for accepting and rejecting the null hypothesis
Rouder, J. N., Speckman, P. L., Sun, D., Morey, R. D., & Iverson, G. (2009) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/pbr.16.2.225 · Cited by 3,688
Neural systems supporting interoceptive awareness
Critchley, H. D., Wiens, S., Rotshtein, P., Öhman, A., & Dolan, R. J. (2004) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1176 · Cited by 3,406 · cited 13×
“An MR-compatible blood volume pulse (BVP) detection sensor was placed on the middle finger of the left hand to record participants’ real-time heartbeat (Critchley et al., 2004).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialExperimental and theoretical approaches to conscious processing
Dehaene, S., & Changeux, J.-P. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2011.03.018 · Cited by 2,573
Interoceptive inference, emotion, and the embodied self
Seth, A. K. (2013) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2013.09.007 · Cited by 1,816 · cited 4×
“, 2004), and (3) it has recently been hypothesized as a site for multimodal integration and sensory prediction related to the self (Critchley and Seth, 2012; Seth, 2013).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialInteroceptive predictions in the brain
Barrett, L. F., & Simmons, W. K. (2015) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3950 · Cited by 1,766
Central cancellation of self-produced tickle sensation
Blakemore, S.-J., Wolpert, D. M., & Frith, C. D. (1998) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/2870 · Cited by 1,467
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Knapp, 1998, Mechanoreceptors responsible for transducing heartbeat sensations, Psychophysiology, 35, S51
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Active interoceptive inference and the emotional brain
Seth, A. K., & Friston, K. J. (2016) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2016.0007 · Cited by 945
Visceral Signals Shape Brain Dynamics and Cognition
Azzalini, D., Rebollo, I., & Tallon-Baudry, C. (2019) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2019.03.007 · Cited by 409
Interoception and psychopathology: A developmental neuroscience perspective
Murphy, J., Brewer, R., Catmur, C., & Bird, G. (2017) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2016.12.006 · Cited by 404
From cognitivism to autopoiesis: towards a computational framework for the embodied mind
Allen, M., & Friston, K. J. (2018) · Synthese · doi:10.1007/s11229-016-1288-5 · Cited by 386
Anterior insula as a gatekeeper of executive control
Molnar-Szakacs, I., & Uddin, L. Q. (2022) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104736 · Cited by 333
Metadata
- Authors
- Salomon, R., Ronchi, R., Dönz, J., Bello-Ruiz, J., Herbelin, B., Martet, R., Faivre, N., Schaller, K., & Blanke, O.
- Affiliations
- École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (CH)
- University Hospital of Geneva (CH)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2016-05-04
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 5115-5127
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6601849
- OpenAlex
- W2347134072
- Cited by
- 178
- References
- 83
- Citations by year
- 2026: 11 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 15 · 2016: 10
- FWCI
- 29.81
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (publishedVersion)
- HAL (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion)
- Infoscience (Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Archive ouverte UNIGE (University of Geneva) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Fondation Bertarelli
- European Commission
- European Science Foundation
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (125759)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Psychosomatic Disorders and Their Treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Keywords
- insula, interoception, visual awareness, interoceptive awareness, conscious access, heart rate, self-awareness
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Awareness, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Female, Heart, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Perceptual Masking, Photic Stimulation, Visual Perception, Young Adult, Interoception
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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